January_2024 Top 10 Read Articles in Computer Networks & Communications.pdf

January 2024: Top10
Read Articles in
Computer Networks
& Communications
International Journal of Computer
Networks& Communications (IJCNC)
http://airccse.org/journal/ijcnc.html
(Scopus, ERA Listed, WJCI Indexed)
Scopus Cite Score 2022—1.8
ISSN 0974 - 9322 (Online); 0975 - 2293 (Print)
Citations, h-index, i10-index

REAL TIME WIRELESS HEALTH MONITORING APPLICATION
USING MOBILE DEVICES
Amna Abdullah, Asma Ismael, Aisha Rashid, Ali Abou-ElNour, and Mohammed Tarique
Department of Electrical Engineering, Ajman University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box
2202, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
ABSTRACT
In the last decade the healthcare monitoring systems have drawn considerable attentions of the
researchers. The prime goal was to develop a reliable patient monitoring system so that the
healthcare professionals can monitor their patients, who are either hospitalized or executing their
normal daily life activities. In this work we present a mobile device based wireless healthcare
monitoring system that can provide real time online information about physiological conditions of
a patient. Our proposed system is designed to measure and monitor important physiological data
of a patient in order to accurately describe the status of her/his health and fitness. In additionthe
proposed system is able to send alarming message about the patient’s critical health data by text
messages or by email reports. By using the information contained in the text or e-mail message the
healthcare professional can provide necessary medical advising. The system mainly consists of
sensors, the data acquisition unit, microcontroller (i.e., Arduino), and software (i.e., LabVIEW).
The patient’s temperature, heart beat rate, muscles, blood pressure, blood glucose level, and ECG
data are monitored, displayed, and stored by our system. To ensure reliabilityand accuracy the
proposed system has been field tested. The test results show that our system is able to measure the
patient’s physiological data with a very high accuracy.
KEYWORDS
ZigBee, remote healthcare, mobile device, patient monitoring, LabView
For More Details: https://airccse.org/journal/cnc/7315cnc02.pdf
Volume Link: https://airccse.org/journal/ijc2015.html

REFERENCES
[1] Global Challenges for Humanity available at
http://www.millenniumproject.org/millennium/challenges.html
[2] A Right to Health available at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets
[3] FRANCIS S. COLLINS, “MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND HEALTHCARE”,
AVAILABLE at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/magazine/issues/winter11
[4] How the Smartphone Can Revolutionize Healthcare available at http://www.mdtmag.com/
[5] mHealth App Developer Economics(2014) available at
http://mhealtheconomics.com/mhealthdeveloper-economics-report/
[6] Bourouis, A., Feham, M., and Bouchachia, A.(2011), “ Ubiquitous Mobile Health Monitoring
System for Elderly (UMHMSE)”, International Journal of Computer Science and Information
Technology, Vol.2, No. 3, June, pp. 74-82
[7] Lee, Y.D. and Chung, W.Y. (2009) “Wireless Sensor Network Based Wearable Smart Shirt
for Ubiquitous Health and Activity Monitoring”, Sensors and Actuators B: Chameical, Vol. 140,
No. 2, July, pp. 390-395
[8] Orlando R. E. P., Caldeira, M. L. P. Lei S., and Rodrigues, J.P.C (2014), “An Efficient and
Low Cost Windows Mobile BSN Monitoring SystemBased on TinyOS”, Journal of
Telecommunication Systems, Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 1-9
[9] Yuce, M. R.(2010)” Implementation of wireless body area networks for healthcare systems”,
Sensor and Actuators A:Physical, Vol. 162, No. 1, July, pp. 116-129
[10] Lei Clifton, David A. Clifton, Marco A. F. Pimentel, Peter J. Watkinson, and Lionel
Tarassenko (2014),” Predictive Monitoring of Mobile Patients by Combining Clinical
Observations with Data From Wearable Sensors”, IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health
Informatics, Vol. 18, No. 3, May , pp. 722-730
[11] Parane, K.A., Patil, N.C. ; Poojara, S.R. ; Kamble, T.S(2014) “Cloud based Intelligent
Healthcare Monitoring System”, In the proceedings of International Conference on Issues and
Challenges in Intelligent Computing Techniques (ICICT), February 7-8, Ghaziabad, Indian, pp.
697-701
[12] Xiaoliang Wang ; Qiong Gui ; Bingwei Liu ; Zhanpeng Jin et al (2014), “Enabling Smart
Personalized Healthcare: A Hybrid Mobile-Cloud Approach for ECG Telemonitoring”, IEEE
Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Vol. 18, No. 3, May, pp. 739 – 745
[13] Dunsmuir, D., Payne, B. ; Cloete, G. ; Petersen, C.(2014), “Development of m-Health
Applications for Pre-eclampsia Triage”, IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Vol.
PP, No. 99, January , pp. 2168-2194

[14] Tello, J.P. ; Manjarres, O. ; Quijano, M. ; Blanco, A. et al(2013) , “ Remote Monitoring
System of ECG and Human Body Temperature Signals”, IEEE Latin American Transaction,
Vol. 11, No. 1, February, pp. 314-318
[15] Moreira, H. ; Oliveira, R. ; Flores, N.(2013), “STAlz: Remotely supporting the diagnosis,
tracking and rehabilitation of patients with Alzheimer's”, In the Proceedings of the 15th IEEE
Conference on E-health Networking, Applications, and Services, October 9-12, Lisbob, pp. 580-
584
[16] Touati, F. ; Tabish, R. ; and Ben Mnaouer, A.(2013), “Towards u-health: An indoor
6LoWPAN based platform for real-time healthcare monitoring”, In the proceedings of the IFIP
International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Networking, April 20-23, 2013,Dubai, pp. 1-4
[17] Strisland, F. ; Sintef,; Svagard, I. ; Seeberg, T.M.(2013) “ESUMS: A mobile system for
continuous home monitoring of rehabilitation patient”, In the proceedings of the 35th IEEE Annual
International Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, July 3-7, 2013, Osaka,
pp. 4670-4673
[18] Yun-Hong Noh ; Jiunn Huei Yap ; and Do-Un Jeong(2013) “Implementation of the
Abnormal ECG Monitoring System Using Heartbeat Check Map Technique”, In the proceedings
of International Conference on IT Convergence and Security, December 16-18, 2013, Macao, pp.
1-4
[19] Triantafyllidis, A.K. ; Koutkias, V.G. ; Chouvarda, I. ; Maglaveras, N.(2013) “A Pervasive
Health System Integrating Patient Monitoring, Status Logging, and Social Sharing”, IEEE Journal
on Biomedical and Health Informatics, Vol. 17, No. 1, January , pp. 30-37
[20] Bin Yu ; Lisheng Xu ; Yongxu Li(2012) “Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) based mobile
electrocardiogram monitoring system”, In the proceedings of International Conference on
Information and Automation, June 6-8, 2012, Shenyang, pp. 763-767
[21] Mitra, P. ; Poellabauer, C.(2012) ,” Emergency response in smartphone-based Mobile Ad-
Hoc Networks”, In the proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communication, June
10-15, Ottawa, pp. 6091 - 6095
[22] Ospino, M.R. ; Ariza, L.C. ; Rojas, J.G., (2012), ”Mobile system for monitoring
measurements in hypertensive patients”, In the proceedings of the IEEE Colombian
Communication conference, May 16-18, CA, pp. 1-6
[23] Ruipeng Gao ; Liqiong Yang ; Xinyu Wu ; and Tao Wang, (2012) “A phone-based e-health
system for OSAS and its energy issue”, In the proceedings of the International Symposium on
Information Technology in Medicine and Education, August 3-5, 2012, Hokodate, Hokkaido, pp.
682-696
[24] https://www.zigbee.org/

