International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study the effect of Mn2+ ions on the ac electrical properties of some iron do...IJRES Journal
Oxide glasses doped with transition metal ions are of high interest because of their variant applications in both science and technology fields. However, the normal melt quench method have used to prepared some iron doped phosphate glasses according the following molecular formula: (65-x) mol% P2O5 - 20 mol% Na2O - 15 mol% Fe2O3 - x mol% MnO, Where x= 0, 5,10, 20, 25. The room temperature Mössbauer Effect ME Spectra used to characterized the glassy state homogeneity of these glasses. ME spectra show, for all glasses, no magnetic field participate which mean good glassy state formation. The ac electrical transport properties were also measured, as function of temperature up to 500k. It was found that the ac conductivity increased with the gradual increase of Mn2+ cations, while the electrical activation energy decreased.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Overview of Superconductivity with Special Attention on Thermodynamic Aspe...Thomas Templin
Superconductors are special types of conductors that exhibit a variety of physical phenomena such as zero resistivity, the absence of thermoelectric effects, ideal diamagnetism, the existence of a Meissner effect, and flux quantization. The observed phenomena mean that superconductivity is a well-defined thermodynamic equilibrium state/phase that does not depend on a sample’s history. Changes of phase are entirely reversible, and once a substance has come to equilibrium with its surroundings, there is no memory of its past history.
A variety of theoretical approaches have been developed to explain superconductivity. These include the two-fluid model of superconductivity, the Ginzburg-Landau theory, and the BCS model. These models are most suitable to explain the phenomena associated with type-I superconductors, i.e., the types of superconductors that only exist when the external magnetic field is below a relatively low threshold value of Bc as well as below a transition temperature Tc close to 0 K. In the 1980s a new type of superconductors was discovered, called type-II superconductors. Type-II materials are characterized by the coexistence of normally conducting and superconducting states as well as relatively high values of the critical field and transition temperature. Type-II superconductors have been used in a variety of technological applications, such as superconducting electromagnets, MRI, particle accelerators, levitating trains, and superconducting quantum-interference devices (SQUIDs).
The superconducting state has a lower free energy than the normal state. The exclusion of the magnetic field from a superconductor leads to an increase in the free energy. The Meissner effect thus implies the existence of a thermodynamical critical field for which these two effects balance out. Knowing only the experimental temperature dependence of the critical field, the Gibbs free energy, the entropy, and the specific heat that characterize the superconducting phase can be determined.
undamentals of Crystal Structure: BCC, FCC and HCP Structures, coordination number and atomic packing factors, crystal imperfections -point line and surface imperfections. Atomic Diffusion: Phenomenon, Fick’s laws of diffusion, factors affecting diffusion.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study the effect of Mn2+ ions on the ac electrical properties of some iron do...IJRES Journal
Oxide glasses doped with transition metal ions are of high interest because of their variant applications in both science and technology fields. However, the normal melt quench method have used to prepared some iron doped phosphate glasses according the following molecular formula: (65-x) mol% P2O5 - 20 mol% Na2O - 15 mol% Fe2O3 - x mol% MnO, Where x= 0, 5,10, 20, 25. The room temperature Mössbauer Effect ME Spectra used to characterized the glassy state homogeneity of these glasses. ME spectra show, for all glasses, no magnetic field participate which mean good glassy state formation. The ac electrical transport properties were also measured, as function of temperature up to 500k. It was found that the ac conductivity increased with the gradual increase of Mn2+ cations, while the electrical activation energy decreased.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Overview of Superconductivity with Special Attention on Thermodynamic Aspe...Thomas Templin
Superconductors are special types of conductors that exhibit a variety of physical phenomena such as zero resistivity, the absence of thermoelectric effects, ideal diamagnetism, the existence of a Meissner effect, and flux quantization. The observed phenomena mean that superconductivity is a well-defined thermodynamic equilibrium state/phase that does not depend on a sample’s history. Changes of phase are entirely reversible, and once a substance has come to equilibrium with its surroundings, there is no memory of its past history.
A variety of theoretical approaches have been developed to explain superconductivity. These include the two-fluid model of superconductivity, the Ginzburg-Landau theory, and the BCS model. These models are most suitable to explain the phenomena associated with type-I superconductors, i.e., the types of superconductors that only exist when the external magnetic field is below a relatively low threshold value of Bc as well as below a transition temperature Tc close to 0 K. In the 1980s a new type of superconductors was discovered, called type-II superconductors. Type-II materials are characterized by the coexistence of normally conducting and superconducting states as well as relatively high values of the critical field and transition temperature. Type-II superconductors have been used in a variety of technological applications, such as superconducting electromagnets, MRI, particle accelerators, levitating trains, and superconducting quantum-interference devices (SQUIDs).
