ITE 407L Module1.docx

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FCIC: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
ITE 407L Networking 2 (Advance Networking)
Franciscan College of the Immaculate Conception
Baybay, Leyte, Incorporated
Baybay City, Leyte
6521, Philippines
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Concepts:
Individual
computers provide
opportunities for
tremendous
productivity gains,
but they
ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023 l FIRST SEMESTER
MODULE

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MODULE GUIDELINES
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Hello students!
Welcome to this course, ITE 407L,
Networking 2
Peace and All Good! I am your learning facilitator for this
course:
MR. ERNESTO LOZANO
fcic.elozano@gmail.com
The emergence of COVID-19 pandemic has brought
unexpected disruptions in our lives; one of which is our education.
However, our yearning for knowledge and desire for its continuity
prevails in all of us. Thus, we have made sure that your learning will
not be halted while making your health and safety as one of our
priority. With this, the institution has implemented Flexible Learning
wherein you will be given course modules for every quarter.
We will ensure the continuity of inclusive and accessible
education to you. Are you ready for the new journey ahead of you?
Well, if you are, then you may read the following guidelines
that I have listed below. God Bless!
Flexible Learning is the
design and delivery of
programs, courses, and
learning interventions.
It involves the use of
digital and non-digital
technology.
Please Take Note!
Each of the module
will be given by your
learning facilitator
quarterly- PRELIM,
MIDTERM, SEMI-
FINALS, and
FINALS.
You will be updated
with the schedule of
submission for each
module. Be sure to use
the contact
information as what
was written in your
enrolment form.
Be sure to answer the
module activities as
honestly as possible to
really test YOUR
understanding of the
lesson. It will be much
appreciated if you do.
Submit on time, be
sure to pass this as
neat and clean as
possible.
Make your
handwriting legible.

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parts of the modules
This module contains the following
parts:
“
This module contains the following parts:
“
Every module will have these parts for you to systematically
understand the lessons and concepts needed to finish the
course. Be guided with the following sections:
LEVELLING OFF
Every lesson hasthis partbecause thisis the “meat”of the module.This section
discusses the important concepts and skills that you should learn throughout
the course. Be sure to read this part for you to answer the activities prepared by
your learning facilitator.
ACTIVITY 1
This section is a testing of your understanding after reading the text/ article
provided.
ACTIVITY 2
This is an extended section that provides an activity which explores your in-
depth understanding of the lesson.
FOLLOW THROUGH
This section focuses on differentiated learning and practice some of the given
current event issues and identify what type of issues it is.
This section is provided for you to apply the lessons through developing your
personality toward others.This will be consideredasyour major learningoutput
or assessment in every lesson, wherein you are given the freedom to choose one
task from the alternative activities. Each of the options are provided with either
a general or a specific rubric or criteria where your scores are based upon.
YOUR TURN
I hope that you find the information, activities, and resources in this module
helpful as you actively engage with the text. In the following pages, you will
find additional information about the course.

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FCIC VISION, MISSION, GOALS, CORE VALUES, METAPHOR, PHILOSOPHY
FCIC VISION
Inspired by the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Immaculate Conception, and living out the Franciscan Spirituality,
we envision ourselves as a Christ-centered, academically – innovative, and socially – responsive community,
committed to evangelizing and witnessing the Gospel values toward the realization of the fullness of life.
FCIC MISSION
Moved by the Life of Blessed Maria Theresia Bonzel, we commit ourselves to:
 Integrate and strengthen the witnessing of the Gospel values in curricular and co-curricular programs
and activities.
 Promote and intensify lived – adoration to the Blessed Sacrament.
 Create and sustain opportunities for the development of creative and critical thinking skills among
stakeholders.
 Advocate responsible stewardship programs and activities for a sustainable family, community, and
environment.
 Establish collaboration to enhance linkages and partnerships in and outside the school community.
FCIC GOALS
 Provide Christian Formation programs and activities with Religion as the core of the curriculum.
 Create opportunities in understanding and valuing the devotion to the Blessed Sacrament.
 Offer growth opportunities for technical, vocational, and professional skills and engage in providing
avenues for lifelong learning.
 Empower the community to become stewards of the dignity of life and the environment.
 Establish and nurture linkages with the church, government, and non – government organizations.
CORE VALUES: INTEGRITY, RESPONSIBLE STEWARDSHIP, EXCELLENCE, COMPASSION,
PEACE
METAPHOR: LIGHTHOUSE
EXPECTED GRADUATE OUTCOMES
Morally Upright
 Christ-centered individuals who nurture Marian and Franciscan Spirituality
 Model of the lived – adoration of Blessed Maria Theresia Bonzel.
Lifelong Learner
 Learns and works independently and collaboratively to live harmoniously for sustainable family and
community.
 Translates knowledge and skills generated from Translates knowledge and skills generated from
knowledge and skills generated from research and other sources to improve
 quality of life.
Reflective and Creative Thinker
 Generates ideas, designs, systems or information with resourcefulness to meet current and emerging
needs of society
 Responds to multiple experiences and ideas about the world and communicates personal and
Christian principles through various modes and media
Proficient Communicator
 Articulates ideas clearly for varied purposes and audiences of diverse culture

