1. International Winter Wheat Improvement Program
Resistance to yellow rust in bread wheat landraces
currently grown in Turkey
A. Morgounov, B. Akın (CIMMYT, Ankara, Turkey)
K. Akan, L. Çetin, Z. Mert (Central Field Crop Research Inst., Ankara, Turkey)
S. Belen, M. Çakmak (Transitional Zone Agric. Research Inst., Eskisehir, Turkey)
M. Keser, K. Nazari (ICARDA, Ankara, Turkey)
M. Kan, M. Küçükçongar, F. Özdemir, E. Özer (Bahri Dagdas Internatioanl Agric.
Research Inst., Konya, Turkey)
H. Muminjanov (FAO-SEC, Ankara, Turkey)
İ. Özseven (Maize Research Station, Sakarya, Turkey)
U. Kuçukozdemir (East Anatolia Agric. Research Inst., Erzurum, Turkey)
C. Qualset (University of California, Davis, USA)
www.iwwip.org
2. Turkey National Inventory of Wheat landraces
• 2009-2013
• In total, 61 provinces, 161
counties, 506 villages and
more than 1500 farmers were
surveyed
– Preliminary communication to
local agricultural authorities and
researchers and identification of
potential landraces growing
areas
– Surveys and collection by teams
of 2-3 individual during season
– Socio-agronomic survey,
random collection of spikes and
seed
• Unexpectedly high frequency
and diversity
3. The overall landrace work objectives
• Inventory: document where they are in Turkey, what they
are and why they are grown
• Conservation: transfer to National Gene Bank in Ankara
• Characterization: evaluation for a set of agronomic traits
including disease and rust resistance
• Utilization:
– For improvement of modern germplasm
– For improvement of landraces to provide back to farmers
• Selection of the best landrace components and recreation of original
landraces
• Crosses to incorporate important traits
• Specific objective of the current study was identification
of landraces resistant to yellow, leaf and stem rusts
5. Study materials
• Selections from the landraces collected in 2009 and 2010 and evaluated
respectively in yield trials in 2012 and 2013. Total 442 pure lines originated
from 248 landraces.
Erzurum-51
Afyon-1 Konya-39 Karaman-44
Kutahya-2
Eskisehir-1
Burdur-1
Aksaray-33
Usak-6
Sivas-1
Nigde-27
Nevsehir-13
6. Rust evaluation
• Evaluation under artificial inoculations to three rusts:
1
Conducted by Pathology Group of Central Field Crop Research Institute in greenhouse
in Ankara
2
Conducted by Pathology Group of Central Field Crop Research Institute at Haymana
Station near Ankara
3
Conducted by Maize Research Station in Adapazari
4
Conducted by ICARDA Pathology Group in Izmir
*(Lr1),(2a), 2c, 3, 16, (26), 3ka, 17, 30, LrB, 10, 14a, 18, 3bg, 14b, (20)
**(Lr1),(2a), 2c, 3, 16, (26), 3ka, 30, LrB, 10, 14a, 18, 3bg, 14b, (20)
Year Entrie
s
Stripe Rust Leaf Rust
Seedling Adult Plant Seedling Adult Plant
2012 281 X1
Yr2; 6; 7; 8, 9
X2
Yr2; 6; 7; 9
X1*
X3**
2013 161 X1
Yr2, 6,7, 8, 9
X24
Yr2, 6,7, Su,9,27
- X3**
7. Results: Stripe Rust
Year of
collectio
n / test
Province