The superconducting state has a lower free energy than the normal state. The exclusion of the magnetic field from a superconductor leads to an increase in the free energy. The Meissner effect thus implies the existence of a thermodynamical critical field for which these two effects balance out. Knowing only the experimental temperature dependence of the critical field, the Gibbs free energy, the entropy, and the specific heat that characterize the superconducting phase can be determined.
undamentals of Crystal Structure: BCC, FCC and HCP Structures, coordination number and atomic packing factors, crystal imperfections -point line and surface imperfections. Atomic Diffusion: Phenomenon, Fick’s laws of diffusion, factors affecting diffusion.
Optical and Impedance Spectroscopy Study of ZnS NanoparticlesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
This slide set corresponds to the MaterialsConcepts YouTube video "Muddiest Point- Electronic Properties I. Here's the link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BY8ZPobU8B0
To study the vocab used in this video, visit this site:
http://quizlet.com/24383440/71-electronic-properties-i-conductors-insulators-semiconductors-flash-cards/
This work was supported by NSF Grants #0836041 and #1226325.
Presentation of Licentiate in Physics Engineering of Francisco AlmeidaFrancisco Almeida
This seminar was presented to show the results of my research on magnetic thin films for my Licentiate diploma in Physics Engineering. This is a subset (although the biggest portion) of the analysis performed.
(note: the two last slides are not part of the actual presentation).
»Over the last two decades several patents and research papers have reported purported practical methods to extract useful energy from the vacuum. I describe the inventions and analyze the underlying physics. From an analysis based on first principles it is clear that most of the inventions have fundamental errors and cannot work. The basic concept of harvesting zero-point energy remains viable, and at least one patented concept might work.
The vacuum is filled with a high density of zero-point energy, in the form of modes (vibrational patterns) of electromagnetic field. Over the last eight decades it has become clear that this zero-point field (ZPF) vacuum energy is not simply a mathematical formalism, but produces demonstrable effects on physical systems. Along with that realization has come the desire to extract energy from the ZPF.
One set of methods use nonlinear elements to convert the ZPF into a usable form. A rectifier (used to convert AC to DC) is a strongly nonlinear element. One patent makes use of antennas to capture the ZPF. This energy is then rectified and used. Another set of inventions simply rectify fluctuations (noise) in electronic elements as an extraction method. Using a detailed balance argument, I show that these methods cannot work.
Another set of patents describe using a Casimir cavity to mechanically extract energy from the ZPF. A Casimir cavity consists of two closely space reflecting plates that exclude ZPF electromagnetic modes having wavelengths larger than twice the gap spacing. The result is that the imbalance in the density of the ZPF inside and outside the cavity causes the plates to be attracted to each other. This attractive potential can be used, but only once. To produce power continuously, a method must be devised to form a reciprocating Casimir engine. The patents purport to switch off the Casimir attraction while the plates are pulled apart, so that they can repeatedly accelerate together and produce power. This approach is shown to be fundamentally flawed, and cannot produce power continuously.
A recently issued patent describes a method by which vacuum energy is extracted from gas flowing through a Casimir cavity. According to stochastic electrodynamics, the electronic orbitals in atoms are supported by ambient ZPF. When the gas atoms are pumped into a Casimir cavity, where long-wavelength ZPF modes are excluded, the electrons spin down into lower orbitals, releasing energy. This energy is harvested in a local absorber. When the electrons exit the Casimir cavity, they are re-energized to their original orbitals by the ambient ZPF. The process is repeated to produce continuous power. This method does not suffer from the fundamental flaws of the other approaches, and might work.«
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optical and Impedance Spectroscopy Study of ZnS NanoparticlesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
This slide set corresponds to the MaterialsConcepts YouTube video "Muddiest Point- Electronic Properties I. Here's the link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BY8ZPobU8B0
To study the vocab used in this video, visit this site:
http://quizlet.com/24383440/71-electronic-properties-i-conductors-insulators-semiconductors-flash-cards/
This work was supported by NSF Grants #0836041 and #1226325.
