EQECAT and ABS Consulting co-hosted a webinar, 2012 Spring Italian Earthquakes, on June 26, 2012 to address the damages and effects of the 2012 Northern Italy earthquakes on the insurance and reinsurance industries.
The presentation addressed factors affecting the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy, the area most impacted by the series of earthquakes in May 2012. These massive earthquakes claimed 26 lives and caused widespread damage and devastation to Italy's predominant economic production region.
Integrated horizontal-scan remote sensing for landslide imaging and evaluationteraelement
An example of hyperspectral imaging and LIDAR integration for the detection of landslide parameters (presented at Geological Remote Sensing Group meeting in London, 2011).
Geo-information and remote sensing are proper tools to enhance functional strategies for increasing awareness on natural hazard prevention and for supporting research and operational activities devoted to disaster reduction.
1) Japan experiences frequent earthquakes due to tectonic plate interactions, which have caused major disasters like the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake and 2011 Tohoku Earthquake.
2) Lessons from past quakes show that preparedness, protection of buildings, and emergency response capacity are essential for community resilience against earthquakes and tsunamis.
3) The next major earthquake anticipated in Japan is the Tokai Earthquake along the Nankai Trough, estimated to cause billions in damage and thousands of deaths. Monitoring is underway to provide early warning.
This document summarizes a study that used interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations to analyze ground deformation from the 1995 eruption of Fogo volcano in Cape Verde. The key findings were:
1. InSAR data showed ground deformation due to intrusion of a two-segment feeder dike for the eruption, but no evidence of deformation from changes in a shallow magma reservoir.
2. Modeling suggests the dike intruded at a depth of around 2 km.
3. The lack of shallow reservoir involvement and modeling of eruption volumes indicates the magma source was deep, at least 16.5 km below the surface.
4. This supports the
1. The document proposes a national policy for seismic vulnerability assessment of buildings in India consisting of 3 levels - rapid visual screening (RVS), simplified vulnerability assessment (SVA), and detailed vulnerability assessment (DVA).
2. RVS involves a visual evaluation to identify structural systems and attributes affecting seismic performance. SVA uses limited engineering analysis based on visual observations and plans. DVA requires detailed computer analysis.
3. The policy recommends RVS for all buildings, SVA for buildings with high occupancy, and DVA for critical buildings. Assessment results can be used for risk management, retrofitting, and raising awareness.
Based on Terra Seismic’s global technology,
we can dramatically reduce the human loss arising from earthquakes and better protect Italy. Terra Seismic calls for
cooperation with the Italian Central and Regional governments
in order to improve preparedness for forthcoming events.
This document discusses applications of Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) data and products in Comoros. It focuses on monitoring seismic and volcanic activity from Karthala volcano on Grande Comore island using the CTBT's International Monitoring System. Key points discussed include:
- Karthala volcano is a major seismic and infrasound source and its eruptions in 2005 were recorded by CTBT stations.
- The 2004 Indonesian tsunami caused run-ups of up to 6.9 meters in coastal areas of Comoros, as recorded by CTBT and surveys.
- Comoros' National Data Centre analyzes regional seismic events using CTBT data, such as two
Integrated horizontal-scan remote sensing for landslide imaging and evaluationteraelement
An example of hyperspectral imaging and LIDAR integration for the detection of landslide parameters (presented at Geological Remote Sensing Group meeting in London, 2011).
Geo-information and remote sensing are proper tools to enhance functional strategies for increasing awareness on natural hazard prevention and for supporting research and operational activities devoted to disaster reduction.
1) Japan experiences frequent earthquakes due to tectonic plate interactions, which have caused major disasters like the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake and 2011 Tohoku Earthquake.
2) Lessons from past quakes show that preparedness, protection of buildings, and emergency response capacity are essential for community resilience against earthquakes and tsunamis.
3) The next major earthquake anticipated in Japan is the Tokai Earthquake along the Nankai Trough, estimated to cause billions in damage and thousands of deaths. Monitoring is underway to provide early warning.
This document summarizes a study that used interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations to analyze ground deformation from the 1995 eruption of Fogo volcano in Cape Verde. The key findings were:
1. InSAR data showed ground deformation due to intrusion of a two-segment feeder dike for the eruption, but no evidence of deformation from changes in a shallow magma reservoir.
2. Modeling suggests the dike intruded at a depth of around 2 km.
3. The lack of shallow reservoir involvement and modeling of eruption volumes indicates the magma source was deep, at least 16.5 km below the surface.
4. This supports the
1. The document proposes a national policy for seismic vulnerability assessment of buildings in India consisting of 3 levels - rapid visual screening (RVS), simplified vulnerability assessment (SVA), and detailed vulnerability assessment (DVA).
2. RVS involves a visual evaluation to identify structural systems and attributes affecting seismic performance. SVA uses limited engineering analysis based on visual observations and plans. DVA requires detailed computer analysis.
3. The policy recommends RVS for all buildings, SVA for buildings with high occupancy, and DVA for critical buildings. Assessment results can be used for risk management, retrofitting, and raising awareness.
Based on Terra Seismic’s global technology,
we can dramatically reduce the human loss arising from earthquakes and better protect Italy. Terra Seismic calls for
cooperation with the Italian Central and Regional governments
in order to improve preparedness for forthcoming events.