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CURRICULUM ALIGNED TO
OUTCOMES-BASED EDUCATION (OBE)
FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
CMO NO. 25, S. 2015
VISION:
The FCIC College of Information Technology as globally competitive Information Technology
professionals founded on the teachings of Christ and imbued with Franciscan spirituality, personal
uprightness, professional competence, and social responsiveness.
MISSION:
The FCIC College of Information Technology commits itself to:
 Develop Information Technology professional with skills and socio-economic responsibility and
obligation of a good Christian in the technological application and development.
 Offer academic programs and services that are relevant and, where appropriate, interdisciplinary.
 Infuse into the academic life Christian values imbued with Franciscan spiritualityand an awareness of
the needs of the community.
 Contribute to the development of technological theories and practices through a functional and
meaningful capstone project and researches.
PROGRAM OBJECTIVES
1. Identify and describe various HCI methodologies, including input and interaction types
2. Articulate the co-dependency of the user and the technology in an HCI system
3. Learn and reflect on key concepts, theories, processes, and frameworks in interaction design, and
apply this knowledge to an interactive design process.
PROGRAM OUTCOMES
1. Students employ a diverse set of thinking approaches in appropriate situational contexts to produce
successful outcomes.
2. Students are able to effectively develop, execute, communicate and give verbal presentations in
support of project and initiatives.
3. Investigate emerging human computer interfaces and paradigms and implement them into
prototype and products with original interfaces and interactions for web, PC, mobile, handheld, or
next generation platforms including all the production materials required in a complete production
pipeline.
4. Demonstrate customer-centered design, usability, accessibility and localization deployed across
multiple platforms and devices.
Utilizes effectively appropriate media and information technologies composes and comprehends a range of
written, spoken, and visual texts to convey information that is meaningful to society and the church.

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OBE COURSE OUTLINE
AY 2021 - 2022
Course Number : ITE 407L
Course Title : Networking 2 (Advance Networking)
Learning Facilitator : MR. ERNESTO LOZANO
Contact Hours : 6 hours/ week
Pre-requisite : ITE307L
Course Description : This course discuss Network technology and introduce network administration that deals with
the study of how the network works and how you can, most effectively tailor the network to the
needs of an organization. Further discussion of networking, concepts, technologies, protocols and
networking devices and hands-on network hardware and software installation will be performed
throughout the whole course. Students will perform actual installation and configuration of
network protocols and services.
At the end of the semester, the students are expected to make a network / internetwork
(bothWAN, LAN,MAN, PAN, SAN,WLAN and VPN) informationtechnologyinfrastructure
and architecture.
COURSE OUTCOMES (CO):
CO1: Understanding of network terminologies.
CO2: Understanding the routine, rules / protocols and function of the Seven (7) Open Systems Interconnection
Layer Model
CO3: Formulate a network using auto obtain and static internet protocol and subnetting address.
CO4: Create a Domain Name Server/System (DNS), Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) and Network Address
Translation (NAT) by using CISCO Packet Tracer application
TIME
FRAME
COURSE CONTENT/SUBJECT MATTER LEARNING OUTCOME
FIRST
QUARTER
CHAPTER 1 NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS
A. An Introduction to Networks
B. Networks in the workplace
C. Network topologies and types
D. OSI Model
CHAPTER 2 LAYER 1 – PHYSICAL LAYER
A. Network Interface Cards and Cables
B. Repeaters, Hubs, Routers, and Bridges
C. Network Operating System
D. Essentials of Networking
E. Client Software
F. Network Application
G. Thin Client Networking
To explore the use of basic operation
systems commands on different
platforms and to experiment with basic
tools and techniques used to attach
and/or defend systems.

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”
This
COURSE MODULE 1
SECOND
QUARTER
CHAPTER 3 LAYER 2 – DATA LINK LAYER
A. Data Link Devices
B. Data Encapsulation
C. MAC Addressing Scheme
D. IP Addressing Introduction
CHAPTER 4 LAYER 3 – NETWORK LAYER
A. Internet Protocol
B. IP Addressing
C. Subnets
D. Routers and Routing
E. ARP Function In Routing
F. Routing Protocols
G. Static and Dynamic Routing
Able to formulate the exact routines
and internet protocols (IP) for the
specific network device(s) using IP
classes from A to D.
SEMI-
FINALS
CHAPTER 5 Layer 4 – Transport Layer
A. Transmission Protocols
B. TCP and UDP
C. Protocols that Uses TCP and UDP
D. Port Number
To build and distinguish both local host
and wide area network host connection
for end-to-end error recovery, as well
as the flow control recovery.
FINALS
CHAPTER 6 Sockets, ICS, NAT and DNS
A. Sockets, Ports and Windsock
B. Connecting a private network to the World Wide
Web.
C. Network Address Translation
D. Name Resolution
E. Domain Name Service
F. DNS Server and Web Server
Able to create a local area network
and internet connection sharing,
printer, files and folders in domain
name server (DNS) and even through
file transfer server (FTP)
*References are listed down at the end of this module. For further readings, you may browse it on the
internet or through the textbooks.
INTRODUCTION
W

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elcome and Congratulations to everyone for having enrolled in this course- Networking 2. As you venture
into this course, set your goals to understand the nature of the problem at a deeper level, and thereby a better
understanding of the world. Network play a major role in communicating with others, proper uses of internet
and a little bit about information technology engineering laws.
Introduction to Networking 2 interact with other people to exchange information and develop
contacts, especially to further one's career and studies about both users and computer communication.
In this first module, you willlearn about networking (networksin the workplace), Network topologies
and types, OSI Model and the first type which is the Physical Layer.
This module composed of the following lessons:
In Module 1, you are expectedto:
LESSON 1: Networking Fundamentals
LESSON 2: Physical Layer
 Learn about networking uses and function.
 Familiarized the level of Open System Interconnection (OSI).
 Learn about uses and function of Physical Layer