[25] The IEEE 802.15.4 standard available at
http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.15.4d2009.pdf
Bluetooth Developer Portal available at
https://developer.bluetooth.org/TechnologyOverview/Pages/Compare.aspx

HISTOGRAM OF NEIGHBORHOOD TRIPARTITE AUTHENTICATION
WITH FINGERPRINT-BASED BIOMETRICS FOR IOT SERVICES
S. Kanchana
Department of Computer Science, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, India
ABSTRACT
Internet of Things (IoT) and services is an interesting topic with a wide range of potential
applications like smart home systems, health care, telemedicine, and intelligent transportation.
Traditionally, key agreement schemes have been evaluated to access IoT services which are highly
susceptible to security. Recently, Biometric-based authentication is also used to access IoT
services and devices. They are involving a larger amount of memory with increased running time
and found to be computationally infeasible. To provide robust authentication for IoT services,
Histogram of Neighborhood Tripartite Authentication with Fingerprint Biometrics (HNTA-FB)
for IoT services is proposed in this paper. This proposed HNTA-FB method uses binary patterns
and a histogram of features to extract the region of interest. To reduce the memory requirements
while providing access to IoT services, Histogram of Neighborhood Binary Pattern Pre-processing
(HNBPP) model is proposed. The discriminative power of Neighbourhood Binary Pattern
Registration (NBPR) is integrated with the normalized sparse representation based on the
histogram. Additionally, this work presents a new Tripartite User Authentication model for
fingerprint biometric template matching process. When compared with different state-of-the-art
methods, the proposed method depicts significantly improved performance in terms of matching
accuracy, computational overhead and execution speed and is highly effective in delivering smart
home services.
KEYWORDS
Binary Patterns, Fingerprint Biometrics, Histogram, Internet of Things, Neighborhood Tripartite
Authentication.
For More Details: https://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V11N5/11519cnc02.pdf

REFERENCES
[1] Munish Bhatia, Sandeep K. Sood, “A comprehensive health assessment framework to facilitate
IoTassisted smart workouts: A predictive healthcare perspective”, Computers in Industry, Elsevier,
2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2017.06.009 .
[2] Parwinder Kaur Dhillon, Sheetal Kalra, “A lightweight biometrics based remote user
authentication scheme for IoT services”, Journal of Information Security and Applications, Elsevier,
2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2017.01.003
[3] Ortega-Garcia, Javier, “The multi scenario multi environment biosecure multimodal database"
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2009.76
[4] Jun Xu, Xiong Zhang, and Meng Zhou, “A High-Security and Smart Interaction System Based
on Hand Gesture Recognition for Internet of Things”, Hindawi, Security and Communication
Networks, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4879496
[5] Li Yang, Zhiming Zheng, “Cryptanalysis and improvement of a biometrics-based authentication
and key agreement scheme for multi-server environments”, PLOS ONE, 2018,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194093
[6] M. Shamim Hossain et al., “Toward End-to-End Biometrics-Based Security for IoT
Infrastructure”, IEEE Wireless Communications, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2016.7721741
[7] Younsung Choi, Youngsook Lee, Jongho Moon, Dongho Won, “Security enhanced multi-factor
biometric authentication scheme using bio-hash function”, PLOS ONE, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176250.
[8] Seyedehsamaneh Shojaeilangari, Wei-Yun Yau, Karthik Nandakumar, Li Jun, Eam Khwang
Teoh, “Robust Representation and Recognition of Facial Emotions Using Extreme Sparse Learning”,
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2015.2416634
[9] Juan S. Arteaga-Falconi, Hussein Al Osman, Abdulmotaleb El Saddik, “ECG and Fingerprint
Bimodal Authentication”, Sustainable Cities and Society, Elsevier, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.12.023
[10] Pedro Peris-Lopez, Lorena Gonzalez-Manzano, Carmen Camara, Jose Maria de Fuentes, “Effect
of attacker characterization in ECG-based continuous authentication mechanisms for Internet of
Things”, Future Generation Computer Systems, Elsevier, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2017.11.037
[11] Haibo Yi, Zhe Nie, “Side-channel security analysis of UOV signature for cloud-based Internet
of Things”, Future Generation Computer Systems, Elsevier, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2018.04.083
[12] Wencheng Yang, Jiankun Hu, Song Wang, Qianhong Wu, “Biometrics Based Privacy-
Preserving Authentication and Mobile Template Protection”, Hindawi Wireless Communications
and Mobile Computing, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7107295
[13] Dong-Hwan Park, Hyo-Chan Bang, Cheol Sik Pyo, Soon-Ju Kang, “Semantic Open IoT Service

Platform Technology”, IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1109/wfiot.2014.6803125
[14] Igor Miladinovic, Sigrid Schefer-Wenzl, “NFV Enabled IoT Architecture for an Operating
Room Environment”, IEEE 4th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1109/wf-iot.2018.8355128
[15] Paul Loh Ruen Chze, Kan Siew Leong, “A Secure Multi-Hop Routing for IoT Communication”,
IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1109/wfiot.2014.6803204
[16] Shulong Wang, Yibin Hou, Fang Gao, Xinrong Ji, “A Novel IoT Access Architecture for
Vehicle Monitoring System”, IEEE 3rd World Forum on Internet of Things , 2016.
https://doi.org/10.1109/wf-iot.2016.7845396
[17] Jong Hyuk Park, Neil Yuwen Yen, “Advanced algorithms and applications based on IoT for the
smart Devices”, Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-018-0715-5
[18] Lavinia, Mihaela, Dinca, Gerhard Petrus Hancke, “The Fall of One, the Rise of Many: A Survey
on Multi-Biometric Fusion Methods”, IEEE Access (Volume: 5), 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2694050
[19] Yaman Sharaf-Dabbagh, Walid Saad, “Demo Abstract: Cyber-Physical Fingerprinting for
Internet of Things Authentication”, ACM/IEEE Second International Conference on Internet-of-
Things Design and Implementation (IoTDI), 2017. https://doi.org/10.1145/3054977.3057323

GPS SYSTEMS LITERATURE: INACCURACY FACTORS AND
EFFECTIVE SOLUTIONS
Li Nyen Thin, Lau Ying Ting, Nor Adila Husna and Mohd Heikal Husin
School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
Today, Global Positioning System (GPS) is widely used in almost every aspect of our daily life.
Commonly, users utilize the technology to track the position of a vehicle or an object of interest.
They also use it to safely navigate to the destination of their choice. As a result, there are countless
number of GPS based tracking application that has been developed. But, a main recurring issue that
exists among these applications are the inaccuracy of the tracking faced by users and this issue has
become a rising concern. Most existing research have examined the effects that the inaccuracy of
GPS have on users while others identified suitable methods to improve the accuracy of GPS based
on one or two factors. The objective of this survey paper is to identify the common factors that affects
the accuracy of GPS and identify an effective method which could mitigate or overcome most of
those factors. As part of our research, we conducted a thorough examination of the existing factors
for GPS inaccuracies. According to an initial survey that we have collected, most of the respondents
has faced some form of GPS inaccuracy. Among the common issues faced are inaccurate object
tracking and disconnection of GPS signal while using an application. As such, most of the
respondents agree that it is necessary to improve the accuracy of GPS. This leads to another objective
of this paper, which is to examine and evaluate existing methods as well as to identify the most
effective method that could improve the accuracy of GPS.
KEYWORDS
GPS, accuracy factors, improve accuracy, global positioning system