This document discusses applications of Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) data and products in Comoros. It focuses on monitoring seismic and volcanic activity from Karthala volcano on Grande Comore island using the CTBT's International Monitoring System. Key points discussed include:
- Karthala volcano is a major seismic and infrasound source and its eruptions in 2005 were recorded by CTBT stations.
- The 2004 Indonesian tsunami caused run-ups of up to 6.9 meters in coastal areas of Comoros, as recorded by CTBT and surveys.
- Comoros' National Data Centre analyzes regional seismic events using CTBT data, such as two
This document describes a study that used GPS measurements taken in 1996, 1999, and 2002 to measure interseismic strain accumulation in the seismic gap between Constitución and Concepción in Chile. GPS stations were set up along two east-west transects and one north-south coastal profile. The measurements found horizontal velocities decreasing from 45 mm/year on the coast to 10 mm/year in the Andes, with negative vertical velocities of around 10 mm/year on the coast. The surface deformation is consistent with elastic loading on the subduction interface, with a dip of 16 degrees, locking depth of 55 km, and convergence of 67 mm/year. Accumulated displacement since the 1835 earthquake exceeds 10 m,
The document discusses the use of Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) techniques to study surface displacements in active tectonic areas. It summarizes several case studies conducted as part of the Terrafirma Extension project, including Istanbul, the North Anatolian Fault System, the Ionian Islands, and the Rio-Antirio bridge area. Products developed for the case studies include subsidence maps, fault investigation, and soil vulnerability maps integrated with other data like GPS and geological information.
The document summarizes the use of Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) techniques to study surface displacements in active tectonic areas. It discusses case studies in Istanbul, the North Anatolian Fault System, the Ionian Islands, and Rio Antirio. SAR data and PSI products are presented from these areas. Comparisons are made between PSI results and other data like geological maps and GPS measurements to create integrated products for analyzing hazards.
This document provides an introduction to earthquake resistant design. It discusses how adopting building codes with seismic design and construction requirements helps communities protect citizens from earthquakes. It also describes methods to construct earthquake resistant buildings, such as using base isolators with layers of rubber and steel to absorb earthquake energy. Engineers aim to increase structures' natural periods, install energy dissipating devices, and use reinforcement like securing buildings to foundations. The document outlines the basics of earthquake engineering and importance of minimizing earthquake impacts. It discusses seismic waves, seismographs, potential ground failures, and indirect quake effects like tsunamis. Historical earthquakes are also summarized along with the causes and forces of earthquakes.
This document discusses the characterization and management of extreme weather events on Italian roads. It provides a history of extreme events in Italy over the past 130 years, including major landslides and floods. Specific examples of extreme events are described, such as heavy rains in 2010 in the Province of Lucca and Massa Carrara that triggered landslides and flooding. The document also discusses the impact of geological and hydrological events in Italy, noting that between 1279 and 2002 there were over 4,500 damaging events related to landslides, flooding, and other hazards according to an Italian catalogue of vulnerable areas.
1. PASCO has responded to 22 natural disasters since 2007 using TerraSAR-X satellite data, including the 2010 Haiti earthquake and 2011 Tohoku earthquake.
2. For the Haiti earthquake, TerraSAR-X detected collapsed buildings by identifying changes in backscattering between pre-and post-earthquake images.
3. For the Tohoku earthquake, PASCO rapidly acquired TerraSAR-X data and produced inundation maps within 48 hours that estimated flood areas and informed government recovery efforts.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document summarizes findings from a direct path ranging experiment using an acoustic transponder network installed on the seafloor of the Sea of Marmara offshore Istanbul. The network measured no significant fault displacement along the North Anatolian Fault in the region, despite accumulating a slip deficit of at least 4 meters since the last known earthquake in 1766. Together with sparse seismic activity from ocean bottom seismometers, this indicates the fault is fully locked to at least 3 km depth, posing a seismic hazard for Istanbul from a potential magnitude 7.1-7.4 earthquake.
This document discusses earthquake resistant design of structures. It begins by defining earthquakes and their causes, then describes the inner structure of the Earth. It discusses tectonic plate movement, earthquake types, waves produced by earthquakes, measuring earthquakes, and seismic zoning in India. The document covers effects of earthquakes on structures, how buildings twist in quakes, seismic design philosophy, ductile design for performance, Indian seismic codes, and techniques columns and joints use to resist quakes. It addresses vulnerabilities of open-ground storeys and short columns, and concludes with ways to reduce earthquake effects on buildings.
The document discusses volcano monitoring using the ASTER instrument. It provides examples of how ASTER detected volcanic gas plumes at Miyake-jima volcano in Japan and monitored caldera collapse and lava flows at Piton de la Fournaise volcano in Reunion. It also describes the ASTER image database for volcanoes that is publicly available and contains over 1.8 million ASTER images of 964 volcanoes.
The document summarizes a recalculation of the probability of M≥7 earthquakes beneath the Sea of Marmara in Turkey. Key points:
1. New bathymetric images of the North Anatolian fault beneath the Sea of Marmara allow improved mapping of fault segmentation and interpretation of the 1500-2000 earthquake catalog.
2. Time-dependent probability estimates are calculated using a new 1500-2000 earthquake catalog and models of coseismic and postseismic slip from the 1999 Izmit earthquake to investigate stress transfer effects.