Presentation of Licentiate in Physics Engineering of Francisco AlmeidaFrancisco Almeida
This seminar was presented to show the results of my research on magnetic thin films for my Licentiate diploma in Physics Engineering. This is a subset (although the biggest portion) of the analysis performed.
(note: the two last slides are not part of the actual presentation).
»Over the last two decades several patents and research papers have reported purported practical methods to extract useful energy from the vacuum. I describe the inventions and analyze the underlying physics. From an analysis based on first principles it is clear that most of the inventions have fundamental errors and cannot work. The basic concept of harvesting zero-point energy remains viable, and at least one patented concept might work.
The vacuum is filled with a high density of zero-point energy, in the form of modes (vibrational patterns) of electromagnetic field. Over the last eight decades it has become clear that this zero-point field (ZPF) vacuum energy is not simply a mathematical formalism, but produces demonstrable effects on physical systems. Along with that realization has come the desire to extract energy from the ZPF.
One set of methods use nonlinear elements to convert the ZPF into a usable form. A rectifier (used to convert AC to DC) is a strongly nonlinear element. One patent makes use of antennas to capture the ZPF. This energy is then rectified and used. Another set of inventions simply rectify fluctuations (noise) in electronic elements as an extraction method. Using a detailed balance argument, I show that these methods cannot work.
Another set of patents describe using a Casimir cavity to mechanically extract energy from the ZPF. A Casimir cavity consists of two closely space reflecting plates that exclude ZPF electromagnetic modes having wavelengths larger than twice the gap spacing. The result is that the imbalance in the density of the ZPF inside and outside the cavity causes the plates to be attracted to each other. This attractive potential can be used, but only once. To produce power continuously, a method must be devised to form a reciprocating Casimir engine. The patents purport to switch off the Casimir attraction while the plates are pulled apart, so that they can repeatedly accelerate together and produce power. This approach is shown to be fundamentally flawed, and cannot produce power continuously.
A recently issued patent describes a method by which vacuum energy is extracted from gas flowing through a Casimir cavity. According to stochastic electrodynamics, the electronic orbitals in atoms are supported by ambient ZPF. When the gas atoms are pumped into a Casimir cavity, where long-wavelength ZPF modes are excluded, the electrons spin down into lower orbitals, releasing energy. This energy is harvested in a local absorber. When the electrons exit the Casimir cavity, they are re-energized to their original orbitals by the ambient ZPF. The process is repeated to produce continuous power. This method does not suffer from the fundamental flaws of the other approaches, and might work.«
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The Women in Logistics UK (WiL) Mentor Programme - open to members. We're looking for mentors who work in the general logistics, transport, distribution and associated fields to share their experience for people new to the sector, or looking to grow their career. For more information, contact mentor@womeninlogistics.org.uk
The Swiss National Day is around the corner.
Take This Opportunity to Discover the Sights & Sounds of Switzerland!
Where to Stay? Hotels in Lausanne, Lutry, Morges, Zurich & Basel.
In this work, an investigation of the steady-state electron transport and low-field electron mobility
characteristics of Wurtzite ZnO and Zn1_xMgxO are examined using the ensemble Monte Carlo model. The
Monte Carlo calculations are carried out using a three-valley model for the systems under consideration. The
following scattering mechanisms, i.e, impurity, polar optical phonon and acoustic phonon are included in the
calculation. The maximum electron drift velocity that is obtained at room temperature for 1023 m-3 donor
concentration is 2.36×107 cms-1 for ZnO in threshold field of 461 kV/cm. While the maximum electron drift
velocity is1.65×107 cms-1 for Zn0.95Mg0.05O in threshold field 861 kV/cm. The maximum electron mobility for ZnO
886 cm2/V.s and for Zn1_xMgxO in variuos amount x=0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 is 304, 132 and 33 cm2/V.s respectively.It
can be seen the peak drift velocity for bulk ZnO is 2.36×107 Cms-1,while for Zn1_xMgxO the peak drift velocity