REFERENCES
[1] Lin, J.Y, Yang, B.K., Tuan A.D., and Chen, H.C. (2013). “The Accuracy Enhancement of GPS
Track in Google Map”, 2013 Eighth International Conference on Broadband and Wireless
Computing, Communication and Applications, Compiegne, France. pp. 524-527.
[2] Iqbal, A., Mahmood. H., Farooq, U., Kabir, M.A. and Asad, M.U.. (2009). “An Overview of the
Factors Responsible for GPS Signal Error: Origin and Solution”, 2009 International Conference on
Wireless Networks and Information Systems, Shanghai, China. pp. 294-299.
[3] Bajaj, R., Ranaweera, S.L., Agrawal, D.P.. (2002). “GPS: Location-tracking Technology”,
Computer, vol.35, no..4, pp. 92-94.
[4] Huang, J.Y., and Tsai, C.H.. (2008). “Improve GPS Positioning Accuracy with Context
Awareness”, 2008 First IEEE International Conference on Ubi-Media Computing, Lanzhou, China,
pp. 94-99.
[5] Wubbena, G., Andreas, B., Seeber, G., Boder, V. and Hankemeier, P., (1996). “Reducing
Distance Dependant Errors for Real-Time Precise DGPS Applications by Establishing Reference
Station Networks”. In Proceedings of the 9th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite
Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GPS-96)
[6] Enge, P., Walter, T., Pullen, S., Kee, C., Chao, Y. and Tsai, Y. (1996). “Wide area augmentation
of the global positioning system”. Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 84 Aug. 1996, pp. 1063–1088.
[7] Qi, H. and Moore, J. B. (2002). “Direct Kalman Filtering Approach for GPS/INS Integration”,
IEEE Trans. Aerosp, Electron. System. vol. 38, no. 2, 2002, pp. 687-693.
[8] Malleswari, B.L., MuraliKrishna, I.V., Lalkishore, K., Seetha, M., Nagaratna, P. H. “The Role of
Kalman Filter in the Modelling of GPS Errors”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information
Technology, pp. 95-101.
[9] White, C.E., Bernstein, D. and Kornhauser, Alain L.. (2000). “Some map matching algorithms
for personal navigation assistants”. Transportation Research Part C, No. 8, 2000, pp. 91-108.

A SECURE DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING CRYPTOGRAPHY
AND STEGANOGRAPHY
Saleh Saraireh
Department of Communications and Electronic Engineering, Philadelphia University, Amman,
Jordan
ABSTRACT
The information security has become one of the most significant problems in data communication.
So it becomes an inseparable part of data communication. In order to address this problem,
cryptography and steganography can be combined. This paper proposes a secure communication
system. It employs cryptographic algorithm together with steganography. The jointing of these
techniques provides a robust and strong communication system that able to withstand against
attackers. In this paper, the filter bank cipher is used to encrypt the secret text message, it provide
high level of security, scalability and speed. After that, a discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) based
steganography is employed to hide the encrypted message in the cover image by modifying the
wavelet coefficients. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated using peak signal to noise
ratio (PSNR) and histogram analysis. The simulation results show that, the proposed system provides
high level of security.
KEYWORDS
Steganography, Cryptography, DWT, Filter bank, PSNR

REFERENCES
[1] Obaida Mohammad Awad Al-Hazaimeh, (2013) "A New Approach for Complex Encrypting and
Decrypting Data" International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.5,
No.2.
[2] Katzenbeisser, S. and Petitcolas, F.A.P. 2000, Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography
and Digital Watermarking. Artech House, Inc., Boston, London.
[3] Xinpeng Zhang and Shuozhong Wang, (2005), "Steganography Using MultipleBase Notational
System and Human Vision Sensitivity", IEEE signal processing letters, Vol. 12, No. 1.
[4] Jarno Mielikainen, (2006), "LSB Matching Revisited", IEEE signal processing letters, Vol. 13,
No. 5.
[5] Piyush Marwaha, Paresh Marwaha, (2010), "Visual Cryptographic Steganography in images",
IEEE, 2nd International conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies.
[6] G.Karthigai Seivi, Leon Mariadhasan and K. L. Shunmuganathan, (2012), " Steganography Using
Edge Adaptive Image " IEEE, International Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical
Technologies.
[7] Hemalatha S, U Dinesh Acharya, Renuka A and Priya R. Kamath, (2012), " A Secure and High
Capacity Image Steganography Technique", Signal & Image Processing : An International Journal
(SIPIJ) Vol.4, No.1.
[8] Tong L.and Zheng-ding, Q, (2002), "DWT-based color Images Steganography Scheme", IEEE
International Conference on Signal Processing, 2:1568-1571.
[9] Mandal J.K. and Sengupta M., (2010), “Authentication/Secret Message Transformation Through
Wavelet Transform based Subband Image Coding (WTSIC).”, Proceedings of International
Symposium on Electronic System Design, IEEE Conference Publications, pp 225 – 229.
[10] Septimiu F. M., Mircea Vladutiu and Lucian P., (2011),"Secret data communication system
using Steganography, AES and RSA", IEEE 17th International Symposium for Design and
Technology in Electronic Packaging.
[11] H. Tian, K. Zhou, Y. Huang, D. Feng, J. Liu, (2008), "A Covert Communication Model Based
on Least Significant Bits Steganography in Voice over IP", IEEE The 9th International Conference
for Young Computer Scientists, pp. 647-652.
[12] Y. Huang, B. Xiao, H. Xiao, (2008), "Implementation of Covert Communication Based on
Steganography", IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia
Signal Processing, pp. 1512-1515.
[13] Cheddad, A, Condell, Joan, Curran, K and McKevitt, Paul,(2008), "Securing Information
Content using New Encryption Method and Steganography", IEEE Third International Conference
on Digital Information Management.
[14] Rasul E., Saed F. and Hossein S, (2009), " Using the Chaotic Map in Image Steganography",

IEEE, International Conference on Signal Processing Systems.
[15] Majunatha R. H. S. and Raja K B, (2010), "High Capacity and Security Steganography using
Discrete Wavelet Transform", International Journal of Computer Science and Security (IJCSS), Vol.
3: Issue (6) pp 462-472.
[16] Saraireh S. and Benaissa M., (2009), “A Scalable Block Cipher Design using Filter Banks and
Lifting over Finite Fields” In IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Dresden,
Germany.
[17] El Safy, R.O, Zayed. H. H, El Dessouki. A, (2009), “An adaptive steganography technique based
on integer wavelet transform,” ICNM International Conference on Networking and Media
Convergence, pp 111-117.