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Pre-test
Direction: Encircle the letter of your answer.
1. 10-Mbps baseband Ethernet specification using 50-ohm thin coaxial cable. 10Base2, which is part of
the IEEE 802.3 specification, has a distance limit of 185 meters per segment.
A. 10 Base2
B. 10 Base3
C. 10Base4
D. 10 Base1
2. 10-Mbps baseband Ethernet specification using standard (thick) 50-ohm baseband coaxial cable.
10Base5, which is part of the IEEE 802.3 baseband physicallayer specification, has a distance limitof
500 meters per segment
A. 10 Base5
B. 10 Base1
C. 10 Base4
D. 10 Base3
3. 10-Mbps baseband Ethernet specification that refers to the 10BaseFB, 10BaseFL, and 10BaseFP
standards for Ethernet over fiber-optic cabling.
A. 10 BaseF
B. 10 BaseA
C. 10 BaseB
D. 10 BaseD
4. 10-Mbps baseband Ethernet specification using fiber-optic cabling. 10BaseFB is part of the IEEE
10BaseF specification. It is not used to connect user stations, but instead provides a synchronous
signaling backbone that allows additional segments and repeaters to be connected to the network.
10BaseFB segments can be up to 2,000 meters long.
A. 10 BaseFB
B. 10 BaseFA
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T
“
LET’S GET STARTED!
This section ofthe module is an assessmenttoolused to determine
your pre-existing subject knowledge prior to topical material
coverage throughoutthe course. This gives you a preview of what
to expect from a new module. This might be yourfirst exposure to
some terms, and concepts, but that is okay! It will provide you
additionalidea on what this module is about.For a better flow of
understanding the course, answer the test comfortably and as
honestly as possible. At the end of this module, you may compare
your answers with the post-test. GOD BLESS!

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C. 10 BaseFD
D. 10 BaseFB
5. 10-Mbps baseband Ethernet specification using fiber-optic cabling. 10BaseFL is part of the
IEEE10BaseF specification and, while able to interoperate with FOIRL, is designed to replace the
FOIRL specification. 10BaseFL segments can be up to 1,000 meters long if used with FOIRL, and up
to 2,000 meters if 10BaseFL is used exclusively.
A. 10BaseFL
B. 10BaseFK
C. 10BaseFM
D. 10BaseFO
6. 10-Mbps fiber-passive baseband Ethernet specification using fiber-optic cabling. 10BaseFP ispart of
the IEEE 10BaseF specification. It organizes a number of computers into a star topology without the
use of repeaters. 10Base FP segments can be up to 500 meters long.
A. 10 BaseFP
B. 10 BaseFN
C. 10 BaseFM
D. 10 BaseFQ
7. A specification of the IEEE 802.3 committee for the implementation of 10 Mbit Ethernet on
unshielded twisted pair wiring.
A. 10 BaseT
B. 10 BaseQ
C. 10 BaseR
D. 10 BaseV
8. 10-Mbps broadband Ethernet specification using broadband coaxial cable. 10Broad36, which is part
of the IEEE 802.3 specification, has a distance limit of 3,600 meters per segment.
A. 10 Broad36
B. 10 Broad37
C. 10 Broad35
D. 10 Broad38
9. 100-Mbps baseband Fast Ethernet specification using two strands of multimode fiber-optic cable per
link. To guarantee proper signal timing, a 100BaseFX link exceed 400 meters in length. Based on the
IEEE 802.3 standard.
A. 100 BaseFX
B. 100 BaseFY
C. 100 BaseFW
D. 100 BaseFZ
10. A 100MB Ethernet specification using Level 5 UTP.
A. 100 BaseT
B. 100 BaseS
C. 100 BaseU
D. 100 BaseW

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Are you done?
After answering the pre-test,
you may start with LESSON 1.
GOD BLESS!
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This m

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LESSON 1:
Networking Fundamentals

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GETTING READY
Mass transit, interstate highways, 24-hour bankers, grocery stores, cable television, cell phones,
businesses and schools, and retail outlets support some form of computer network
In this lesson, we will discuss Network operating systems, Current network operating systems, and Network software:
Utilities, tools, and applications, LAN support devices.
Essential questions
Who today has not used a computer network?
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
1. Define the basic terms of computer networks.
2. Familiarize about the Open System Interconnection.
3. Familiarize about uses and function of Physical Layer.
LEVELING OFF
PROBLEM-SOLVING PROCESS
Networking formulate any back-up plan, consider the following topics and issues; Determine
what data should bebacked up as well as how often. Some files seldom change and may require
backup only weekly or monthly, Develop a schedule for backing up your data that includes the
type of backup to be performed, how often, and at what time of the day, Identify the person(s)
responsible for performing backups, and Test your back-up system regularly.

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Introduction to Computer Network and Data Communication
What is a Network?
A network consists of 2 or more computers connected together, and they can communicate and share
resources (e.g. information)
Why Networking?
Sharing information — data communication
• Sharing hardware or software
• Centralize administration and support

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Transmission Media
• Two main categories:
– Guided ― wires, cables
– Unguided ― wireless transmission, e.g. radio, microwave, infrared, sound, sonar
• We will concentrate on guided media here:
– Twisted-Pair cables:
 Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables
 Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables
– Coaxial cables
– Fiber-optic cables
Twisted-Pair Cables
• If the pair of wires are not twisted, electromagneticnoises from, e.g., motors, will affect the closer
wire more than the further one, thereby causing errors
Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)
• Typically wrapped inside a plastic cover (for mechanical protection)
• A sample UTP cable with 5 unshielded twisted pairs of wires