3. The combined 2004-2034 regional Poisson probability of M≥7 earthquakes is 38%, the time-dependent probability is 44±18%, and incorporating stress transfer raises
This document provides information about earthquake hazards such as ground shaking, ground rupture, liquefaction, landslides, and tsunamis. It explains that earthquake hazard maps show areas expected to be affected by these hazards given a specific earthquake scenario and magnitude. The maps are intended to help engineers design earthquake-resistant structures and for cities to establish construction requirements and zoning laws to improve safety. Users should check that they understand the title, legend, and scale of each map.
Elastic and Dynamic analysis of a multistorey frameNayan Kumar Dutta
This document discusses earthquake analysis and design of multi-storey frames. It begins with definitions and causes of earthquakes, including plate tectonics and the elastic rebound theory. It then covers earthquake measurement in terms of magnitude, intensity, and location of the focus and epicenter. Methods of seismic analysis are described, including linear static, linear dynamic using response spectrum and time history methods, and non-linear methods. Indian codes for earthquake resistant design are also discussed. The document provides information on seismic zoning in India and the methodology for earthquake load design using the static equivalent method. Key concepts in ductile design such as strong-column weak-beam and ductile detailing requirements are covered.
1) The study develops a new attenuation relationship for Turkey by combining strong motion data from soil and rock sites.
2) To use the soil site data, boreholes were drilled at 64 soil sites to measure soil properties and remove soil amplification effects from the records.
3) Various regression models were tested using magnitude, distance, and peak ground acceleration to establish the new attenuation relationship for Turkey.
Marmara ve İstanbul için ayrı ayrı 2 senaryo yapılmış. Coulomb Stress etkisi önemli ölçüde deprem olasılığını yükseltiyor. Özellikle, KAFZ boyunca meydana gelen depremlerin yüzey kırıklarının Dünya'da ki benzer büyük depremlerin yüzey kırıklarından oldukça farklı ve büyük.
The document discusses volcano monitoring using ASTER satellite data and instruments. It provides examples of ASTER detecting volcanic gas plumes from Miyake-jima volcano in 2000 and monitoring thermal anomalies and lava flows at Sierra Negra volcano in the Galapagos Islands. It also describes the ASTER Image Database for Volcanoes that contains over 1.8 million ASTER images of 964 volcanoes and is available online.
3rd Presentation: Investment Based on Risk Assessment and Past Disaster Experiences
2nd Seminar, "Seismic Risk assessment for Kathmandu Valley" was held on 11th April, 2017, at Hotel Yak and Yeti (Durbarmarg, Kathmandu), for dissemination of results of Seismic Risk Assessment of 'The Project for Assessment of Earthquake Disaster Risk Assessment for the Kathmandu Valley (JICA)'
İstasyon dağılımı çift kanaldan yapılıyor ve bu kanallar AFAD ve KOERI. İlginç olan durum bu istasyonlar 1 YIL içinde yerleştirilmiyor ve YILLARA yayılan bir yerleştirme planı var. İstatistik çalışanlar için iyi özellikle, 'İstasyon Etkilerinin Sismisite Değişimine Muhtemel Etkileri' konusunu çalışmak isteyenler için. Özellikle, 1995 yılında ki çalışmam bununla ilişkili. https://npg.copernicus.org/articles/2/147/1995/
AFAD tarafından DAFZ civarında kurulmuş 28 istasyonu var ve 2006 yılında kurmaya başlamış ve süreç 2017 yılına kadar yükselerek devam etmiş. 2006 yılında 28 istasyonun tamamını 1 DEFA'da kurmuş olsa idi fay zonlarının deprem tehlikesinin araştırılması için önemli bir VERİ toplanması olacaktı ve bugüne kadar 15 yıllık veri üzerinde '0-İnsan Etkisi' olduğundan istatistik çalışmalar ile bulunan sonuçlar anlamlı olacaktı. Sıkça sorulan soru vardır, 'Depremler son yıllarda sayısal olarak artıyor mu?' diye, EVET artıyor çünkü depremi kayıt eden İSTASYON sayısı arttığı için. Bu açıdan, 'İnsana bağlı olarak deprem tehlike verisinde ki değişim' araştırma konusu olur mu? Neden olmasın!
Benzer durum KOERI'de var ve 2006 yılında 5 olan istasyon sayısını 2011 yılına kadar tedrici olarak 10 sayısına yükseltiyor. 2011 yılından sonra sayı 12'de sabit kalıyor.
2006 yılından günümüze DAFZ üzerinde İKİLİ KURUM tarafından kurulan toplam istasyon sayısı 40, fakat bunlar TEK 1 YILDA kurulmadığı için İSTATİSTİK çalışmalara ETKİSİ olumsuz. 2006 yılında 40 istasyon 1 DEFADA kurulsa idi, DAFZ boyunca fayların deprem potansiyelinin araştırılması açısından ÇOK İYİ bir potansiyel olacaktı.
Deprem İstatistiği çalışmalarında DİKKAT edilecek ÇOK noktalar var, bu noktalar bölgede ki VERİ KAPASİTESİ ve VERİ KALİTESİ'nin iyi araştırılması ile mümkün olur. Aslında burada ANLATILANLARI İstatistiksel Sismoloji dersinde detaylı tartıştım. Deprem İstatistiği çalışacak olan ve bu konuda çalışmak isteyenler bu dersler BAŞTAN SONA not alarak 1 KERE daha dinlese İYİ olur. AKSİ taktirde çalışmalarınız İYİ 1 BİLİMSEL TEMELE dayanmazsa çok yararsız olabilir.