DYNAMIC ROUTING OF IP TRAFFIC BASED ON QOS PARAMETERS
Martin Kriška1 , Jozef Janitor2 and Peter Fecilak3
1Computer Networks Laboratory, Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia 2 Institute of
Computer Technology, Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia 3Department of Computers and
Informatics, Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia
ABSTRACT
The article looks into the current state of the art of dynamic routing protocols with respect to
their possibilities to react to changes in the Quality of Service when selecting the best route towards
a destination network. New options that could leverage information about the ever changing QoS
parameters for data communication are analysed and a Cisco Performance Routing solution is
described more in detail. The practical part of this work focuses on a design and implementation
of a test bed that provides a scalable laboratory architecture to manipulate QoS parameters of
different data communications flowing through it. The test bed is used in various use cases that
were used to evaluate Cisco Performance Routing optimization capabilitiesin different scenarios.
KEYWORDS
Performance Routing, PfR, Quality of Service, QoS, Optimized Edge Routing

REFERENCES
[1] Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California. RFC 791 INTERNET
PROTOCOL - DARPA INTERNET PROGRAM, PROTOCOL SPECIFICATION. s.l. : Internet
Engineering Task Force, 1981.
[2] Cisco Systems, Inc. Route Selection in Cisco Routers. Cisco. [Online] 2008. [Date: 25th of
October 2013.] http://www.cisco.com/image/gif/paws/8651/21.pdf.
[3] D. Savage, et. al.: Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol. IETF. [Online] 2013 [Date:
25th of October 2013.] http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-savage-eigrp-00.
[4] Teare Diane: Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE) Foundation Learning Guide.
Indianapolis: Cisco Press, 2010. ISBN 1587058820.
[5] Cisco Systems, Inc. BGP Best Path Selection Algorithm. Cisco. [Online] 2012. [Date: 25th of
October 2013.] http://www.cisco.com/image/gif/paws/13753/25.pdf.
[6] Doyle Jeff, Carroll Jennifer: CCIE Professional Development Routing TCP/IP Volume I.
Indianapolis: Cisco Press, 2006. ISBN 1587052024.
[7] D. Awduche, et. al.: RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels. IETF. [Online] 2013
[Date: 11th of November 2013.] http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3209.
[8] X. Fu, et. al.: RSVP-TE extensions for Loss and Delay Traffic Engineering. IETF. [Online]
2013 [Date: 11th of November 2013.] http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-fuxh-mpls-delay-loss-rsvp-
te-ext02.
[9] Z. Seils. Defining SDN Overview of SDN Terminology & Concepts. Cisco. [Online] 2013.
[Date: 4 th of October 2013.] https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/docs/DOC-21946.
[10] Cisco Systems, Inc. onePK Chat and Demo at Cisco Live. SlideShare. [Online] 2012. [Date:
4th of October 2013.] http://www.slideshare.net/getyourbuildon/onepk-chat-and-demo-at-cisco-
live.
[11] S. Cadora. Hitchhiker's Guide to onePK. Cisco. [Online] 2013. [Date: 12th of September
2013.] https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/docs/DOC-22910.
[12] R. Trunk. Understanding Performance Routing (PfR). Chesapeake Netcraftsmen. [Online]
2009. [Date: 15th of November 2013.] http://netcraftsmen.net/archived-documents/c-mug-
articlearchive/7-20090922-cmug-understanding-performance-routing/file.html?limit=10.
[13] Kalita Hemanta Kumar, Nambiar Manoj K.: Designing WANem: A Wide Area Network
Emulator tool. Bangalore, 2011. ISBN 9780769546186.
[14] R. Pandi Selvam, V.Palanisamy: An efficient cluster based approach for multi-source
multicast routing protocol in mobile ad hoc networks, International Journal of Computer

CONGESTION AND ENERGY AWARE MULTIPATH LOAD
BALANCING ROUTING FOR LLNS
Kala Venugopal and T G Basavaraju
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Government Engineering College, Hassan,
Karnataka, India
ABSTRACT
The Internet of Things (IoT) is presently in its golden era with its current technological evolution
towards digital transformation. Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) form the groundwork for
IoT, where the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is designated by
Internet Engineering Task Force as the benchmark protocol for routing. Although RPL, with its
unique capabilities, has addressed many IoT routing requirements, Load balancing and Congestion
control are the outliers. This paper builds on the RPL protocol and proposes a multipath Congestion
and Energy Aware RPL (CEARPL) that alleviates the load balancing and congestion concerns
associated with RPL and improves the network performance. For congestion avoidance, a
Congestion and Energy Aware Objective Function (CEA-OF) is suggested during parent selection
that considers multiple metrics like Child Count metric, Estimated Lifetime metric, and Queue
Occupancy metric, to equally distribute the traffic in LLNs. The Queue Occupancy metric is used
to detect congestion in the network, and a Multipath routing strategy is utilized to mitigate the
congestion in the network. A comparison of the performance of CEA-RPL was made against the
existing Objective Functions of RPL, OFO, and MRHOF, as well as COM-OF, utilizing Contiki
OS 3.0's Cooja emulator. CEA-RPL projected superior results with power consumption lowering
by 33%, endto-end delay decreasing by 30%, queue loss ratio reducing by 49%, and packet
receiving rate and network lifetime improving by 7% and 49%, on an average, respectively.
KEYWORDS
Congestion, Multipath routing, Internet of Things, Load balancing, Low-power Lossy Networks,
Objective function & RPL

REFERENCES
[1] https://dataprot.net/statistics/iot-statistics/
[2] T. Winter et al., (2012) “RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks”, IETF
RFC 6550.
[3] The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 2010. .
[4] Routing Over Low Power and Lossy Networks (ROLL), 2004.
[5] O. Gaddour & A. Koubaa, (2012) “RPL in a nutshell: A survey”, Elsevier, Computer Networks,
Volume 56, Issue 14, Pages 3163-3178, doi: 10.1016/j.comnet.2012.06.016
[6] Doruk Pancaroglu, Sevil Sen, (2021) “Load balancing for RPL-based Internet of Things: A
review”, Ad Hoc Networks, Volume 116, 102491, ISSN 1570-8705,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2021.102491.
[7] B. G. Mamoun Qasem, Ahmed Al-Dubai & Imed Romdhani, (2017) “Load balancing objective
function in RPL”, ROLL – WG INTERNET DRAFT, pp. 1–10
[8] C, Lim, (2019) "A Survey on Congestion Control for RPL-Based Wireless Sensor Networks",
Sensors 19, no. 11: 2567. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112567
[9] P. Thubert, (2012) “Objective function zero for the routing protocol for low-power and lossy
networks (RPL)”, RFC 6552.
[10] O. Gnawali & P. Levis, (2012) “The Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function”, RFC
6719
[11] Ibrahim S. Alsukayti, (2020) “The support of multipath routing in IPv6-based internet of
things”, International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE). 10. 2208.
10.11591/ijece.v10i2.pp2208-2220.
[12] J. Tsai & T. Moors, (2006) “A Review of Multipath Routing Protocols: From Wireless Ad Hoc
to Mesh Networks”, 17-18 July
[13] M. Geuzouri, N. Mbarek & A. Temar, (2020) A new way of achieving multipath routing in
wireless networks”, International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Computing. 18. 101.
10.1504/IJWMC.2020.10026464.
[14] A. Bhat & V. Geetha, (2017) "Survey on routing protocols for Internet of Things”, 7th
International Symposium on Embedded Computing and System Design (ISED), pp. 1-5, doi:
10.1109/ISED.2017.8303949.
[15] O. Iova, F. Theoleyre & T. Noel, (2015) “Exploiting multiple parents in RPL to improve both
the network lifetime and its stability", 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications
(ICC), pp. 610-616, doi: 10.1109/ICC.2015.7248389.
[16] M. A. Lodhi, A. Rehman, M. M. Khan & F. B. Hussain, (2015) "Multiple path RPL for low
power lossy networks", 2015 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Wireless and Mobile (APWiMob),