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Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)
• STP cables are similar to UTP cables, except there is a metal foil or braided-metal-mesh cover that
encases each pair of insulated wires
Categories of UTP Cables
EIA classifies UTP cables according to the quality:
• Category 1 ― the lowest quality, only good for voice, mainly found in very old buildings, not
recommended now
• Category 2 ― good for voice and low data rates (up to 4Mbps for low-speed token ring networks)
• Category 3 ― at least 3 twists per foot, for up to 10 Mbps (common in phone networks in residential
buildings)
• Category 4 ― up to 16 Mbps (mainly for token rings)
• Category 5 (or 5e) ― up to 100 Mbps (common for networks targeted for high-speed data
communications)
• Category 6 ― more twists than Cat 5, up to 1 Gbps
Coaxial Cables
• In general, coaxial cables, or coax, carry signals of higher freq (100KHz–500MHz) than UTP cables
• Outer metallic wrapping serves both as a shield against noise and as the second conductor that
completes the circuit

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Fiber-Optic Cables
• Light travels at 3108
ms-1
in free space and is the fastest possible speed in the Universe
• Light slows down in denser media, e.g. glass
• Refraction occurs at interface, with light bending away from the normal when it enters a less dense
medium
• Beyond the critical angle  total internal reflection
• An optical fiber consists of a core (denser material) and a cladding (less dense material)
• Simplest one is a multimode step-index optical fiber
• Multimode = multiple paths, whereas step-index = refractive index follows a step-function profile
(i.e. an abrupt change of refractive index between the core and the cladding)
• Light bounces back and forth along the core
• Common light sources: LEDs and lasers
Advantages and Disadvantages
 Noise resistance ― external light is blocked by outer jacket
 Less signal attenuation ― a signal can run for miles without regeneration (currently, the lowest
measured loss is about ~4% or 0.16dB per km)
 Higher bandwidth ― currently, limits on data rates come from the signal generation/reception
technology, not the fiber itself
 Cost ― Optical fibers are expensive
 Installation/maintenance ― any crack in the core will degrade the signal, and all connections must
be perfectly aligned
LAN and WAN
Local Area Network (LAN)
• Small network, short distance
• A room, a floor, a building
• Limited by no. of computers and distance covered
• Usually one kind of technology throughout the LAN
• Serve a department within an organization
• Examples:
• Network inside the Student Computer Room

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• Network inside CF502
• Network inside your home
Wide Area Network (WAN)
• A network that uses long-range telecommunication links to connect 2 or more
LANs/computers housed in different places far apart.
• Towns, states, countries
• Examples:
• Network of our Campus
• Internet
• Example WAN technologies:
• ISDN – Integrated Service Digital Network
• Basic rate: 192 Kbps Primary rate: 1.544Mbps
• T-Carriers ― basically digitalphone lines
• T1: 1.544Mbps T3: 28T1
• Frame relay
• Each link offers 1.544Mbps or even higher
• ATM – Asynchronous Transfer Mode
• Support B-ISDN: 155Mbps or 622Mbps or higher
• SONET – Synchronous Optical Network
• Basic rate OC1: 51.84Mbps
• Support OC12 and up to OC192 (9953.28Mbps) or even higher in the future
• Example of WAN: BroadbandCable Network
• Cable TV services have been extensively developed in most modern cities
• Cable TV companies try to make use of their coaxial cable installed (thatare supposed to carry TV
signals) to deliver broadband data services
• Many cable network wiring has been replaced with hybrid fiber-coax (HFC) ― i.e. use of fiber-optic
cable to connect to the subscribers’ buildings, and then the original coaxial cable to connect to each
household

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• Cable is an asymmetrical technology
• Downstream: max 36 Mbps
• Upstream: max 10 Mbps
• May be reduced to 3 – 10 Mbps downstream and 2 Mbps upstream, depending on no. of subscribers
• Need a special cable modem

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Peer-to-Peer Networks
• Peer-to-peer network is also called workgroup
• No hierarchy among computers  all are equal
• No administrator responsible for the network
• Advantages of peer-to-peer networks:
• Low cost
• Simple to configure
• User has full accessibilityof the computer
• Disadvantages of peer-to-peer networks:
• May have duplication in resources
• Difficult to uphold security policy
• Difficult to handle uneven loading
• Where peer-to-peer network is appropriate:
• 10 or less users
• No specialized services required
• Security is not an issue
• Only limited growth in the foreseeable future
Clients and Servers
• Network Clients (Workstation)
• Computers that request network resources or services
• Network Servers
• Computers that manage and provide network resources and services to clients
• Usually have more processing power, memory and hard disk space than
clients
• Run Network Operating System that can manage not only data, but also
users, groups, security, and applications on the network
• Servers often have a more stringent requirement on its performance and
reliability
• Advantages of client/server networks
• Facilitate resource sharing – centrally administrate and control
• Facilitate system backup and improve fault tolerance
• Enhance security – only administrator can have access to Server

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• Support more users – difficult to achieve with peer-to-peer networks
• Disadvantages of client/server networks
• High cost for Servers
• Need expert to configure the network
• Introduce a single point of failure to the system
Topology ― 3 basic types
• Bus Topology
• Simple and low-cost
• A single cable called a trunk (backbone, segment)
• Only one computer can send messages at a time
• Passive topology - computer only listen for, not regenerate data
• Star Topology
• Each computer has a cable connected to a single point
• More cabling, hence higher cost
• All signals transmission through the hub; if down, entire network down
• Depending on the intelligence of hub, two or more computers may send message at
the same time

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How to construct a network with Bus / Star Topology?
Ring Topology

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OSI MODEL OR the 7 Open Systems Interconnection model layer
OSI Reference Model
 Which means that every system participating in this model is open for communication with other
system
 Defines the functionality of network communication.
 This model was first define by Organization called ISO
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) protocols
Is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national
standards organizations