decreases due to increasing electron effective mass. The electron mobility of Zno is more than ZnMgo alloysat
all temperatures becauseelectron mobility behavior dependence on effective mass and ionized impurity
concentration.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Investigation of Effect Ion Refocusing From the GaP(001)<110> Surface at the ...ijtsrd
The effect ion refocusing at the small angle scattering Ne+ ions from the GaP(001) surface have been studied by the computer simulation method. The characteristic trajectories refocusing ions have been studied. Kutliev UchkunOtoboevich | Tangriberganov Ismoil Urazboyevich | Karimov Muxtor Karimberganovich | Otaboeva Kamola Uchqun qizi"Investigation of Effect Ion Refocusing From the GaP(001) Surface at the Grazing Incidence Ne+ Ions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2397.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/computational-physics/2397/investigation-of-effect-ion-refocusing-from-the-gap001110-surface--at-the-grazing-incidence-ne-ions/kutliev-uchkunotoboevich
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Electrical properties of Ni0.4Mg0.6Fe2O4 ferritesIJERA Editor
Ni0.4Mg0.6Fe2O4 Ceramic samples were prepared by conventional double sintering approach and sintered at 1300oC/4 h. These ferrites are further characterized using X-ray diffractometer. The diffraction study reveals that the present compound shows perfect single phase cubic spinel structure. In addition, the behavior of distinct electrical properties such as dielectric constant (ε'), dielectric loss (ε") and ac-conductivity (ζac) as a function frequency as well as temperature is analyzed using the LCR controller.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study of Raman Scattering in Carbon nanotubesajay singh
Abstract: Present thesis reports the Raman investigation of the Raman scattering in MWNTs as function of laser power. Raman spectra of MWNT were taken at laser parameters (514.5nm, 0.1- 0.6 w). The mathematical analysis of graphitic Raman peaks was done based on Einstein model. Earlier we chose Gaussian and Lorentzian weighting function to investigate Raman graphitic peaks. Earlier we discussed about size dependent Raman scattering in CNTs. When the laser power is increased from a minimum value, it causes the increase in induced temperature in the sample. In this section we have discussed Temperature dependence on Raman spectra. The temperature dependence of linewidth has been interpreted as due to decay of optical phonon into two LA phonons at half optical frequency. Temperature rise in the sample was calculated theoretically as well as experimentally.
Temperature, acceptor concentration and donor concentration dependency of ele...IJAMSE Journal
Mobility is an important factor to determine the speed of an electronic device. Devices composed of electronic materials with higher mobility are able to achieve higher speed. It is therefore favourable to maximize the mobility. In this paper, we have chosen GaN and GaP as semiconductor material and Low-field electron mobility has been calculated in bulk and wurzite phase GaN and GaP. The dependency of mobility upon temperature is shown. Beside this, dependency of mobility upon acceptor concentration and donor concentration are also shown.
Abstract: In this paper circuit for coilgun is simulated and analyzed using SIMULINK. Behavior of the magnetic field due to the current carrying coil is analyzed. Also, the effect on the coilgun performance for different weights of projectiles is investigated. The speed profile for different positions of the projectile is observed which is a critical parameter for coilgun operation. A comparison is drawn between the simulated and experimental results.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
1. M. Khalili, H. Arabshahi, M. H. Tayarani and M. Bazrafshan / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1636-1639
1636 | P a g e
Comparison of Electron Mobility in Zno and Sic Semiconductors
at Low Field by Solving Boltzmann Equation
1
M. Khalili, 2
H. Arabshahi, 1
M. H. Tayarani and 1
M. Bazrafshan
1
Physics Department, Higher Education of Khayyam, Mashhad,Iran
2
Physics Department, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
In this article the electron mobility’s in
ZnO and SiC Semiconductors are calculated by
solving Boltzmann equation using iteration model.
The electron mobility is calculated as a function of
temperature and ionized impurity in the ranges of
100k to 600k and 1016
to 1018
cm-3
. The theoretical
maximum motilities in ZnO, SiC at 300k are
about275 and 7.35 cm2
.v-1
s-1
. We compare the
results with experimental data and find reasonable
correlation.
Keywords-: Electron mobility; ZnO and SiC;
Iteration Model.