pp. 279- 284, doi: 10.1109/APWiMob.2015.7374975.
[17] P. Levis, T. Clausen, J. Hui, O. Gnawali & J. Ko, (2011) “The trickle algorithm", March 2011,
IETF RFC 6206.
[18] Q. Le, T. Ngo-Quynh & T. Magedanz, (2014) "RPL-based multipath Routing Protocols for
Internet of Things on Wireless Sensor Networks", 2014 International Conference on Advanced
Technologies for Communications (ATC 2014), pp. 424-429, doi: 10.1109/ATC.2014.7043425.
[19] Radi, Marjan, Behnam Dezfouli, Kamalrulnizam Abu Bakar, & Malrey Lee, (2012) "Multipath
Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks: Survey and Research Challenges", Sensors 12, no. 1: 650685.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s120100650
[20] W. Lou, W. Liu & Y. Zhang, (2006) “Performance Optimization Using Multipath Routing in
Mobile Ad Hoc and Wireless Sensor Networks”, 10.1007/0-387-29026-5_5.
[21] Z. Wang, L. Zhang, Z. Zheng et al., (2018) “Energy balancing RPL protocol with multipath for
wireless sensor networks. Peer-to-Peer Networks”, Appl. 11, 1085–1100,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-017-0585-1
[22] Oana Iova, Fabrice Theoleyre & Thomas Noel, (2015) “Using Multiparent Routing in RPL to
Increase the Stability and the Lifetime of the Network”, Ad Hoc Networks, Elsevier, 29,
10.1016/j.adhoc.2015.01.020, hal-01206380
[23] M. Lodhi, Abdul Rehman, Meer Khan, M. Asfand-E-yar & F. Hussain, (2017) “Transient
multipath routing protocol for low power and lossy networks”, KSII Transactions on Internet and
Information Systems,11, 2002-2019, 10.3837/tiis.2017.04.010.
[24] T. L. Jenschke, G. Z. Papadopoulos, R. -A. Koutsiamanis & N. Montavont, (2019) "Alternative
Parent Selection for Multi-Path RPL Networks", 2019 IEEE 5th World Forum on Internet of Things
(WF-IoT), pp. 533-538, doi: 10.1109/WF-IoT.2019.8767236.
[25] Tomas Lagos Jenschke, Remous-Aris Koutsiamanis, Georgios Papadopoulos, Nicolas
Montavont, (2021) “ODeSe: On-Demand Selection for multipath RPL networks”, Ad Hoc Networks,
Elsevier, 114, pp.102431. 10.1016/j.adhoc.2021.102431. hal-03122968v2f
[26] F. Kaviani & M. Soltanaghaei, (2022) “CQARPL: Congestion and QoS-aware RPL for IoT
applications under heavy traffic”, The Journal of Supercomputing, 78, 10.1007/s11227-02204488-2.
[27] H. -S. Kim, H. Kim, J. Paek & S. Bahk, (2017) "Load Balancing Under Heavy Traffic in RPL
Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks", in IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,
vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 964-979, 1 April 2017, doi: 10.1109/TMC.2016.2585107.
[28] Kala Venugopal & T. G. Basavaraju, (2022) “A Combined Metric Objective Function for RPL
Load Balancing in Internet of Things”, International Journal of Internet of Things, Vol. 10 No. 1,
2022, pp. 22-31. doi: 10.5923/j.ijit.20221001.02.
[29] S. Wakatsuki, N. Komuro, H. Sekiya & S. Sakata, (2014) “Prolonging network lifetime for
6LoWPAN / RPL wireless sensor network using mobile sink with dynamic sojourn time”, 2014
[30] M. Aboubakar, M. Kellil, A. Bouabdallah & P. Roux, (2019) “Toward intelligent

reconfiguration of RPL networks using supervised learning”, 2019 Wireless Days (WD),
Manchester, United Kingdom, pp. 1-4, 2019, DOI: 10.1109/WD.2019.8734236.
[31] Mah Zaib Jamil, Danista Khan, Adeel Saleem, Kashif Mehmood & Atif Iqbal, (2019)
“Comparative performance analysis of RPL for low power and lossy networks based on different
objective functions”, International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol.
10, No. 5, DOI: 10.14569/IJACSA.2019.0100524
[32] Contiki O.S and Cooja simulator, http://www.contiki-os.org/ [33] T. Zahariadis & P. Trakadas,
(2022) “Design guidelines for routing metrics composition in LLN”, ROLL Internet Draft, 2022
[34] Nesrine Khernane, Jean Couchot & Ahmed Mostefaoui, (2018) “Maximum network lifetime
with optimal power/rate and routing trade-off for wireless multimedia sensor networks”, Computer
Communications, Elsevier, 124, pp.1 – 16, hal-02182832
[35] Moteiv Corporation. Tmote sky: Datasheet (2006):
https://insense.cs.standrews.ac.uk/files/2013/04/tmote-sky-datasheet.pdf, Nov 13, 2006
[36] H.A.A. Al-Kashoash, H. Kharrufa, Y. Al-Nidawi. et al., (2019) “Congestion control in wireless
sensor and LoWPAN Networks: toward the Internet of Things”, Wireless Netw 25, 4493-4522,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-018-1743-y

A DEEP LEARNING TECHNIQUE FOR WEB PHISHING DETECTION
COMBINED URL FEATURES AND VISUAL SIMILARITY
Saad Al-Ahmadi1 and Yasser Alharbi 2
1College of Computer and Information Science, Computer Science Department, King Saud
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 2College of Computer and Information Science, Computer
Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
ABSTRACT
The most popular way to deceive online users nowadays is phishing. Consequently, to increase
cybersecurity, more efficient web page phishing detection mechanisms are needed. In this paper,
we propose an approach that rely on websites image and URL to deals with the issue of phishing
website recognition as a classification challenge. Our model uses webpage URLs and images to
detect a phishing attack using convolution neural networks (CNNs) to extract the most important
features of website images and URLs and then classifies them into benign and phishing pages. The
accuracy rate of the results of the experiment was 99.67%, proving the effectiveness of the
proposed model in detecting a web phishing attack.
KEYWORDS
Phishing detection, URL, visual similarity, deep learning, convolution neural network.