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TERMS:
10 Base2
10-Mbps baseband Ethernet specification using 50-ohm thin coaxial cable. 10Base2, which is part of
the IEEE 802.3 specification, has a distance limit of 185 meters per segment.
10 Base5
10-Mbps baseband Ethernet specification using standard (thick) 50-ohm baseband coaxial cable.
10Base5, which is part of the IEEE 802.3 baseband physicallayer specification, has a distance limitof
500 meters per segment.
10 BaseF
10-Mbps baseband Ethernet specification that refers to the 10BaseFB, 10BaseFL, and 10BaseFP
standards for Ethernet over fiber-optic cabling.
10 BaseFB
10-Mbps baseband Ethernet specification using fiber-optic cabling. 10BaseFB is part of the IEEE
10BaseF specification. It is not used to connect user stations, but instead provides a synchronous
signaling backbone that allows additional segments and repeaters to be connected to the network.
10BaseFB segments can be up to 2,000 meters long.
10BaseFL
10-Mbps baseband Ethernet specification using fiber-optic cabling. 10BaseFL is part of the
IEEE10BaseF specification and, while able to interoperate with FOIRL, is designed to replace the
FOIRL specification. 10BaseFL segments can be up to 1,000 meters long if used with FOIRL, and up
to 2,000 meters if 10BaseFL is used exclusively.
10 BaseFP
10-Mbps fiber-passive baseband Ethernet specification using fiber-optic cabling. 10BaseFP ispart of
the IEEE 10BaseF specification. It organizes a number of computers into a star topology without the
use of repeaters. 10Base FP segments can be up to 500 meters long.

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10 BaseT
A specification of the IEEE 802.3 committee for the implementation of 10 Mbit Ethernet on
unshielded twisted pair wiring.
10 Broad36
10-Mbps broadband Ethernet specification using broadband coaxial cable. 10Broad36, which is part
of the IEEE 802.3 specification, has a distance limit of 3,600 meters per segment.
100 BaseFX
100-Mbps baseband Fast Ethernet specification using two strands of multimode fiber-optic cable per
link. To guarantee proper signal timing, a 100BaseFX link exceed 400 meters in length. Based on the
IEEE 802.3 standard.
100 BaseT
A 100MB Ethernet specification using Level 5 UTP.
100 BaseT4
100-Mbps baseband Fast Ethernet specification using four pairs of Category 3, 4, or 5UTP wiring. To
guarantee proper signal timing, a 100BaseT4 segment cannot exceed 100 meters in length. Based on
the IEEE 802.3 standard.
100 BaseTX
100-Mbps baseband Fast Ethernet specification using two pairs of either UTP or STP wiring. The
first pair of wires is used to receive data, the second is used to transmit. To guarantee proper signal
timing a 100BaseTXsegmentcannot exceed100 meters in length. Basedon the IEEE 802.3 standard.
100 BaseX
100-Mbps baseband Fast Ethernet specification that refers to the 100BaseFX and 100BaseTX
standards for Fast Ethernet over fiber-optic cabling. Based on the IEEE 802.3 standard.
100VG-AnyLAN
100-Mbps Fast Ethernet and Token Ring media technology using four pairs of Category 3, 4, or 5
UTP cabling. This high-speed transport technology, developed by Hewlett-Packard, can be made to
operate on existing 10BaseT Ethernet networks. Based on the IEEE 802.12 standard.
4B/5B local fiber
4-byte/5-byte loc 100 Mbps over multimode fiber. See also TAXI 4B/5B.
08/10B local fiber
8-byte/10-byte local fiber. Fiber channel physicalmedia that supports speeds up to 149.76 Mbps over
multimode fiber.
A&B bit signaling
Procedure used in T1 transmission facilities in which each of the 24 T1 subchannels devotes one bit
of every sixth frame to the carrying of supervisory signaling information. Also called 24th channel
signaling.
AAL
ATM adaptation layer. Service-dependent sublayer of the data link layer. The AAL accepts data from
different applicationsandpresents it to the ATM layerin the form of 48-byteATM payloadsegments.
AALs consistof two sublayers, CSand SAR, AALs differ on the basisof the source-destinationtiming
used, whether they use DBR or VBR, and whether they are used for connection-oriented or

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connectionless mode data transfer. At present, the four types of AAL recommended by the ITU-T
are AAL1, AAL2, AAL3/4, and AAL5.
AAL1
ATM adaptation layer 1. One of four AALs recommended by the ITU-T. AAL1 is used for
connection-oriented, delay-sensitive services requiring constant bit rates, such as uncompressed video
and other isochronous traffic.
AAL2
ATM adaptation layer 2. One of four AALs recommended by the ITU-T. AAL2 is used for
connection-oriented services that support a variable bit rate, such as some isochronous video and
voice traffic.
Network
Consists of 2 or more computers connected together, and they can communicate and share resources
(e.g. information)
Twisted-Pair Cables
If the pair of wires are not twisted, electromagnetic noises from, e.g., motors, will affect the closer wire
more than the further one, thereby causing errors
Example Sharing hardware of software
e.g. print document
Example of Centralize administration and support
e.g. Internet based
Category 1
The lowest quality, only good for voice, mainly found in very old buildings, not recommended now
Category 2
Good for voice and low data rates (up to 4Mbps for low-speed token ring networks)
Category 3
At least 3 twists per foot, for up to 10 Mbps (common in phone networks in residential buildings)
Category
Up to 16 Mbps (mainly for token rings)
Category 5 (or 5e)
Up to 100 Mbps (common for networks targeted for high-speed data communications)
Category 6
More twists than Cat 5, up to 1 Gbps
Why Networking?
Sharing information — data communication