2019-10-15 Small-scale deformation of active volcanoes measured by Yosuke Aoki
Small-scale deformation of active volcanoes was measured using synthetic aperture radar (SAR). SAR can detect deformation with high spatial resolution. At Usu volcano, deformation around past eruption sites was observed and explained by thermal contraction of intruded lava domes. Thermal modeling suggested hydrothermal circulation may enhance cooling. At Asama volcano, subsidence in the northeast flank and eastward motion in the southeast flank were observed between 2014-2018, possibly due to flank instability in the southeast. SAR provides insights into volcanic processes through measuring subtle surface deformation.
(a) Tectonic InSAR has provided insights into earthquake processes over the past 3 decades since its beginnings in the 1980s. Measurements from over 150 earthquakes have shown that ruptures can be more complex than expected and that surface slip is a poor indicator of slip at depth. Earthquakes have also been found to trigger other quakes dynamically or be structurally controlled.
(b) Interseismic strain accumulation along faults can now be measured using large InSAR data stacks, finding focused strain that may be constant throughout the earthquake cycle. However, uncertainties remain about applicability in all regions.
(c) Postseismic deformation and aseismic slip transients exhibit complex spatial patterns but overall decay
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
STREETONOMICS: Exploring the Uncharted Territories of Informal Markets throug...sameer shah
Delve into the world of STREETONOMICS, where a team of 7 enthusiasts embarks on a journey to understand unorganized markets. By engaging with a coffee street vendor and crafting questionnaires, this project uncovers valuable insights into consumer behavior and market dynamics in informal settings."
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Similar to 2012 Italy Earthquake Webinar for Reinsurance
This document describes a study that used GPS measurements taken in 1996, 1999, and 2002 to measure interseismic strain accumulation in the seismic gap between Constitución and Concepción in Chile. GPS stations were set up along two east-west transects and one north-south coastal profile. The measurements found horizontal velocities decreasing from 45 mm/year on the coast to 10 mm/year in the Andes, with negative vertical velocities of around 10 mm/year on the coast. The surface deformation is consistent with elastic loading on the subduction interface, with a dip of 16 degrees, locking depth of 55 km, and convergence of 67 mm/year. Accumulated displacement since the 1835 earthquake exceeds 10 m,
The document discusses the use of Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) techniques to study surface displacements in active tectonic areas. It summarizes several case studies conducted as part of the Terrafirma Extension project, including Istanbul, the North Anatolian Fault System, the Ionian Islands, and the Rio-Antirio bridge area. Products developed for the case studies include subsidence maps, fault investigation, and soil vulnerability maps integrated with other data like GPS and geological information.
The document summarizes the use of Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) techniques to study surface displacements in active tectonic areas. It discusses case studies in Istanbul, the North Anatolian Fault System, the Ionian Islands, and Rio Antirio. SAR data and PSI products are presented from these areas. Comparisons are made between PSI results and other data like geological maps and GPS measurements to create integrated products for analyzing hazards.
This document provides an introduction to earthquake resistant design. It discusses how adopting building codes with seismic design and construction requirements helps communities protect citizens from earthquakes. It also describes methods to construct earthquake resistant buildings, such as using base isolators with layers of rubber and steel to absorb earthquake energy. Engineers aim to increase structures' natural periods, install energy dissipating devices, and use reinforcement like securing buildings to foundations. The document outlines the basics of earthquake engineering and importance of minimizing earthquake impacts. It discusses seismic waves, seismographs, potential ground failures, and indirect quake effects like tsunamis. Historical earthquakes are also summarized along with the causes and forces of earthquakes.
This document discusses the characterization and management of extreme weather events on Italian roads. It provides a history of extreme events in Italy over the past 130 years, including major landslides and floods. Specific examples of extreme events are described, such as heavy rains in 2010 in the Province of Lucca and Massa Carrara that triggered landslides and flooding. The document also discusses the impact of geological and hydrological events in Italy, noting that between 1279 and 2002 there were over 4,500 damaging events related to landslides, flooding, and other hazards according to an Italian catalogue of vulnerable areas.
1. PASCO has responded to 22 natural disasters since 2007 using TerraSAR-X satellite data, including the 2010 Haiti earthquake and 2011 Tohoku earthquake.
2. For the Haiti earthquake, TerraSAR-X detected collapsed buildings by identifying changes in backscattering between pre-and post-earthquake images.
3. For the Tohoku earthquake, PASCO rapidly acquired TerraSAR-X data and produced inundation maps within 48 hours that estimated flood areas and informed government recovery efforts.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document summarizes findings from a direct path ranging experiment using an acoustic transponder network installed on the seafloor of the Sea of Marmara offshore Istanbul. The network measured no significant fault displacement along the North Anatolian Fault in the region, despite accumulating a slip deficit of at least 4 meters since the last known earthquake in 1766. Together with sparse seismic activity from ocean bottom seismometers, this indicates the fault is fully locked to at least 3 km depth, posing a seismic hazard for Istanbul from a potential magnitude 7.1-7.4 earthquake.