I. INTRODUCTION
Sic has a wide band gap of 3.2 eV and thus it
is an applied semiconductors in the fabrication of
electronic and photo electronic devices such as lasers
and detectors which work in the range of Infrared
spectrum . It is also useful in construction of
transistors. There has been a great interest in the
study of charge carrier transport of ZnO due to the
wide band gap of 3.43 eV. Therefore Zink Oxide has
become one of the most applied semiconductors in
Light Emitting Diode (LED), Liquid crystal Detector
(LCD) and Solar cells. The low -field electron
mobility is one of the most important parameters that
determine the performance of the field-effect
transistor. The purpose of the present paper is to
calculate electron mobility for various temperatures
and ionized -impurity concentrations. The
formulation itself applies only to the center of Γ
valley conduction band. We have also considered
band non-parabolicity and screening effects of free
carriers on the scattering probabilities. All the
relevant scattering mechanisms, including polar optic
phonons, deformation potential, piezoelectric,
acoustic phonons and ionized impurity Scattering The
Boltzmann equation is solved iteratively for our
purpose, jointly incorporating the effects of all the
scattering mechanisms. This paper is organized as
follows : Details of the iterative model of Boltzmann
equation is presented in section ΙΙ and the results of
iterative calculations carried out on ZnO and SiC
structures are interpreted in section ΙΙΙ.
II. MODEL DETAILS
To calculate mobility, we have to solve
Boltzmann equation to get the modified probability
distribution function under the action of a steady
electric field. Here we have adopted the iterative
technique for solving the Boltzmann transport
equation. Under the action of steady field, the
Boltzmann equation for the distribution function can
be written as
(1)
Where represents the change f distribution
function due to the electron scattering. In the steady-
state and under application of uniform electric field
the Boltzmann equation can be written as
(2)
Consider electrons in an isotropic, non-
parabolic conduction band whose equilibrium Fermi
distribution function is f0 (k) in the absence of electric
field. Note the equilibrium distribution f0 (k) is
isotropic in k space but is perturbed when an electric
field is applied. If the electric field is small, we can
treat the change from the equilibrium distribution
function as a perturbation which is first order in the
electric field. The distribution in the presence of a
sufficiently small field can be written quite generally
as
(3)
Whereθ is the angle between k and F and g(k) is an
isotropic function of k, which is proportional to the
magnitude of the electric field f(k) satisfies the
Boltzmann equation 2 and it follows that :
(4)
In general there will be both elastic and
inelastic scattering proses. For example impurity
scattering is elastic and acoustic and piezoelectric
scattering are elastic to a good approximation at room
temperature. However, polar and nonpolar optical
phonon scattering are inelastic. Labeling the elastic
and inelastic scattering rates with subscripts el and
inlet respectively and recognizing that , for any
process itseli(k,k’
)=seli(k' ,k') equation 4 can be written
as
(5)
2. M. Khalili, H. Arabshahi, M. H. Tayarani and M. Bazrafshan / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1636-1639
1637 | P a g e
Note the first term in the denominator is simply the
momentum relaxation rate for elastic scattering ,
equation 5 may be solved iteratively by the relation
(6)
Where is the perturbation to the
distribution function after the nth iteration. it is
interesting to note that if the initial distribution is
chosen to be the equilibrium distribution, for
which is equal to zero, we get the relaxation
time approximation result after the first iteration. We
have found that convergence can normally be
achieved after only a few iterations for small electric
fields. Once has be evaluated to the required
accuracy, it is possible to calculate quantities such as
the drift mobility which is given in terms of
spherical coordinates by
(7)
III. RESULTS
All structural and electrical parameters used
to calculate the electron mobility is given in table 1.
Figures 1 and 2 show changes the electron mobility
function in terms of temperature in bulk ZnO and SiC
at the electron concentration 1016
(cm-3
)
100 200 300 400 500 600
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
ZnO Nd
=10
16
(cm
-3
)
Electronmobility
(cm
2
/v.s)
Temperature (k)
Fig 1. Changes the electron mobility function in
terms of Temperature in bulk ZnO at the electron
concentration
1016
cm-3
100 200 300 400 500 600
0
30
60
90
120
150
SiC Nd
=10
16
(cm
-3
)
Electronmobility
(cm
2
/v.s)
Temperature (k)
fig 2. Changes the electron mobility function in
terms of Temperature in bulk SiC at the electron
concentration 1016
cm-3
The electrons mobility decrease quickly by
temperature increasing from 100 to 600k in bulk
ZnO and SiC at the electron concentration of
1016
(cm-3
).because temperature increasing causes
increase of phonons energy too.so it causes a strong
interaction between electrons and these phonons that
its result is increase of electrons scattering rate and
finally decrease of electrons mobility .
By comparing two figures 1 and 2 we can see that
the electron mobility of ZnO is more than SiC.
because increasing effective mass causes the decrease
of acceleration and the time in which electrons are
under the influence of impurity centers increase and
as a result scattering would increase and mobility
will decrease. Figures 3 and 4 show changes the
electron mobility function in terms of electron
concentration in bulks ZnO and SiC at temperature
of 300k.