27
Direction: Write the correct answer on the space provided before the number.
1. Consists of 2 or more computers connected together, and they can
communicate and share resources (e.g. information).
2. If the pair of wires are not twisted, electromagnetic noises from,
e.g., motors, will affect the closer wire more than the further one,
thereby causing errors.
3. Example Sharing hardware of software.
4. Example of Centralize administration and support.
5. The lowest quality, only good for voice, mainly found in very old
buildings, not .
6. Good for voice and low data rates (up to 4Mbps for low-speed
token ring networks).
7. At least 3 twists per foot, for up to 10 Mbps (common in phone
networks in residential buildings).
8. Up to 16 Mbps (mainly for token rings).
9. Up to 100 Mbps (common for networks targeted for high-speed
data communications).
10. More twists than Cat 5, up to 1 Gbps.
ACTIVITY 1: Lecture Exercises

28
Direction: Illustrate Twisted-Pair Cables, Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP), and Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)
ACTIVITY 2: Illustration

29
ACTIVITY3: FOLLOW THROUGH
Direction: Discuss briefly why it called sharing network? And what is /are being shared?

30
ACTIVITY4: YOUR TURN
Direction: Create an example of sharing hardware or software, and centralized administration and
support.

31
CONGRATULATIONS in finishing
Lesson 1! Now let us reflect on
this:
”
This
What the important of computer network?
You may now proceed
to the next lesson.

32
LESSON 2
Layer 1: Physical Layer

33
LESSON 2: PhysicalLayer
GETTING READY
This is the lowest layer of Open System Interconnect (OSI).It activates, maintains, and deactivates the
physical connection; Converts the logical 1’s and 0’s into electrical signals; Transmit to sender; Data encoding
is also done in this layer.
In this lesson, we will discuss about Network Interface Cards and Cables, Repeaters, Hubs, Routers,
and Bridges, Network Operating Systems, and Essentials of Networking
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What is the uses and function of physical Layer?
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Define the important of physical layer.
2. Familiarized the uses and function of Physical layer
3. Know the end to end connectivity
LEVELING OFF
INTRODUCTION
This module topic introduces Computer networks and covers fundamental topics like data,
information to the definition of communication and computer networks. The main objective of data
communication and networking is to enable seamless exchange of data between any two points in the world.
This exchange of data takes place over a computer network. And Data are entities that convey meaning
(computer files, music on CD, results from a blood gas analysis machine) Signals are the electric or
electromagnetic encoding of data (telephone conversation, web page download)
The major function of the physical layer is to move data in the form of electromagnetic signals across
a transmission medium. Whether the data may be numerical statistics from another computer, sending
animated pictures from a design workstation, or causing a bell to ring at a distant control center, you are
working with the transmission of data across network connections.

34
Layer 1: Physical Layer
• Transmits Regulates the transmission of a stream of bits over a physical medium.
• Defines how the cable is attached to the network adapter and what transmissiontechnique is used to
send data over the cable. bits from one computer to another
• Deals with issues like
– The definition of 0 and 1, e.g. how many volts represents a 1, and how long a bit lasts?
– Whether the channel is simplex or duplex?
– How many pins a connector has, and what the function of each pin is?
Hubs, Bridges and Switches
Interconnecting LANs
Q: Why not just one big LAN?
 Limited amount of supportable traffic: on single LAN, all stations must share bandwidth
 limited length: 802.3 (Ethernet) specifies maximum cable length
 large “collision domain” (can collide with many stations)
 limited number of stations: 802.5 (token ring) have token passing delays at each station
Hubs
 Physical Layer devices: essentially repeaters operating at bit levels: repeat received bits on one interface
to all other interfaces
 Hubs can be arranged in a hierarchy (or multi-tier design), with backbone hub at its top
Backbone Illustration:
BACKBONE

35
Backbone wiring setup color coding:
Terminator tools for keystone jacks and patch panels:

36
Hubs (more)
 Each connectedLAN referred to as LAN segment
 Hubs do not isolate collision domains: node may collide with any node residing at any
segment in LAN
Hub limitations
 single collision domain results in no increase in max throughput
m multi-tier throughput same as single segment throughput
 individualLAN restrictions pose limits on numberof nodes in same collision domain
and on totalallowed geographicalcoverage
 cannot connectdifferent Ethernet types (e.g.,10BaseT and 100baseT) Why?
Bridges
 Link Layer devices: operate on Ethernet frames, examining frame headerand
selectively forwarding frame based on its destination
 Bridge isolates collision domains since it buffers frames
 Bridge advantages:

37
 Isolates collision domains resulting in highertotalmax throughput,and does not limit
the number of nodes nor geographicalcoverage
 Can connect different type Ethernet since it is a store and forward device
 Transparent:no need for any change to hosts LAN adapters
Backbone Bridge
InterconnectionWithout Backbone
 Not recommended for two reasons:
- single point of failure at ComputerScience hub
- all traffic between EE and SE must path over CS segment
Bridges: frame filtering, forwarding

38
 bridges filter packets
m same-LAN -segment frames not forwarded ontootherLAN segments
 forwarding:
m how to know on which LAN segment to forward frame?
Bridge Filtering
 bridges learn which hosts can be reached through which interfaces: maintain filtering
tables
m when frame received,bridge “learns” location of sender: incoming LAN
segment
m records senderlocation in filtering table
 filtering table entry:
m (Node LAN Address,Bridge Interface,Time Stamp)
m stale entries in Filtering Table dropped (TTL can be 60 minutes)
Bridge Operation