This document discusses earthquake resistant design of structures. It begins by defining earthquakes and their causes, then describes the inner structure of the Earth. It discusses tectonic plate movement, earthquake types, waves produced by earthquakes, measuring earthquakes, and seismic zoning in India. The document covers effects of earthquakes on structures, how buildings twist in quakes, seismic design philosophy, ductile design for performance, Indian seismic codes, and techniques columns and joints use to resist quakes. It addresses vulnerabilities of open-ground storeys and short columns, and concludes with ways to reduce earthquake effects on buildings.
The document discusses volcano monitoring using the ASTER instrument. It provides examples of how ASTER detected volcanic gas plumes at Miyake-jima volcano in Japan and monitored caldera collapse and lava flows at Piton de la Fournaise volcano in Reunion. It also describes the ASTER image database for volcanoes that is publicly available and contains over 1.8 million ASTER images of 964 volcanoes.
The document summarizes a recalculation of the probability of M≥7 earthquakes beneath the Sea of Marmara in Turkey. Key points:
1. New bathymetric images of the North Anatolian fault beneath the Sea of Marmara allow improved mapping of fault segmentation and interpretation of the 1500-2000 earthquake catalog.
2. Time-dependent probability estimates are calculated using a new 1500-2000 earthquake catalog and models of coseismic and postseismic slip from the 1999 Izmit earthquake to investigate stress transfer effects.
3. The combined 2004-2034 regional Poisson probability of M≥7 earthquakes is 38%, the time-dependent probability is 44±18%, and incorporating stress transfer raises
This document provides information about earthquake hazards such as ground shaking, ground rupture, liquefaction, landslides, and tsunamis. It explains that earthquake hazard maps show areas expected to be affected by these hazards given a specific earthquake scenario and magnitude. The maps are intended to help engineers design earthquake-resistant structures and for cities to establish construction requirements and zoning laws to improve safety. Users should check that they understand the title, legend, and scale of each map.
Elastic and Dynamic analysis of a multistorey frameNayan Kumar Dutta
This document discusses earthquake analysis and design of multi-storey frames. It begins with definitions and causes of earthquakes, including plate tectonics and the elastic rebound theory. It then covers earthquake measurement in terms of magnitude, intensity, and location of the focus and epicenter. Methods of seismic analysis are described, including linear static, linear dynamic using response spectrum and time history methods, and non-linear methods. Indian codes for earthquake resistant design are also discussed. The document provides information on seismic zoning in India and the methodology for earthquake load design using the static equivalent method. Key concepts in ductile design such as strong-column weak-beam and ductile detailing requirements are covered.
1) The study develops a new attenuation relationship for Turkey by combining strong motion data from soil and rock sites.
2) To use the soil site data, boreholes were drilled at 64 soil sites to measure soil properties and remove soil amplification effects from the records.
3) Various regression models were tested using magnitude, distance, and peak ground acceleration to establish the new attenuation relationship for Turkey.
Marmara ve İstanbul için ayrı ayrı 2 senaryo yapılmış. Coulomb Stress etkisi önemli ölçüde deprem olasılığını yükseltiyor. Özellikle, KAFZ boyunca meydana gelen depremlerin yüzey kırıklarının Dünya'da ki benzer büyük depremlerin yüzey kırıklarından oldukça farklı ve büyük.
The document discusses volcano monitoring using ASTER satellite data and instruments. It provides examples of ASTER detecting volcanic gas plumes from Miyake-jima volcano in 2000 and monitoring thermal anomalies and lava flows at Sierra Negra volcano in the Galapagos Islands. It also describes the ASTER Image Database for Volcanoes that contains over 1.8 million ASTER images of 964 volcanoes and is available online.
3rd Presentation: Investment Based on Risk Assessment and Past Disaster Experiences
2nd Seminar, "Seismic Risk assessment for Kathmandu Valley" was held on 11th April, 2017, at Hotel Yak and Yeti (Durbarmarg, Kathmandu), for dissemination of results of Seismic Risk Assessment of 'The Project for Assessment of Earthquake Disaster Risk Assessment for the Kathmandu Valley (JICA)'
İstasyon dağılımı çift kanaldan yapılıyor ve bu kanallar AFAD ve KOERI. İlginç olan durum bu istasyonlar 1 YIL içinde yerleştirilmiyor ve YILLARA yayılan bir yerleştirme planı var. İstatistik çalışanlar için iyi özellikle, 'İstasyon Etkilerinin Sismisite Değişimine Muhtemel Etkileri' konusunu çalışmak isteyenler için. Özellikle, 1995 yılında ki çalışmam bununla ilişkili. https://npg.copernicus.org/articles/2/147/1995/
AFAD tarafından DAFZ civarında kurulmuş 28 istasyonu var ve 2006 yılında kurmaya başlamış ve süreç 2017 yılına kadar yükselerek devam etmiş. 2006 yılında 28 istasyonun tamamını 1 DEFA'da kurmuş olsa idi fay zonlarının deprem tehlikesinin araştırılması için önemli bir VERİ toplanması olacaktı ve bugüne kadar 15 yıllık veri üzerinde '0-İnsan Etkisi' olduğundan istatistik çalışmalar ile bulunan sonuçlar anlamlı olacaktı. Sıkça sorulan soru vardır, 'Depremler son yıllarda sayısal olarak artıyor mu?' diye, EVET artıyor çünkü depremi kayıt eden İSTASYON sayısı arttığı için. Bu açıdan, 'İnsana bağlı olarak deprem tehlike verisinde ki değişim' araştırma konusu olur mu? Neden olmasın!