of
collectio
n
Number
of
landrace
s
collected
Seedling
resistanc
e class
Field resistance class Total
numbe
r of
lines
R disease
severity
(DS ≤ 10)
MR
(10 < DS
≤ 20)
MS
(20 < DS ≤
40)
S
(DS > 40)
2009/
2012
Erzurum 51 R 4 0 1 0 5
S 19 6 17 72 114
Karaman 44 R 1 0 0 0 1
S 3 0 0 48 51
Konya 39 R 0 0 0 0 0
S 4 0 2 104 110
Overall 134 R 5 0 1 0 6
S 26 6 19 224 275
Major genes - 2.1%
APR 2.1% APR 6.7%APR 9.2%
8. Year of
collectio
n/test
Province of
collection
Number of
landraces
collected
Seedling
resistance
class
Field resistance class Total
number
of lines
R disease severity
(DS ≤ 10)
MR
(10 < DS ≤ 20)
MS
(20 < DS ≤ 40)
S
(DS > 40)
2010/
2013
Afyon 1 R 0 0 0 0 0
S 0 0 0 4 4
Aksaray 33 R 0 0 0 0 0
S 1 1 1 64 67
Burdur 1 R 0 0 0 0 0
S 0 0 2 5 7
Eskisehir 1 R 0 0 0 0 0
S 0 0 0 1 1
Karaman 8 R 0 0 0 0 0
S 0 0 0 12 12
Konya 21 R 0 0 0 0 0
S 0 0 0 14 14
Kütahya 2 R 1 0 0 0 1
S 0 1 0 5 6
Nevşehir 13 R 0 0 0 0 0
S 0 1 1 10 12
Nigde 27 R 0 0 0 0 0
S 1 0 3 19 23
Sivas 1 R 0 0 0 0 0
S 0 1 0 0 1
Uşak 6 R 0 0 0 0 0
S 0 0 1 12 13
Overall 114 R MG 1 (0.6%) 0 0 0 1
S APR 2 (1.2%) APR 4 (2.4%) APR 8 (5.0%) 146 160
Results: Stripe Rust
9. Results: Stripe Rust
Nursery No Landrace Province County Village masl Farmer S AP
12YT-LANDR 36 TOPBAS ERZURUM OLTU CAMLIBEL 1748 RECEP SARIKAYA 0 TMS
12YT-LANDR 484 TOPBAS ERZURUM OLTU ALATARLA 1545 AHMET UCAR 0 TMS
12YT-LANDR 87 KIRIK ERZURUM OLTU TOPRAKKALE 1444 MIKAIL ULKER 0 TMS
12YT-LANDR 28 TOPBAS ERZURUM OLTU BALLICA 1560 MEHMET POLAT 0 0
12YT-LANDR 151 BEYAZ BUGDAY ERZURUM OLTU DUTLU 1204 ALI KORKMAZ 0 0
12YT-LANDR 61 KIRIK ERZURUM OLTU TOPRAKKALE 1456 SELAHATTIN ULKER 0 40MS
12YT-LANDR 88 KIRIK ERZURUM OLTU SARISAZ KOYU 1362 NEDIM YILDIRIM 7 0
12YT-LANDR 89 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER TEPECIK 1637 NIZAMETTIN OZCAN 7 0
12YT-LANDR 17 TOPBAS ERZURUM OLTU INANMIS 2081 HULKI MANSIZ 7 0
12YT-LANDR 74 KIRIK ERZURUM OLTU INANMIS 1832 FIKRET YAVUZ 7 0
12YT-LANDR 118 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER DEMIRDOGEN 1710 METIN KOK 8 0
12YT-LANDR 136 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER PORSUK 1789 HUSNU ERKMEN 8 0
12YT-LANDR 13 TOPBAS ERZURUM OLTU INANMIS 1845 AHMET FIDAN 8 0
12YT-LANDR 111 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER
YUKARI CAKMAK
1731 NADIM SARAC
8
0
12YT-LANDR 115 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER DEMIRDOGEN 1730 NECMETTIN KIRTEPE 6-7 0
12YT-LANDR 152 BEYAZ BUGDAY ERZURUM OLTU DUTLU 1204 ALI KORKMAZ 6-7 0
12YT-LANDR 18 TOPBAS ERZURUM OLTU INANMIS 2081 HULKI MANSIZ 7 TMS
12YT-LANDR 99 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER TEPECIK 1629 MUAMMER KIRTEPE 8 TMS
12YT-LANDR 149 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER TASKAYNAK 1801 AYHAN CELIK 8 TMS
12YT-LANDR 113 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER
YUKARI CAKMAK
1731 NADIM SARAC
8
TMS