39

40

41

42

43
IntroducingSpanningTree
 Allow a path between every LAN without causing loops (loop-free environment)
 Bridges communicate with specialconfiguration messages (BPDUs)
 Standardizedby IEEE 802.1D
Note: redundant pathsare good,active redundant paths are bad (they cause loops)
SpanningTree Requirements
 Each bridge is assigned a unique identifier
 A broadcast address forbridges on a LAN
 A unique port identifier for all ports on all bridges
m MAC address
m Bridge id + port number
SpanningTree Concepts:
Root Bridge
 The bridge with the lowest bridge ID value is elected the root bridge
 One root bridge chosen among all bridges
 Every other bridge calculates a path to the root bridge
Spanning Tree Concepts:
Path Cost
 A cost associatedwith each port on each bridge
m default is 1
 The cost associated with transmission onto the LAN connected to the port
 Can be manually or automatically assigned
 Can be used to alter the path to the root bridge
Root Port
 The port on each bridge that is on the path towards the root bridge
 The root port is part of the lowest cost path towards the root bridge
 If port costs are equal on a bridge,the port with the lowest ID becomes root port
Root Path Cost
 The minimum cost path to the root bridge
 The cost starts at the root bridge
 Each bridge computes root path cost independently based on their view of the
network

44
SpanningTree Concepts: Designated Bridge
 Only one bridge on a LAN at one time is chosen the designated bridge
 This bridge provides the minimum cost path to the root bridge for the LAN
 Only the designated bridge passes frames towards the root bridge
Example Spanning Tree
Example SpanningTree

45
SpanningTree Algorithm:
An Overview
 1. Determine the root bridge among all bridges
 2. Each bridge determines its root port
m The port in the direction of the root bridge
 3. Determine the designated bridge on each LAN
m The bridge which accepts frames to forward towards the root bridge
m The frames are sent on the root port of the designated bridge
Spanning Tree Algorithm:
Selecting Root Bridge
 Initially, each bridge considers itself to be the root bridge
 Bridges send BDPU frames to its attached LANs
m The bridge and port ID of the sending bridge
m The bridge and port ID of the bridge the sending bridge considers root
m The root path cost for the sending bridge
 Best one wins
m (lowest root ID/cost/priority)
SpanningTree Algorithm:
SelectingRoot Ports
 Each bridge selects one of its ports which has the minimal cost to the root bridge
 In case of a tie, the lowest uplink (transmitter) bridge ID is used
 In case of another tie, the lowest port ID is used
Spanning Tree Algorithm:
Select Designated Bridges
 Initially, each bridge considers itself to be the designated bridge
 Bridges send BDPU frames to its attached LANs
m The bridge and port ID of the sending bridge
m The bridge and port ID of the bridge the sending bridge considers root
m The root path cost for the sending bridge
 3. Best one wins
m (lowest ID/cost/priority)
Forwarding/Blocking State
 Root and designatedbridges will forward frames to and from their attachedLANs
 All otherports are in the blocking state

46
SpanningTree Protocol: Execution
Bridges vs. Routers
 both store-and-forward devices
m routers: network layer devices (examine network layer headers)
m bridges are Link Layer devices
 routers maintain routing tables, implement routing algorithms
 bridges maintain filtering tables, implement filtering, learning and spanning tree algorithms
Routers vs. Bridges
Bridges + and -
+ Bridge operation is simpler requiring less processing
- Topologies are restricted with bridges: a spanning tree must be built to avoid cycles
- Bridges do not offer protection from broadcast storms (endless broadcasting by a host will be forwarded
by a bridge)

47
Routers vs. Bridges
Routers + and -
+ arbitrary topologies can be supported, cycling is limited by TTL counters (and good routing protocols)
+ provide firewall protection against broadcast storms
- require IP address configuration (not plug and play)
- require higher processing
 bridges do well in small (few hundred hosts) while routers used in large networks (thousands of
hosts)
Ethernet Switches
 layer 2 (frame) forwarding,filtering using LAN addresses
 Switching:A-to-B and A’-to-B’simultaneously,no collisions
 large numberof interfaces
 often:individual hosts, star-connected into switch
m Ethernet,but no collisions!

48
Ethernet Switches
 cut-through switching: frame forwarded from input to output port without awaiting for assembly of
entire frame
m slight reduction in latency
 combinations of shared/dedicated, 10/100/1000 Mbps interfaces
Ethernet Switches (more)

49
Optional: Wireless LAN and PPP
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN
Ad Hoc Networks

50
IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol: CSMA/CA
IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol

51
Hidden Terminal effect
Collision Avoidance: RTS-CTS exchange

52
Collision Avoidance: RTS-CTS exchange
Point to Point Data Link Control
 one sender, one receiver, one link: easier than broadcast link:
m no Media Access Control
m no need for explicit MAC addressing
m e.g., dialup link, ISDN line
 popular point-to-point DLC protocols:
m PPP (point-to-point protocol)
m HDLC: High level data link control (Data link used to be considered “high layer” in
protocol stack!)
PPP Design Requirements [RFC 1557]
 packet framing: encapsulation of network-layer datagram in data link frame
m carry network layer data of any network layer protocol (not just IP) at same time
m ability to demultiplex upwards
 bit transparency: must carry any bit pattern in the data field
 error detection (no correction)
 connection livenes: detect, signal link failure to network layer
 network layer address negotiation: endpoint can learn/configure each other’s network address
PPP non-requirements
 no error correction/recovery
 no flow control
 out of order delivery OK
 no need to support multipoint links (e.g., polling)
Error recovery, flow control, data re-ordering all relegated to higher layers!!!