Benzer durum KOERI'de var ve 2006 yılında 5 olan istasyon sayısını 2011 yılına kadar tedrici olarak 10 sayısına yükseltiyor. 2011 yılından sonra sayı 12'de sabit kalıyor.
2006 yılından günümüze DAFZ üzerinde İKİLİ KURUM tarafından kurulan toplam istasyon sayısı 40, fakat bunlar TEK 1 YILDA kurulmadığı için İSTATİSTİK çalışmalara ETKİSİ olumsuz. 2006 yılında 40 istasyon 1 DEFADA kurulsa idi, DAFZ boyunca fayların deprem potansiyelinin araştırılması açısından ÇOK İYİ bir potansiyel olacaktı.
Deprem İstatistiği çalışmalarında DİKKAT edilecek ÇOK noktalar var, bu noktalar bölgede ki VERİ KAPASİTESİ ve VERİ KALİTESİ'nin iyi araştırılması ile mümkün olur. Aslında burada ANLATILANLARI İstatistiksel Sismoloji dersinde detaylı tartıştım. Deprem İstatistiği çalışacak olan ve bu konuda çalışmak isteyenler bu dersler BAŞTAN SONA not alarak 1 KERE daha dinlese İYİ olur. AKSİ taktirde çalışmalarınız İYİ 1 BİLİMSEL TEMELE dayanmazsa çok yararsız olabilir.
2019-10-15 Small-scale deformation of active volcanoes measured by Yosuke Aoki
Small-scale deformation of active volcanoes was measured using synthetic aperture radar (SAR). SAR can detect deformation with high spatial resolution. At Usu volcano, deformation around past eruption sites was observed and explained by thermal contraction of intruded lava domes. Thermal modeling suggested hydrothermal circulation may enhance cooling. At Asama volcano, subsidence in the northeast flank and eastward motion in the southeast flank were observed between 2014-2018, possibly due to flank instability in the southeast. SAR provides insights into volcanic processes through measuring subtle surface deformation.
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(c) Postseismic deformation and aseismic slip transients exhibit complex spatial patterns but overall decay
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2012 Italy Earthquake Webinar for Reinsurance
1. THE SPRING 2012 ITALIAN EARTHQUAKES
To plan for the future we must understand the past
A seminar presented by:
The mission of ABS and ABS Group companies is to serve the public interest
as well as the needs of our clients by promoting the security of life and
property and preserving the natural environment.
2. MAY 2012 EARTHQUAKES NEAR BOLOGNA
A series of earthquakes
in Emilia Romagna, Italy
in May 2012
– Caused multiple fatalities
– Economic damage estimated
from €5 to €10 Billion
– Insured Losses estimated in the (€) hundreds of Millions
What can we learn from this event to better
anticipate the next earthquake?
3. BOLOGNA EARTHQUAKE 2012
• Today’s presentation
– The earthquakes and regional seismicity
– Building codes and practices
– Building damage – causes and mitigation
– Regional risk – what does the “big one” look like
4. TODAY’S PRESENTERS
• Tom Larsen, Product Architect, EQECAT
• Paul Thenhaus, Senior Geologist, EQECAT
• Brad Eccles, Principal Engineer, ABS Consulting
• Nathan Gould, Director and ELSR Chief of
Technology, ABS Consulting
• Kent David, Vice President, EQECAT
5. GEOLOGICAL AND SEISMOLOGICAL SETTING
The 20 May 2012 Emilia Romagna Earthquake
EQECAT EARTHQUAKE BRIEFING: 26 June 2012
Paul C. Thenhaus
Senior Geologist
EQECAT, Inc.
6. 2012 EMILIA ROMAGNA EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE
~ 50 KM
May 20, 2:03 GMT, M6.0
May 20, 13:00 GMT, M5.1
May 29, 7:00 GMT, M5.8
May 29, 11:00 GMT, M5.3
May 29, 11:00 GMT M5.1
7. USGS COULOMB STRESS TRANSFER
May 29, M5.8 aftershock
occurred in a region of
increased stress due to the
May 20 mainshock.
8. INTERNATIONAL FOCAL MECHANISM SOLUTIONS:
20 MAY 2012 EMILIA ROMAGNA EARTHQUAKE
Thrust faulting on a
WNW-ESE
oriented fault plane.
9. CROSS-SECTION OF THE SOUTHERN PO PLAIN
SHOWING ACTIVE BLIND (BURIED) THRUST FAULTS
12. THESE INTENSITIES WERE NOT SURPRISING!
Municipalities in the
epicentral area had a
long history of
intensity VI+
earthquake shaking!
(From Decanini et al., 2012)
18. CONCLUSIONS
1. The 20 May 2012 Emilia Romagna earthquake occurred in a region of recognized
moderate seismic hazard.
2. The mainshock event ruptured a blind thrust fault in the southern Po Plain in a
region of known active thrust faults.
3. Over a period of nine days, the mainshock triggered a series of aftershocks
that extended ruptures both east and west over a distance of approximately
50 km.
4. The earthquake and its aftershocks came as no surprise: hazard maps
previously defined the hazard, ground motion amplification was expected in
Po Plain, municipalities in the epicentral area had long histories of intensity
VI+ earthquake effects.
5. Most of Italy is characterized by moderate-to-high seismic hazard:
The country has a long history of devastating earthquakes.