REFERENCES
[1] H. Thakur, “Available Online at www.ijarcs.info A Survey Paper On Phishing Detection,” vol.
7, no. 4, pp. 64–68, 2016.
[2] G. Varshney, M. Misra, and P. K. Atrey, “A survey and classification of web phishing detection
schemes,” Security and Communication Networks. 2016, doi: 10.1002/sec.1674.
[3] E. S. Aung, T. Zan, and H. Yamana, “A Survey of URL-based Phishing Detection,” pp. 1–8,
2019, [Online]. Available: https://db-event.jpn.org/deim2019/post/papers/201.pdf.
[4] S. Nakayama, H. Yoshiura, and I. Echizen, “Preventing false positives in content-based phishing
detection,” in IIH-MSP 2009 - 2009 5th International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding
and Multimedia Signal Processing, 2009, doi: 10.1109/IIH-MSP.2009.147.
[5] A. K. Jain and B. B. Gupta, “Phishing detection: Analysis of visual similarity based approaches,”
Security and Communication Networks. 2017, doi: 10.1155/2017/5421046.
[6] A. Khan, A. Sohail, U. Zahoora, and A. S. Qureshi, “A Survey of the Recent Architectures of
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks,” pp. 1–68, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s10462-020-09825-6.
[7] J. Mao et al., “Phishing page detection via learning classifiers from page layout feature,” Eurasip
J. Wirel. Commun. Netw., 2019, doi: 10.1186/s13638-019-1361-0.
[8] I. F. Lam, W. C. Xiao, S. C. Wang, and K. T. Chen, “Counteracting phishing page polymorphism:
An image layout analysis approach,” in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries
Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2009, doi:
10.1007/978-3-642- 02617-1_28.
[9] T. C. Chen, T. Stepan, S. Dick, and J. Miller, “An anti-phishing system employing diffused
information,” ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. Secur., vol. 16, no. 4, 2014, doi: 10.1145/2584680.
[10] A. S. Bozkir and E. A. Sezer, “Use of HOG descriptors in phishing detection,” in 4th
International Symposium on Digital Forensics and Security, ISDFS 2016 - Proceeding, 2016, doi:
10.1109/ISDFS.2016.7473534.
[11] F. C. Dalgic, A. S. Bozkir, and M. Aydos, “Phish-IRIS: A New Approach for Vision Based
Brand Prediction of Phishing Web Pages via Compact Visual Descriptors,” ISMSIT 2018 - 2nd Int.
Symp. Multidiscip. Stud. Innov. Technol. Proc., 2018, doi: 10.1109/ISMSIT.2018.8567299.
[12] K. L. Chiew, E. H. Chang, S. N. Sze, and W. K. Tiong, “Utilisation of website logo for phishing
detection,” Comput. Secur., 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.cose.2015.07.006.
[13] K. L. Chiew, J. S. F. Choo, S. N. Sze, and K. S. C. Yong, “Leverage Website Favicon to Detect
Phishing Websites,” Secur. Commun. Networks, 2018, doi: 10.1155/2018/7251750.
[14] Y. Zhou, Y. Zhang, J. Xiao, Y. Wang, and W. Lin, “Visual similarity based anti-phishing with
the combination of local and global features,” in Proceedings - 2014 IEEE 13th International
Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications, TrustCom 2014,
2015, doi: 10.1109/TrustCom.2014.28.

[15] A. P. E. Rosiello, E. Kirda, C. Kruegel, and F. Ferrandi, “A layout-similarity-based approach
for detecting phishing pages,” in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Security and
Privacy in Communication Networks, SecureComm, 2007, doi: 10.1109/SECCOM.2007.4550367.
[16] J. Mao, P. Li, K. Li, T. Wei, and Z. Liang, “BaitAlarm: Detecting phishing sites using similarity
in fundamental visual features,” in Proceedings - 5th International Conference on Intelligent
Networking and Collaborative Systems, INCoS 2013, 2013, doi: 10.1109/INCoS.2013.151.
[17] S. Haruta, H. Asahina, and I. Sasase, “Visual Similarity-Based Phishing Detection Scheme
Using Image and CSS with Target Website Finder,” in 2017 IEEE Global Communications
Conference, GLOBECOM 2017 - Proceedings, 2017, doi: 10.1109/GLOCOM.2017.8254506.
[18] H. Zhang, G. Liu, T. W. S. Chow, and W. Liu, “Textual and visual content-based anti-phishing:
A Bayesian approach,” IEEE Trans. Neural Networks, 2011, doi: 10.1109/TNN.2011.2161999.
[19] E. Medvet, E. Kirda, and C. Kruegel, “Visual-similarity-based phishing detection,” Proc. 4th
Int. Conf. Secur. Priv. Commun. Networks, Secur., no. September 2008, 2008, doi:
10.1145/1460877.1460905.
[20] S. G. Selvaganapathy, M. Nivaashini, and H. P. Natarajan, “Deep belief network based detection
and categorization of malicious URLs,” Inf. Secur. J., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 145–161, 2018, doi:
10.1080/19393555.2018.1456577.
[21] Y. Ding, N. Luktarhan, K. Li, and W. Slamu, “A keyword-based combination approach for
detecting phishing webpages,” Comput. Secur., vol. 84, pp. 256–275, 2019, doi:
10.1016/j.cose.2019.03.018.
[22] H. huan Wang, L. Yu, S. wei Tian, Y. fang Peng, and X. jun Pei, “Bidirectional LSTM Malicious
webpages detection algorithm based on convolutional neural network and independent recurrent
neural network,” Appl. Intell., vol. 49, no. 8, pp. 3016–3026, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s10489-019-01433-
4.
[23] M. Zouina and B. Outtaj, “A novel lightweight URL phishing detection system using SVM and
similarity index,” Human-centric Comput. Inf. Sci., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2017, doi:
10.1186/s13673-017-0098-1.
[24] S. Parekh, D. Parikh, S. Kotak, and S. Sankhe, “A New Method for Detection of Phishing
Websites: URL Detection,” Proc. Int. Conf. Inven. Commun. Comput. Technol. ICICCT 2018, no.
Icicct, pp. 949–952, 2018, doi: 10.1109/ICICCT.2018.8473085.
[25] H. Le, Q. Pham, D. Sahoo, and S. C. H. Hoi, “URLNet: Learning a URL Representation with
Deep Learning for Malicious URL Detection,” no. i, 2018, [Online]. Available:
http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.03162.
[26] J. Saxe and K. Berlin, “eXpose: A Character-Level Convolutional Neural Network with
Embeddings For Detecting Malicious URLs, File Paths and Registry Keys,” 2017, [Online].
Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/1702.08568.
[27] K. Shima et al., “Classification of URL bitstreams using bag of bytes,” 21st Conf. Innov. Clouds,
Internet Networks, ICIN 2018, pp. 1–5, 2018, doi: 10.1109/ICIN.2018.8401597.

[28] R. Vinayakumar, K. P. Soman, and P. Poornachandran, “Evaluating deep learning approaches
to characterize and classify malicious URL’s,” J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst., vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 1333–1343,
2018, doi: 10.3233/JIFS-169429.
[29] O. K. Sahingoz, E. Buber, O. Demir, and B. Diri, “Machine learning based phishing detection
from URLs,” Expert Syst. Appl., vol. 117, pp. 345–357, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2018.09.029.
[30] W. Wang, F. Zhang, X. Luo, and S. Zhang, “PDRCNN: Precise Phishing Detection with
Recurrent Convolutional Neural Networks,” Secur. Commun. Networks, 2019, doi:
10.1155/2019/2595794.
[31] S. Khan, H. Rahmani, S. A. A. Shah, and M. Bennamoun, “A Guide to Convolutional Neural
Networks for Computer Vision,” Synth. Lect. Comput. Vis., 2018, doi:
10.2200/s00822ed1v01y201712cov015.
[32] V. Karthikeyani and S. Nagarajan, “Machine Learning Classification Algorithms to Recognize
Chart Types in Portable Document Format (PDF) Files,” Int. J. Comput. Appl., 2012, doi:
10.5120/4789- 6997.
[33] M. A. Adebowale, K. T. Lwin, and M. A. Hossain, “Deep learning with convolutional neural
network and long short-term memory for phishing detection,” 2019 13th Int. Conf. Software,
Knowledge, Inf. Manag. Appl. Ski. 2019, no. March 2019, doi:
10.1109/SKIMA47702.2019.8982427.
[34] C. Opara, B. Wei, and Y. Chen, “HTMLPhish: Enabling Phishing Web Page Detection by
Applying Deep Learning Techniques on HTML Analysis,” no. October 2018, 2019, [Online].
Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.01135.