53
PPP Data Frame

54

55

56
LESSON 1: PhysicalLayer
Direction: Backbone illustrations
ACTIVITY 1: Illustration

57
ACTIVITY2: FOLLOW THROUGH
Direction: Why it is that the physical layer is important in Open System Interconnection (OSI)?

58
ACTIVITY3: YOUR TURN
Direction: Create the Terminator tools for keystone jacks and patch panels

59
CONGRATULATIONS in finishing
Lesson 2! Now let us reflect on
this:
”
Th
What is the uses and function of
physical Layer?
You may now proceed to
answer the POST-TEST.

60
POST TEST
Direction: Encircle the letter of your answer
1. A numerical designation that uniquely refers to a specific communication entity.
A. Address
B. URL Address
C. HTTP Address
D. HTTPs Address
2. Establish and terminate calls in V.25bis.
A. Mode
B. Loading
C. Lag
D. Stuck
3. Technique that allows different protocols to interoperate by translating addresses from one format to
another. For example, when routing IP over X.25, the IP addresses must be mapped to the X.25
addresses so that the IP packets can be transmitted by the X.25 network. See also address resolution.
A. Address Mapping
B. Address Bar
C. Address Memory
D. Address Bus inline
4. Bit combination used to describe which portion of anaddress refers to the network or subnet and
which partrefers to the host. Sometimes referred to simply as mask.also subnet mask.
A. Address Mask
B. Subnet Mask
C. IP Mask
D. DNS Mask
5. When two addressing systems refer to the same entity, the process of translating or expressing the
address of an entity on one system to the equivalent address of the same entity in the second system.
For instance, translating an IP address to its given DNS name.
A. Address Resolution
B. Address URL
LET’S CHECK!
CONGRATULATIONS in finishing all the activities given
for this module! To conclude, you will answer this post-test
now that you are already familiar with the terms and
concepts. Be honest in answering this test. God Bless!

61
C. Address HTTP
D. Address HTTPs
6. The range of possible unique addresses allowed by an addressing scheme.
A. Protocol Address Space
B. Engineering Address Space
C. IT Address Space
D. DNS Address Space
7. Relationship formed between selected neighboringrouters and end nodes for the propose of
exchangingrouting information. Adjacency is based upon the useof a common media segment.
A. Adjacency
B. Adjusted
C. Sharing
D. Remote
8. 1.In SNA, nodes that are connected to a given nodewith no intervening nodes. 2. In DECnet and
OSI, nodes that share a common network segment (in Ethernet, FDDI, or Token Ring networks).
A. Adjacent Nodes
B. Adjacent Network
C. Adjacent Computer
D. Adjacent Route
9. A rate of the trustworthiness of a routing information source. The higher the value, the lower the
trustworthiness rating.
A. Administrative Distance
B. Administrative Access
C. Administrative Security
D. Administrative Login
10. Adaptive differential pulse code modulation. Process by which analog voice samples are encoded into
high-quality digital signals.
A. ADPCM
B. DAPCM
C. AFMCD
D. PDCAM

62
REFERENCES & OTHER MATERIALS
ebooks:
1. White, Curt M, Data Communication & Computer Network, 2016
2. Uday A , Network Analysis Bakshi,. 2014
3. Bagad, Vilas S M Data Communications . 2014
4. Lee, Gary , Cloud networking: understanding cloud-based data center, 2014
5. Pandey, O.N.,Network analysis and and synthesis, 2011
Internet:
1. http://www.steves-internet-guide.com/networking/
2. https://www.ece.uvic.ca/~itraore/elec567-13/notes/dist-03-4.pdf
3. https://www.cisco.com/c/en_ph/solutions/small-business/resource-
center/networking/networking-basics.html
4. https://commotionwireless.net/docs/cck/networking/learn-networking-basics/
5. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/basics-computer-networking/
6. https://www.techsoup.org/support/articles-and-how-tos/networking-101-concepts-and-
definitions
7. https://www3.nd.edu/~cpoellab/teaching/cse40814_fall14/networks.pdf
8. https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/an-introduction-to-networking-
terminology-interfaces-and-protocols
9. https://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/computer-networking-basics/
10. http://www.centralislip.k12.ny.us/UserFiles/Servers/Server_20856499/File/Teacher%20Pages
/Lindsay%20Dolezal/IT%20Essentials/6.3.pdf
11. https://www.ibm.com/cloud/learn/networking-a-complete-guide
12. https://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/networking-tutorials/networking-basic-concepts-
and-fundamentals-explained.html
13. https://www.slideshare.net/makyong1/basic-concepts-of-computer-networks
14. http://home.ubalt.edu/abento/315/nethardware/nethardware.ppt
15. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_communication_computer_network/index.htm
16. https://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=DChcSEwiQlMyXjJruAhXOqZYK
HUXMBHgYABABGgJ0bA&ae=2&ohost=www.google.com&cid=CAASE-
RoiJb4Ec5T17Z8Z6L1Zy5YB4c&sig=AOD64_3FmSRqarV55ui_vpgfMWwHYDMD8w&q&a
durl&ved=2ahUKEwih08WXjJruAhWBTX0KHe_5DBg4ChDRDHoECAYQAQ
17. https://www.techsoup.org/support/articles-and-how-tos/networking-101-concepts-and-
definitions
google images
MODULE COVER
© 2022 Designed by Jill Zarah B. Sabando, Dean, Information Technology Department
Franciscan College of the Immaculate Conception, Baybay, Leyte, Incorporated

63
This is the end of MODULE
1.
”
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