19. EQECAT
Risk Quantification and Engineering
(RQE)
Paul C. Thenhaus
Senior Geologist
EQECAT, Inc.
pthenhaus@eqecat.com
www.eqecat.com/
20. Overview of Seismic Design
Regulations for Italy
Dr. Brad Eccles
Principal Engineer
ABS Consulting Ltd.
21. SEISMIC DESIGN HISTORY IN ITALY
• First design regulations were
introduced in December
1908
• As a response to the 1908
Messina Earthquake
• M 7.1
• 90,000 fatalities
• Only applicable to Calabria
region
• Applicable to new design
and repair of damage Reference: Italian seismic hazard: experiences and new building code
application, Roberto W. Romeo, Associate Professor of Seismic Risk,
University of Urbino, Italy
22. SEISMIC DESIGN HISTORY IN ITALY
1908 to 1980
• A series of new regulations
were introduced following
significant earthquake events
• RD 573/1915, RD 431/1927
and RD 640/1935
• Only applicable to affected
regions
• Differentiation of High and
Moderate Risk
• Applicable to new design and
repair of damage
Reference: Italian seismic hazard: experiences and new building code
application, Roberto W. Romeo, Associate Professor of Seismic Risk,
University of Urbino, Italy
23. SEISMIC DESIGN HISTORY IN ITALY
1981 to 1984
• First formal hazard
definition based on
scientific studies
• 475 year return period
hazard
• 3 discrete hazard zones
• Northern Italy was largely
not considered
Reference: Seismic classification of the Italian territory (1984). MLP
Decree of 14/07/1984 and subsequent decrees, National Institute of
Geophysics and Volcanology, http://zonesismiche.mi.ingv.it/
24. SEISMIC DESIGN HISTORY IN ITALY
1984
• Horizontal Force
Fh = CRIW
• Importance Factor
– 1.4 - civil protection, 1.2 – high risk occupancy, 1.0 -
others
• CR – horizontal force coefficient
( S − 2)
C=
100
25. SEISMIC DESIGN HISTORY IN ITALY
2003
• First formal study to
expressly define seismic
hazard levels to
consider in design for
all of Italy
• This increased the
seismic loading for new
build
• This was in preparation
for the introduction of
Eurocode 8 in 2004
Reference: Seismic zones of the Italian territory (2003). Order PCM 3274
of 20/03/2003., National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology,
http://zonesismiche.mi.ingv.it/
26. SEISMIC DESIGN HISTORY IN ITALY
Zone Acceleration (pga)
1 0.35
2 0.25
3 0.15
4 0.05
• 10% Probability of exceedance
in 50 years on hard ground
(Vs > 800m/s)
• Zone 4 – 5% g which was
judged to be lower than other Reference: Seismic zones of the Italian territory (2003). Order PCM 3274
of 20/03/2003., National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology,
loadings http://zonesismiche.mi.ingv.it/
28. SEISMIC DESIGN HISTORY IN ITALY
Areas classified as seismic zone Seismic Classification of the Major Cities in
for the first time in 2003 Emilia –Romagna Region
City 1984 Zoning 2003 Zoning
Bologna N.C. 3
Cesena 2 2
Ferrara N.C. 3
Forli 2 2
Modena N.C. 3
Parma N.C. 3
Piacenza N.C. 4
Ravenna N.C. 3
Reggio Emilia N.C. 3
Rimini 2 2
Reference: Pericolosità sismica, normativa e zone sismiche
nell’Aquilano, a cura di C. Meletti e M. Stucchi (INGV-MI), 16 Reference: Order of 20/03/2003 PCM 3274, http://zonesismiche.mi.ingv.it/
aprile 2009 , National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology,
http://zonesismiche.mi.ingv.it/
29. SEISMIC DESIGN HISTORY IN ITALY
• Summary in Context
• There was no formal seismic design requirement for
much of Northern Italy until 2003
• Many of the cities were put into Zone 3 with a pga of
0.15g
• This level of hazard is not insignificant and will cause
damage to structures designed without earthquake
loading taken into consideration
30. Performance of Structures
Nathan Gould, D.Sc., PE, SE
Director and ELSR Chief of Technology
ABS Consulting
ngould@absconsulting.com
31. PERFORMANCE OF STRUCTURES
• In this region of Italy, buildings constructed prior to
2003 likely have little, if any, seismic design
• Concrete frames with masonry infill are popular. The
infill is typically not accounted for in the design of the
lateral force-resisting system
• Precast concrete frame construction is also popular in
the region. Seismic performance of these systems is
dependent on connections
• Little attention has been paid to the lateral restraint of
non-structural elements
38. INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES – SANT’AGOSTINO
• Ceramics Storage Building
– Steel frame structure with heavy storage loads
– Inadequate lateral system
– Flexible structure which resulted in large displacements
Reference: Decanini, LD, Liberatore L., Sorrentino L, 2012, Preliminary
Report on the 2012, May 20 Emilia Earthquake
39. INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES – SANT’AGOSTINO
• Precast Reinforced Concrete Industrial Building
– Popular type of structure in the impacted region
– Historically poor performers in past earthquakes