12YT-LANDR 69 KIRIK ERZURUM OLTU INANMIS 2081 HULKI MANSIZ 6-7 TMS
12YT-LANDR 162 DIGE BUGDAYI ERZURUM OLTU DEREBASI 1580 YUSUF ALBAYRAK 7 TMS
12YT-LANDR 112 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER
YUKARI CAKMAK
1731 NADIM SARAC
8
10MS
12YT-LANDR 158 AKBUGDAY ERZURUM OLTU DUTLU 1216 YASEDDIN KORKMAZ 6 10MSS
12YT-LANDR 164 DIGE BUGDAYI ERZURUM OLTU DEREBASI 1695 BINALI ALTINKAYNAK 7 10MSS
12YT-LANDR 161 DIGE BUGDAYI ERZURUM OLTU DEREBASI 1580 YUSUF ALBAYRAK 7 10MSS
12YT-LANDR 122 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER TASLIGUNEY 1748 HAYRETTIN AKSAKAL 6-7 10MSS
12YT-LANDR 108 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER
YUKARI CAKMAK
1729 SEYDI CINAR
8
20MS
12YT-LANDR 39 TOPBAS ERZURUM OLTU CAMLIBEL 1702 YUNUS AKTAS 7 30MS
12YT-LANDR 110 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER
YUKARI CAKMAK
1731 NADIM SARAC
8
30MS
10. Results: Stripe Rust
Nursery No Landrace Province County Village masl Farmer S AP
12YT-LANDR 211 AKBUGDAY KARAMAN SARIVELILER CIVLE 1410 ISMET OFLAZ 0 TMS
12YT-LANDR 248 GODEREDI KARAMAN SARIVELILER CUKURBAG 1446 AYSE AKSU 7 TMS
12YT-LANDR 255 GODEREDI KARAMAN SARIVELILER CUKURBAG 1446 UMMU AKKOL 7 TMS
12YT-LANDR 173 GODELI KARAMAN SARIVELILER CIVANDERE 1414 BAKI ALTINKAYA 7 10MSS
12YT-LANDR 476 KUNDURU KONYA HADIM BOLAT 1350 OSMAN TARHAN 7 TMS
12YT-LANDR 328 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM SELAHATTIN 1164 ALI OZTAS 6-7 TMS
12YT-LANDR 351 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM GOYNUKISLA 1163 YAKUP CENGIZ 7 10MS
12YT-LANDR 217 AKBUGDAY KONYA BOZKIR HISARLIK 1475 OMER CICEK 7 10MS
12YT-LANDR 216 AKBUGDAY KONYA BOZKIR HISARLIK 1475 OMER CICEK 7 40MS
12YT-LANDR 359 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM GOYNUKISLA 1160 ALI DOGRU 8 40S
11. Results: Stripe Rust
Nursery No Landrace Province County Village Farmer S AP
13LRACE-YT 125 NO NAME AKSARAY GÜZELYURT IHLARA NAFİZ ELLİİKİ 7 TMS
13LRACE-YT 134 ŞAHMAN AKSARAY MERKEZ ÇAĞLAYAN YUSUF BASTUR 8 40MSS
13LRACE-YT 136 ŞAHMAN AKSARAY MERKEZ ÇAĞLAYAN YUSUF BASTUR 8 5-20MSS
13LRACE-YT 194 NO NAME BURDUR AGLASUN KIPRIT 8 10-50S
13LRACE-YT 197 NO NAME BURDUR AGLASUN KIPRIT 8 30MSS
13LRACE-YT 184 KOBAK KUTAHYA ALTINTAS ERENKOY 2 20MSS
13LRACE-YT 36 ALBOSTAN NEVŞEHİR ÜRGÜP AĞAÇÖREN AHMET SESİGÜZEL 8 20MSS
13LRACE-YT 31 ALBOSTAN NEVŞEHİR ÜRGÜP AĞAÇÖREN MEVLÜT ŞAHİN 8 30MSS
13LRACE-YT 67 KAMÇI NİĞDE ÇAMARDI ELEKGÖLÜ NAİM BOZAT 8 30MS
13LRACE-YT 80 KAMÇI NİĞDE ÇAMARDI MAHMATLI TURHAN ARAL 8 40MSS
13LRACE-YT 81 KAMÇI NİĞDE ÇAMARDI ELEKGÖLÜ NUH YILMAZ 6 40MSS
13LRACE-YT 84 KAMÇI NİĞDE ÇİFTLİK ÇINARLI ALİ ERTAŞ 7 10MSS
13LRACE-YT 163 ZERUN SİVAS GÜRÜN MERKEZ MEHMET TECER 8 20MSS
13LRACE-YT 169 ARIBUGDAY USAK BANAZ KUSDEMIR 6-7 10S
12. Conclusions: Stripe Rust
• Frequency of stripe rust resistant selections from
landraces is on average 15% and varies depending on
the province and landrace from 0 to 50%.
