The document discusses different types of caves and their formation processes. It describes how solutional caves form in soluble rocks like limestone through chemical dissolution. Other cave types mentioned include sea caves, erosional caves, glacier caves, fracture caves, and talus caves. Caves are found throughout the world, but are more extensively documented and explored in Europe, Asia, North America, and Oceania.

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2. CAVE
INDEX
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SL
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CONTENT PAGE
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1 INTRODUCTION 2
2 TYPES AND FORMATION 3
3 CONCLUSION 5
4 REFERENCES 6

3. CAVE
INTRODUCTION
A cave or cavern is a hollow place in the ground, especially natural
underground space large enough for a human to enter. Caves form naturally by the
weathering of rock and often extend deep underground. The word “cave” can also refer to
much smaller openings such as sea caves, rock shelters, and grottos.
Speleology is the science of exploration and study of all aspects of
caves and the cave environment. Visiting or exploring caves for recreation may be called
caving, potholing or spelunking.
Exploration of caves takes us into a world much different from that
above ground, a world of darkness surrounded by rock and mud. Exotic formations, streams
and waterfalls tight crawlways deep canyons and pits, huge rooms with large blocks of
breakdown, crickets, bats and cave rats await the cave explorer.
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4. CAVE
TYPES AND FORMATION
The formation and development of caves is known as “speleogenesis”. Caves are formed by
various geologic processes and can be variable sizes. These may involve a combination of
chemical processes, erosion from water, tectonic forces, micro organisms, pressure and
atmospheric influences.
Most caves are formed in limestone by dissolution.
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SOLUTIONAL CAVE
Solutional caves are the most frequently occurring cave and such caves form in rock that is
soluble, such as limestone , but can also form in rocks, including chalk, marble, salt and
gypsum. The portions of a solutional cave that are below the water table or the local level of
the ground water will be flooded.
PRIMARY CAVE
Caves formed at the same time as the surrounding rocks are called primary caves.
SEA CAVE OR LITTORAL CAVE
Sea caves are found along coasts around the world. A special cave is littoral cave, which are
formed by action in zones of sea cliffs.
CORRASIONAL CAVE OR EROSIONAL CAVE
Corrasional or erosional caves are those that form entirely by the erosion of flowing streams
carrying rocks and other sediments. These can form in any type of rock, including hard rocks
such as granite.
GLACIER CAVE
Glacier caves are formed by melting ice and flowing water within under glaciers. The cavities
are influenced by the very slow flow of the ice, which tends to collapse caves again.
FRACTURE CAVE

5. CAVE
Fracture caves are formed when layers of more. Soluble minerals, such as gypsum, dissolve
out from between layers of less soluble rock. These rocks fracture and collapse in blocks of
stone.
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TALUS CAVES
Talus caves are formed by the openings among large boulders that have fallen down into a
random heap, often at the bases of cliffs.
CONCLUSION
Caves are found throughout the world, but only a small portion of them have been explored
and documented by caves. The distribution of documented cave system is widely skewed

6. CAVE
towards countries where caving have been popular for many years. As a result caves are
found widely in Europe, Asia, North America, and Oceania, but are sparse in South America
and Antarctica.
REFERENCES
1. Caving in New Zealand (from Te Ara Encyclopedia of
New Zealand, Accessed 2012-11.)
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7. CAVE
2. Jump up to: a b c "Many find caving's challenges,
thrills illuminating". NewsOK. 8 June 2008. Retrieved 12
November 2012.
3. Jump up to: a b Pearson, Anna. "Caving in New
Zealand". Stuff.co.nz - Fairfax NZ News. Retrieved 12
November 2012.
4. Jump up Jenkins, Andy. "Cave Diving - The Extreme of
the Extreme". Wow.gm. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
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