Figures 3 and 4 show that in both semiconductors
ZnO and SiC mobility decrease by electrons
ZnO SiC
Density (kgm-3
) 5600 3200
Longitudinal sound velocity vs
(ms-1
)
6400 1373
Low- frequency dielectric
constant εs
8.2 9.7
High-frequency dielectric
constant ε∞
3.7 6.5
Acoustic deformation potential
(ev)
14 15
Polar optical phonon energy
(ev)
0.072 0.12
- valley effective mass (m*
) 0.25 0.28
-valley nonparabolicity (ev-
1
)
0.312 0.32
3. M. Khalili, H. Arabshahi, M. H. Tayarani and M. Bazrafshan / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1636-1639
1638 | P a g e
concentrations increasing because electrons
increasing causes increase of ionized impurity
centers in crystals that it causes electrons to be under
the influence of the coulomb potential of these
centers more frequently ,that its result is increase of
electrons scattering rate and finally decrease of
electrons mobility .
0.0 2.0x10
17
4.0x10
17
6.0x10
17
8.0x10
17
1.0x10
18
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
ZnO T=300K
Electronmobility
(cm
2
/v.s)
Ionized impurity density(cm
-3
)
Fig 3. Changes the electron mobility function in
terms of electron concentration in bulk ZnO and at
temperature of 300k.
0.0 2.0x10
17
4.0x10
17
6.0x10
17
8.0x10
17
1.0x10
18
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
SiC T=300K
Electronmobility
(cm
2
/v.s)
Ionized impurity density(cm
-3
)
Fig 4. Changes the electron mobility function in
terms of electron concentration in bulk SiC and at
temperature of 300 K.
Figures 5 and 6 show changes the electron
mobility function in terms of temperature in bulks
ZnO and SiC at concentration of 1016
cm-3
, 1017
cm-3
,
1018
cm-3
. Figures 5 and 6 show that in both
semiconductors ZnO and SiC mobility decrease by
decrease by electrons concentration increasing from
the rate of 1016
cm-3
to 1018
cm-3
.
100 200 300 400 500 600
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
ZnO Nd
=10
16
(cm
-3
)
ZnO Nd
=10
17
(cm
-3
)
ZnO Nd
=10
18
(cm
-3
)
Electronmobility
(cm
2
/v.s)
Temperature (k)
Fig 5. Changes the electron mobility function in
terms of temperature in bulk ZnO at the different
electron concentration.
100 200 300 400 500 600
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
SiC Nd
=10
16
(cm
-3
)
SiC Nd
=10
17
(cm
-3
)
SiC Nd
=10
18
(cm
-3
)
Electronmobility
(cm
2
/v.s)
Temperature (k)
Fig 6. Changes the electron mobility function in
terms of temperature in bulk SiC at the different
electron concentration.
Figures 7 and 8 show changes the electron
mobility function in terms of electron concentration
in bulks ZnO and SiC in bulks ZnO and SiC at the
different temperature (250k,300k,350k).
Figures 7 and 8 show that in both semiconductors
ZnO and SiC mobility decrease by temperature
increasing from 250k to 350k.
0.0 2.0x10
17
4.0x10
17
6.0x10
17
8.0x10
17
1.0x10
18
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
ZnO T=250K
ZnO T=300K
ZnO T=350K
Electronmobility
(cm
2
/v.s)
Ionized impurity density(cm
-3
)
Fig 7. Changes the electron mobility function in
terms of electron concentration in bulk ZnO at the
different temperature.
4. M. Khalili, H. Arabshahi, M. H. Tayarani and M. Bazrafshan / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1636-1639
1639 | P a g e
0.0 2.0x10
17
4.0x10
17
6.0x10
17
8.0x10
17
1.0x10
18
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Electronmobility
(cm
2
/v.s)
Ionized impurity density(cm
-3
)
SiC T=250K
SiC T=300K
SiC T=350K
Fig 8. Changes the electron mobility function in
terms of electron concentration in bulk SiC at the
different temperature.
IV. CONCLUTION
Our calculation results show that the
electron mobility decrease by electrons concentration
increasing and the electron mobility decrease by
temperature increasing .electron mobility ZnO more
than SiC.
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank A. Vatan-khahan and
M. Ghafourian for their useful comments.
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