• The ratio of Adult Plant Resistance versus major gene
resistance is 10:1 – nature votes for APR.
• The highest frequency of stripe rust resistant landraces
is in Erzurum.
13. Results: Leaf Rust major genes
Nursery No Landrace Province County Village Seedling Adult Plant
12YT-LANDR 351 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM GOYNUKISLA 0 5MS
12YT-LANDR 351 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM GOYNUKISLA 0 5MS
12YT-LANDR 258 GODEREDI KONYA BOZKIR KOVANLIK 0 5MR
12YT-LANDR 478 KUNDURU KONYA HADIM BOLAT 0 100S
12YT-LANDR 30 TOPBAS ERZURUM OLTU CAMLIBEL 1 10MR
12YT-LANDR 147 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER TASKAYNAK ; 10MR
12YT-LANDR 12 TOPBAS ERZURUM OLTU INANMIS ; 5MR
12YT-LANDR 255 GODEREDI KARAMAN SARIVELILER CUKURBAG ; 5MR
12YT-LANDR 328 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM SELAHATTIN ; 5MR
12YT-LANDR 359 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM GOYNUKISLA ; 5MS
12YT-LANDR 183 AKBUGDAY KARAMAN ERMENEK CATALBADEM ; 5MR
12YT-LANDR 186 AKBUGDAY KARAMAN SARIVELILER ADILLER ; 10MS
12YT-LANDR 209 AKBUGDAY KARAMAN SARIVELILER CIVLE ; 20MR
12YT-LANDR 328 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM SELAHATTIN ; 5MR
12YT-LANDR 359 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM GOYNUKISLA ; 5MS
12YT-LANDR 366 AKCABUGDAY KONYA BOZKIR HISARLIK ; 100S
12YT-LANDR 434 KOCA BUGDAY KONYA BOZKIR KAYAPINAR ; 10MS
12YT-LANDR 324 SARI BUGDAY KONYA BOZKIR SOGUT ; 20MS
12YT-LANDR 259 GODEREDI KONYA BOZKIR KOVANLIK ; 5MR
12YT-LANDR 477 KUNDURU KONYA HADIM BOLAT ; 5MR
12YT-LANDR 441 KOCA BUGDAY KONYA BOZKIR KAYAPINAR ; 5MR
12YT-LANDR 352 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM GOYNUKISLA ; 5MR
12YT-LANDR 411 KOCA BUGDAY KONYA BOZKIR ELMAAGAC ; 5MR
12YT-LANDR 341 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM SELAHATTIN ;1 5MR
12YT-LANDR 19 TOPBAS ERZURUM OLTU BASBAGLAR 1+ 5MR
14. Results: Leaf Rust APR
Nursery No Landrace Province County Village Seedling Adult Plant
12YT-LANDR 419 KOCA BUGDAY KONYA BOZKIR ELMAAGAC 3 TMR
12YT-LANDR 248 GODEREDI
KARAMAN SARIVELILER
CUKURBAG
3 TMR
12YT-LANDR 339 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM SELAHATTIN 3 5MS
12YT-LANDR 144 KIRIK
ERZURUM
PASINLER TASKAYNAK
3 5MR
12YT-LANDR 219 AKBUGDAY KONYA BOZKIR SOGUCAK 3 5MR
12YT-LANDR 7 TOPBAS
ERZURUM
OLTU GUZELSU
3 40MSS
12YT-LANDR 73 KIRIK
ERZURUM
OLTU SULUNKAYA
3 20MS
12YT-LANDR 148 KIRIK
ERZURUM
PASINLER TASKAYNAK
3 20MR
15. Conclusions: Leaf Rust
• Frequency of leaf rust resistant selections from
landraces is on average 12% and varies depending on
the province and landrace from 0 to 30%.
• The ratio of Adult Plant Resistance versus major gene
resistance is 1:3 – nature votes for major genes.
• The highest frequency of leaf rust resistant landraces is
in Konya.