VIVONET: VISUALLY-REPRESENTED, INTENT- BASED, VOICE-
ASSISTED NETWORKING
Amar Chaudhari, Amrita Asthana, Atharva Kaluskar, Dewang Gedia, Lakshay Karani, Levi
Perigo, Rahil Gandotra and Sapna Gangwar
Interdisciplinary Telecom Program, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
ABSTRACT
Networks have become considerably large, complex and dynamic. The configuration, operation,
monitoring, and troubleshooting of networks is a cumbersome and time-consuming task for the
network administrators as they must deal with the physical layer, underlying protocols, addressing
systems, control rules, and many other low-level details. This research paper proposes an Intent-
based networking system (IBNS) coupled with voice-assistance that can abstract the underlying
network infrastructure and allow administrators to alter its behavior by expressing intents via voice
commands. The system also displays the real-time network topology along with the highlighted
intents on an interactive web application that can be used for network diagnostics. Compared to
traditional networks, the concepts of software-defined networking (SDN) make it easier to
integrate a voice assistant that allows configuring the network based on intents.
KEYWORDS
Network Management, SDN, Voice-Assistance, Intent-Based Networking & Realtime
Visualization.

REFERENCES
[1] N. Feamster, J. Rexford, and E. Zegura, “The Road to SDN: An Intellectual History of
Programmable Networks,” ACM Queue, New York, NY, USA, Tech. Rep., 2013.
[2] Y. Han, J. Li, D. Hoang, J. Yoo and J. Hong, “An intent-based network virtualization platform
for SDN,” IEEE 12th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM), pp.
353- 358, 2016.
[3] Y. Tsuzaki and Y. Okabe, “Reactive configuration updating for Intent-Based Networking,” IEEE
International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN), pp. 97-102, 2017.
[4] Open Networking Foundation, “Intent NBI – Definition and Principles,” Technical
Recommendation, 2016.
5] Open Networking Foundation. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) Definition - Open
Networking Foundation. [online] Available at: https://www.opennetworking.org/sdn-definition/.
[6] H. Feng, K. Fawaz and K. Shin, “Continuous Authentication for Voice Assistants”, ACM 23rd
Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pp. 343-355, 2017.
[7] V. Kpuska and G. Bohouta, “Next-generation of virtual personal assistants (Microsoft Cortana,
Apple Siri, Amazon Alexa and Google Home),” IEEE 8th Annual Computing and Communication
Workshop and Conference (CCWC), pp. 99-103, 2018.
[8] B. Dhingra et al., “Towards End-to-End Reinforcement Learning of Dialogue Agents for
Information Access,” Association for Computational Linguistics annual meeting, 2017.
[9] S. Amrutha et al., “Voice Controlled Smart Home,” International Journal of Emerging
Technology and Advanced Engineering, vol. 5, January 2015.
[10] A. Rajalakshmi and H. Shahnasser, “Internet of Things using Node-Red and alexa,” 7th
International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies (ISCIT), pp. 1-4, 2017
[11] A. Voellmy, H. Kim, and N. Feamster, “Procera: a language for high-level reactive network
control,” in Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Hot Topics in Software Defined Networks (HotSDN
’12), pp. 43–48, ACM, Helsinki, Finland, August 2012.
[12] P. H. Isolani, J. A. Wickboldt, C. B. Both, J. Rochol and L. Z. Granville, “Interactive monitoring,
visualization, and configuration of OpenFlow-based SDN,” IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on
Integrated Network Management, pp. 207-215, 2015.
[13] Y. Watashiba et al., “OpenFlow Network Visualization Software with Flow Control Interface,”
IEEE 37th Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference, pp. 475-477, 2013.
[14] W. Wassapon, P. Uthayopas, C. Chantrapornchai and K. Ichikawa, “Real-time monitoring and
visualization software for OpenFlow network”, 15th International Conference on ICT and
Knowledge Engineering (ICT&KE), pp. 1-5, 2017.
[15] V.T. Guimaraes et al., “Improving productivity and reducing cost through the use of
visualizations for SDN management,” IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communication (ISCC),

pp. 531-538, 2016.
[16] NeMo-project.net, NeMo - The Application's interface to Intent Based Networks. [online]
Available at: http://NeMo-project.net/.
[17] Wiki.onosproject.org, Intent Framework – ONOS – Wiki. [online] Available at:
https://wiki.onosproject.org/display/ONOS/Intent+Framework.
[18] R. Cohen et al., “An intent-based approach for network virtualization,” IFIP/IEEE International
Symposium on Integrated Network Management, pp. 42-50, 2013.
[19] Cisco. (2018). Intent-Based Networking. [online] Available at:
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/intent-based-networking.html.
[20] Openvswitch.org. Open vSwitch | Production Quality, Multilayer Open Virtual Switch.
Available at: http://openvswitch.org/. [21] Project Floodlight. (2018). Projects - Project Floodlight.
[online] Available at: http://www.projectfloodlight.org/projects/.
[22] Djangoproject.com. (2018). The Web framework for perfectionists with deadlines — Django.
[online] Available at: https://www.djangoproject.com/.
[23] NGINX. (2018). NGINX — High Performance Load Balancer, Web Server, & Reverse Proxy.
[online] Available at: https://www.nginx.com/.
[24] MariaDB.org. (2018). MariaDB.org. [online] Available at: https://mariadb.org/.
[25] Developer.amazon.com. (2018). Alexa Skills Kit - Build for Voice with Amazon. [online]
Available at: https://developer.amazon.com/alexaskills-kit.
[26] Visjs.org. vis.js - A dynamic, browser based visualization library. [online] Available at:
http://visjs.org.
[27] Vmware.com. ESXi | Bare Metal Hypervisor | VMware. [online] Available at:
https://www.vmware.com/products/esxi-and-esx.html. [28] Frrouting.org. FRRouting. [online]
Available at: https://frrouting.org/.
[29] Duo.com. Double Up on Security With Two-Factor Authentication (2FA). [online] Available
at: https://duo.com/product/trusted-users/two-factor-authentication.
[30] J. Rath, “Integrating SDN into the Data Center.” [online] Available at:
http://documents.tips/business/integrating-sdninto-the-data-center.html.
[31] Open Networking Foundation, “OpenFlow Switch Specification; Version 1.3.0(Wire Protocol
0x04).”, p.40, 2012. [online]. Available at:
https://www.opennetworking.org/images/stories/downloads/sdnresources/onfspecifications/openflo
w/openflow-spec-v1.3.0.pdf.
[32] R. Gandotra and L. Perigo, "SDNMA: A Software-defined, Dynamic Network Manipulation
Application to Enhance BGP Functionality," in Proceedings of the 20th IEEE International
Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC), 2018.

[33] D. Gedia, and L. Perigo, “NetO-App: A Network Orchestration Application for Centralized
Network Management in Small Business Networks” in 4th International Conference on Computer
Science, Engineering and Information Technology (CSITY-2018), Sydney, Australia, pp. 61-72,
July, 2018, DOI: 10.5121/csit.2018.81106.
[34] D. Gedia, and L. Perigo, “A Centralized Network Management Application for Academia and
Small Business Networks” in Information Technology in Industry (ITII)-indexed in web of science,
Australia, Sept, 2018.
[35] N. Foster, R. Harrison, M. J. Freedman et al., “Frenetic: a network programming language,” in
Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming
(ICFP ’11), pp. 279–291, ACM, Tokyo, Japan, September 2011.