– Performance is dependent on connections and detailing
Reference: Decanini, LD, Liberatore L., Sorrentino L, 2012, Preliminary
Report on the 2012, May 20 Emilia Earthquake
40. INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES – SANT’AGOSTINO
• Precast Reinforced Concrete Industrial Building
– Failure of connections impacts not only the primary
building structure but also the perimeter cladding
Reference: Decanini, LD, Liberatore L., Sorrentino L, 2012, Preliminary
Report on the 2012, May 20 Emilia Earthquake
41. INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES – SANT’AGOSTINO
• Precast Reinforced Concrete Industrial Building
– Failure of connections supporting the roof framing
Reference: EPICentre Field Observation Report No. EPI-FO-200512, The 20th
May 2012 Emilia Romagna Earthquake
41
42. INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES – FINALE EMILE
• Precast Reinforced Concrete Industrial Building
– Plastic hinging of the primary columns
Reference: EPICentre Field Observation Report No. EPI-FO-200512, The 20th
May 2012 Emilia Romagna Earthquake
43. INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES – MIRANDOLA
• Collapse of perimeter panels due to connections
Reference: Decanini, LD, Liberatore L., Sorrentino L, 2012, Preliminary
Report on the 2012, May 20 Emilia Earthquake
44. INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES – MIRANDOLA
• 2005 Precast Concrete
Frame Building
– Connection failure likely led
to partial collapse
Reference: Decanini, LD, Liberatore L., Sorrentino L, 2012, Preliminary
Report on the 2012, May 20 Emilia Earthquake
48. LESSONS LEARNED
• Active seismic region where much of the
existing building stock has not been designed
for seismic loads
• Numerous structural vulnerabilities, many due
poor connections and detailing
• Little attention is typically paid to the proper
restraint of non-structural elements
• Loss of structure and/or major non-structural
issues leads to large BI exposure
52. 2012 EMILIA-ROMAGNA EQ LOSS ESTIMATES
Catwatch Estimates: Model Proxy for Event:
• €300M to €700M Insured
Loss Total (including Event ID – 21773
aftershocks) Epicenter – N44.77 E11.18
• Loss estimates highly
sensitive to insurance take
Magnitude – 6.0
up rate Depth – 12.8 km
• Damage estimate of €14.2 B
consistent with insurance Mean Damage – 14.2 € B
take rates of 2%-5% Sigma Damage – 7.2 € B
53. EMILIA EARTHQUAKE – FOOTPRINT COMPARISON
USGS Shake Map EQECAT Shake Map (MMI)
Epicenter
May 20, 2012 Hypothetical
M 6.0 M 6.0
N44.80, E11.19 N44.77, E11.18
Depth 5.0 km Depth 12.8 km
55. ITALY WIDE DAMAGE EXCEEDANCE CURVE
Emilia (2012)
Damage – 14.2 € B
RP – 6 Yrs.
56. CONCENTRATIONS OF CATASTROPHIC EVENTS
• Italian Earthquake
Z6
Z5 model has 33075 events
Z7
• 218 events have
Z4
damage > = 100 € B
• Largest damage
Z3
causing event in the
Z2
Campania region (40 km
east of Naples)
Z1
Emilia Earthquake
57. CONCENTRATIONS OF CATASTROPHIC POTENTIAL
Zone No of Min Max Min Max
Events Magnitude Magnitude Damage Damage
Z5 (€B) (€B)
Z6
Z7
Z1 10 7.0 7.2 100.4 134.6
Z4
Z2 107 6.0 7.4 100.4 457.8
Z3 5 6.2 7.2 107.6 115.5
Z3 Z4 33 6.4 6.8 100.3 196.5
Z2 Z5 52 6.6 7.2 100.0 169.7
Z6 4 6.0 6.4 100.6 113.6
Z7 7 6.2 6.6 104.1 186.7
Z1
Emilia Earthquake
58. CONDITIONAL DAMAGE DISTRIBUTION IN PO
VALLEY
Po Valley • Max Modeled Damage in Po Valley – 116.7 € B
• May 20, 2012 event 99% NEP of Po events
• 50% NEP in Po valley ~€100M
100%
90%
80%
70%
Non Exceedance Probability
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Source: Wikipedia
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Damage in Euro Billions
59. PO VALLEY MAGNITUDE / LOSS SCATTER
140
E2
120 Emilia Earthquake
100
E1
Damage in € B
80
60
40
20
0
5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00
Magnitude
Emilia Earthquake
61. CATASTROPHE MODELING – RISK
MANAGEMENT
• Portfolio Analysis
– Insight into overall economic risk
– Identify critical facilities based on PML / expected loss…
– Full consideration of uncertainty, quality factors
• Detailed Analyses / Evaluations
– Business Interruption / Contingent Business Interruption
– Facility evaluation / engineering study
– Retrofit and risk mitigation
62. MAY 2012 BOLOGNA EARTHQUAKES
• The earthquakes occurred in an area where
infrequent, smaller earthquakes are expected to
occur
• Damage was widespread, concentrated upon
buildings based upon older building codes
• Strengthening of older buildings can reduce
fatalities and disruption from these events
• The greater region presents the potential for much
larger earthquake losses
63. INTERACTIVE Q&A
• Paul Thenhaus, Senior Geologist, EQECAT
pthenhaus@eqecat.com
• Brad Eccles, Principal Engineer, ABS Consulting
beccles@absconsulting.com
• Nathan Gould, Director and ELSR Chief of
Technology ABS Consulting
ngould@absconsulting.com
• Kent David, Vice President, EQECAT
kdavid@absconsulting.com