16. Wheat landraces: agronomic performance
12ENT
RY
LANDRACE PROVINCE Village
ALTIT
UDE
FARMER NAME
TYP
E
1000kw
59 GEREK 34.9
426
KOCA
BUGDAY
KONYA
TARLABASI 1549 NEVZAT DEMIROZ BW 47.1
434
KOCA
BUGDAY
KONYA
KAYAPINAR 1498 AYSE KOCAK BW 47.0
286
SARI
BUGDAY
KARAMAN CATALBADE
M
1080 MUSTAFA DOGAN DW 47.0
351
SARI
BUGDAY
KONYA GOYNUKISL
A
1163 YAKUP CENGIZ BW 46.8
328
SARI
BUGDAY
KONYA
SELAHATTIN 1164 ALI OZTAS BW 46.5
429
KOCA
BUGDAY
KONYA
KAYAPINAR 1498 HASAN ALTUN DW 46.3
12ENTR
Y
LANDRACE PROVINCE Village
ALTI
TUD
E
FARMER NAME TYPE
Col.
lengt
h
340 GEREK 4.96
235 GODEREDI KARAMAN
CIVANDER
E
1414 HASAN KAFES BW
7.74
262 GODEREDI KONYA BALCILAR 1655
BAYRAM
KANDEMIR
BW
7.52
233 GODEREDI KARAMAN ADILLER 1413
MUSTAFA
TASPINAR
BW
7.46
243 GODEREDI KARAMAN CIVLER 1410 MEHMET YAMAN BW
7.44
459 KUNDURU KONYA HISARLIK 1475
HASAN HUSEYIN
SUCU
BW
7.30
283 SARI BUGDAY KARAMAN YALINDAL 887 NEBI GURBUZ CW
7.23
1000 kernel weight Coleoptile length
12ENTR
Y
LANDRACE PROVINCE Village
ALTIT
UDE
FARMER NAME TYPE
Yield
kg/ha
348 KARAHAN 1673
300 GEREK 2120
181
YORUK
BUGDAYI
KARAMAN
ADILLER 1413 MUSTAFA TASPINAR BW 2946
105 KIRIK
ERZURUM
CICEKLI 1879 HANIFI AYDIN BW 2866
325
SARI BUGDAY KONYA
SOGUT 1514 OSMAN OGUT CW 2838
304
SARI BUGDAY KARAMAN YAYLAPAZA
RI
900 HASAN ACAR CW 2484
187
AKBUGDAY KARAMAN
ADILLER 1413 CEMAL URESIN BW 2380
161
DIGE BUGDAYI ERZURUM DEREBASI
1580 YUSUF ALBAYRAK BW 2334
103 KIRIK
ERZURUM
CICEKLI 1879 LOKMAN BINGOL BW 2170
13 TOPBAS
ERZURUM
INANMIS 1845 AHMET FIDAN BW 2161
305
SARI BUGDAY KARAMAN YAYLAPAZA
RI
900 HASAN ACAR CW 2155
Yield
17. Farmers peception of landraces
Trait Good Normal Bad Do not know
Yield 19.62 56.42 13.19 10.76
Disease resistance 17.36 45.49 13.72 23.44
Pest resistance 13.19 42.88 13.72 30.21
Cold resistance 44.44 32.29 12.15 11.11
Drought resistance 35.07 42.36 10.94 11.63
Suitable for family
consumption
80.38 14.76 1.74 3.13
Market price 12.67 39.41 22.05 25.87
Lodging resistance 16.70 41.04 34.61 7.65
Straw quality 53.13 30.73 4.69 11.46
Straw yield 44.62 34.38 4.86 16.15
18. General conclusions
• The average frequency of stripe and leaf rust resistant
entries in bread wheat landraces currently grown in
Turkey varies from 15 to 20%.
• In the collections of 2009 and 2010 resistance to stripe
rust was primarily APR while resistance to leaf rust was
mainly major genes.
• The highest frequency of stripe rust resistant landraces
was in Erzurum while leaf rust – in Konya.
• The genes determining the resistance have not been
identified.
• The value of identified resistance is important to improve
the landraces themselves.
19. Future work
• More than 3000 selections from the landraces have been planted
this season in Konya and Haymana and they represent the whole
diversity of the collections from 2009 till 2012
• Detailed agronomic description and evaluation for important traits
including disease resistance will be conducted.
• Morphology, agronomic traits and DNA-based diversity will be used
to define the “Core Set” which will be used for more detailed
characterization and association mapping.
• Independently identification of superior landraces components will
continue to improve them and provide back to the farming
communities.
• Collection will continue in the “white spots” to complete the inventory
in 2014-2015.
20. Acknowledgements
• IWWIP is financially supported by
– Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock of Turkey
– CRP WHEAT (CGIAR)
• Numerous IWWIP cooperators in Turkey