CLUSTER BASED ROUTING USING ENERGY AND DISTANCE
AWARE MULTI-OBJECTIVE GOLDEN EAGLE OPTIMIZATION IN
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
Gundeboyina Srinivasalu1 and Hanumanthappa Umadevi2
1Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Cambridge Institute of Technology,
Bangalore, India 2 Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar
Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
ABSTRACT
In recent years, WSNs have attracted significant attention due to the improvements in various
sectors such as communication, electronics, and information technologies. When the clustering
algorithm incorporates both Euclidean distance and energy, it automatically decreases the energy
consumption. So, the major goal of this research is to reduce energy consumption for prolong the
lifetime of the network. In order to achieve an energy-efficient process, Energy and Distance
Aware Multi-Objective Golden Eagle Optimization (ED-MOGEO) is proposed in this research. In
addition, this proposed solution reduces retransmissions and delays to improve the performance
metrics. And so, this research carried out two major fitness functions (Euclidean distance and
energy) for creating an energy-efficient WSN. Furthermore, energy consideration is used to reduce
the nodes unavailability which results in packet loss during the transmission. For generating the
routing path between the source and the Base Station (BS), the ED-MOGEO algorithm is used.
From the simulation results, it shows that Proposed ED-MOGEO achieves better performances in
terms of residual energy (14.36 J), end-to-end delay (12.9 ms), packet delivery ratio (0.994),
normalized routing overhead (0.11), and throughput (1.131 Mbps) when compared to existing
Cluster-Based Data Aggregation (CBDA) and Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO)-Greedy
methods.
KEYWORDS
Multi-Objective Golden Eagle Optimization, Wireless Sensor Networks, Energy Consumption,
Network Lifetime, Euclidean Distance

REFERENCES
[1] Biradar, Shivshanker P., and Vishwanath,T. S. (2021). “Optimized Cluster Establishment and
Cluster-Head Selection Approach in WSN”, International Journal of Computer Networks &
Communications (IJCNC), Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 53-70.
[2] Ahn, J., Lim, S., &Cho, T. (2021). “Fuzzy Logic-based Efficient Message Route Selection
Method to Prolong the Network Lifetime in WSNs”, International Journal of Computer Networks
& Communications (IJCNC), Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 73-91.
[3] Morsi, A.M., Barakat, T.M. and Nashaat, A.A. (2020). “An Efficient and Secure Malicious
Node Detection Model for Wireless Sensor Networks”, International Journal of Computer
Networks & Communications (IJCNC),Vol. 12, No.1, pp. 97-108.
[4] Ahn, J., Lim, S. and Cho, T. (2021). “Fuzzy Logic-based Efficient Message Route Selection
Method to Prolong the Network Lifetime in WSNs”, International Journal of Computer Networks
& Communications (IJCNC), Vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 73-91.
[5] Sohail, M., Khan, S., Ahmad, R., Singh, D. & Lloret, J. (2019). “Game theoretic solution for
power management in IoT-based wireless sensor networks”, Sensors, Vol. 19, No. 18, pp. 3835.
[6] Alagarsamy, V. and Ranjan, P.V. (2019). “Multi-Cluster Multi-Channel Scheduling (Mms)
Algorithm for Maximum Data Collection with Delay Minimization in WSN”, International Journal
of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC), Vol 11, No. 6, pp. 91-110.
[7] Ravikiran, D.N. and Dethe, C.G. (2018). “Improvements in Routing Algorithms to Enhance
Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks”, International Journal of Computer Networks &
Communications (IJCNC), Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 23-32.
[8] Vu, V.H., Thien, H.T. and Koo, I. (2019). “A repeated games-based secure multiple-channels
communications scheme for secondary users with randomly attacking eavesdroppers”, Applied
Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 868.
[9] Abdalzaher, M.S. and Muta, O. (2020). “A game-theoretic approach for enhancing security
and data trustworthiness in IoT applications”, IEEE Internet of Things Journal, Vol. 7, No. 11,
pp11250- 11261.
[10] Casado‐Vara, R., Prieto‐Castrillo, F. & Corchado, J.M. (2018). “A game theory approach for
cooperative control to improve data quality and false data detection in WSN”, International Journal
of Robust and Nonlinear Control, Vol. 28, No. 16, pp. 5087-5102.
[11] Qin, X., Wang, X., Wang, L., Lin, Y. & Wang, X. (2019). “An efficient probabilistic routing
scheme based on game theory in opportunistic networks”, Computer Networks, Vol. 149, pp. 144-
153.
[12] El Assari, Y. (2020). “Energy-efficient multi-hop routing with unequal clustering approach

for wireless sensor networks”, International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications
(IJCNC),Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 55-73.
[13] Jouhari, M., Ibrahimi, K., Tembine, H., Benattou, M. & Ben Othman, J., (2019). “Signalling
game approach to improve the MAC protocol in the underwater wireless sensor networks”,
International Journal of Communication Systems, Vol. 32, No. 13, pp. e3971.
[14] Raja, P. & Dananjayan, P. (2016). “Game theory-based efficient energy consumption routing
protocol to enhance the lifetime of WSN”, International Journal of Information and
Communication Technology, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 357-370.
[15] Farahani, G. (2019). “Energy Consumption Reduction in Wireless Sensor Network Based on
Clustering”, International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC), Vol. 11,
No. 2, pp. 33-51.
[16] Sirdeshpande, N. and Udupi, V. (2017). “Fractional lion optimization for cluster head-based
routing protocol in wireless sensor network”,Journal of the Franklin Institute, Vol. 354, No. 11,
pp. 4457- 4480.
[17] Daneshvar,S.M.H., Mohajer,P.A.A., &Mazinani, S.M. (2019). “Energy-efficient routing in
WSN: A centralized cluster-based approach via grey wolf optimizer”, IEEE Access, Vol. 7, pp.
170019- 170031, 2019.
[18] Morsy, N.A., AbdelHay,E.H.,& Kishk, S.S. (2018). “Proposed Energy Efficient Algorithm
for Clustering and Routing in WSN”, Wireless Personal Communications, Vol. 103, No. 3, pp.
2575- 2598, 2018.
[19] Vinitha, A., Rukmini,M.S.S.,& Sunehra, D. (2020). “Energy‐efficient multihop routing in
WSN using the hybrid optimization algorithm”, International Journal of Communication Systems,
Vol. 33, No. 12, ppe4440, 2020.
[20] Devi, V. S., Ravi, T., & Baghavathi Priya, S. (2020). “Cluster based data aggregation scheme
for latency and packet loss reduction in WSN”, Computer Communications, Vol. 149 pp36-43.
[21] Pattnaik, S., &Sahu,P. K. (2020). “Assimilation of fuzzy clustering approach and EHO‐
Greedy algorithm for efficient routing in WSN”, International Journal of Communication Systems,
Vol. 33, No. 8, ppe4354.
[22] Lalwani, P., Das, S., Banka, H.,& Kumar, C., (2018). “CRHS: clustering and routing in
wireless sensor networks using harmony search algorithm”, Neural Computing and Applications,
Vol. 30, No. 2, pp639-659.

January_2024 Top 10 Read Articles in Computer Networks & Communications.pdf

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to January_2024 Top 10 Read Articles in Computer Networks & Communications.pdf

Similar to January_2024 Top 10 Read Articles in Computer Networks & Communications.pdf (20)

More from IJCNCJournal

More from IJCNCJournal (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

January_2024 Top 10 Read Articles in Computer Networks & Communications.pdf