This study examined the level of awareness and stigma regarding tuberculosis (TB) among university students in Malaysia. A survey was administered to 400 students at Universiti Sains Malaysia. The findings showed that while most students had heard of TB, many were unsure of the factors that cause it or how it spreads. The study also found that most students held stigmatizing views of TB patients, reporting feeling uncomfortable or afraid around them. Based on these results, the study recommends improving TB education and awareness campaigns targeting students, using effective media like television, social media, and newspapers. Addressing insufficient knowledge and stigma is important for controlling the spread of TB.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB), which remains a major global health issue. It provides statistics on TB prevalence, mortality rates, and discusses populations most at risk. It then summarizes the aims and topics of the 7th South African TB Conference, including discussions on pathogenesis, vaccines/drugs/diagnostics, health systems implementation, and social aspects of TB control. The document concludes that achieving the goal of ending TB will require a comprehensive multisectoral approach that is patient-centered and community-focused.
Attitude of the youth towards voluntary counselling and testing (vct) of hiv ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the attitudes of youth in Accra, Ghana toward voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for HIV/AIDS. The study found that while knowledge of HIV/AIDS was high, awareness and use of VCT services was low. Most respondents were unaware that VCT services existed or where they could access them. Of those aware of VCT, very few had utilized the services themselves. Fear of knowing their HIV status appeared to be a major barrier preventing youth from seeking VCT. The study concluded that efforts must be made to increase awareness and use of VCT, especially among youth, through expanded information and education campaigns.
This document proposes assessing lifestyles, public health measures, and their impact on containing COVID-19 transmission in communities in Horo Guduru Wollega, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study will survey 768 individuals across 4 districts on risk factors and prevention practices. Data will be analyzed to identify associations between exposures and infections. The study aims to increase awareness and limit rapid spread in the region through understanding transmission routes and improving prevention measures.
he WHO Global Tuberculosis Report 2022 provides a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the TB epidemic and of progress in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the disease, at global, regional and country levels.
Epidemiology & Control measures for Tuberculosis. AB Rajar
n this Lecture I tried my best to include all essential features about the TB disease. I hope that this will help to undergraduate Medical students for better understanding the Disease.
This document discusses research on tuberculosis (TB) from both social and biological perspectives. TB is the second leading infectious killer globally. The researchers examine social factors influencing TB rates between countries, such as poverty, debt, education and access to healthcare. They also study mycobacteriophages to develop new TB diagnostics and treatments. Preliminary findings suggest some novel phage genes are required for infecting mycobacteria. The researchers emphasize the need for interdisciplinary social and medical approaches to fully address TB as both a biological and social disease.
This study examined the level of awareness and stigma regarding tuberculosis (TB) among university students in Malaysia. A survey was administered to 400 students at Universiti Sains Malaysia. The findings showed that while most students had heard of TB, many were unsure of the factors that cause it or how it spreads. The study also found that most students held stigmatizing views of TB patients, reporting feeling uncomfortable or afraid around them. Based on these results, the study recommends improving TB education and awareness campaigns targeting students, using effective media like television, social media, and newspapers. Addressing insufficient knowledge and stigma is important for controlling the spread of TB.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB), which remains a major global health issue. It provides statistics on TB prevalence, mortality rates, and discusses populations most at risk. It then summarizes the aims and topics of the 7th South African TB Conference, including discussions on pathogenesis, vaccines/drugs/diagnostics, health systems implementation, and social aspects of TB control. The document concludes that achieving the goal of ending TB will require a comprehensive multisectoral approach that is patient-centered and community-focused.
Attitude of the youth towards voluntary counselling and testing (vct) of hiv ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the attitudes of youth in Accra, Ghana toward voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for HIV/AIDS. The study found that while knowledge of HIV/AIDS was high, awareness and use of VCT services was low. Most respondents were unaware that VCT services existed or where they could access them. Of those aware of VCT, very few had utilized the services themselves. Fear of knowing their HIV status appeared to be a major barrier preventing youth from seeking VCT. The study concluded that efforts must be made to increase awareness and use of VCT, especially among youth, through expanded information and education campaigns.
This document proposes assessing lifestyles, public health measures, and their impact on containing COVID-19 transmission in communities in Horo Guduru Wollega, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study will survey 768 individuals across 4 districts on risk factors and prevention practices. Data will be analyzed to identify associations between exposures and infections. The study aims to increase awareness and limit rapid spread in the region through understanding transmission routes and improving prevention measures.
he WHO Global Tuberculosis Report 2022 provides a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the TB epidemic and of progress in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the disease, at global, regional and country levels.
Epidemiology & Control measures for Tuberculosis. AB Rajar
n this Lecture I tried my best to include all essential features about the TB disease. I hope that this will help to undergraduate Medical students for better understanding the Disease.
This document discusses research on tuberculosis (TB) from both social and biological perspectives. TB is the second leading infectious killer globally. The researchers examine social factors influencing TB rates between countries, such as poverty, debt, education and access to healthcare. They also study mycobacteriophages to develop new TB diagnostics and treatments. Preliminary findings suggest some novel phage genes are required for infecting mycobacteria. The researchers emphasize the need for interdisciplinary social and medical approaches to fully address TB as both a biological and social disease.
This document summarizes a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in Kashmir, India that examined hepatitis B knowledge and vaccination status among the local population aged 18 and older. The study found that only 10.2% of participants had heard of hepatitis B prior to the study. Of those aware, 37.6% knew modes of transmission but knowledge of prevention methods was lower. Just 2% of participants had received the hepatitis B vaccine, with only 27% of those completing all three doses. Given these low levels of knowledge and vaccination, the study concludes there is a need for public health education campaigns in Kashmir to increase awareness and prevention of hepatitis B.
This document discusses a study on factors predisposing to tuberculosis (TB) drug resistance in Londiani Sub County Hospital. It aims to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of TB patients, their knowledge of completing drug dosages, and the relationship between drug-resistant TB and other illnesses. The study justification is that TB remains a major global public health issue, with drug-resistant strains complicating treatment. The objectives are to describe TB patients and understand how knowledge and comorbidities influence drug resistance. The study will be limited to consenting patients at the hospital and provide practical and theoretical significance.
A study on clinical presentation and various risk factors associated with pht...IjcmsdrJournal
Background: Tuberculosis is one of the most ancient infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The population most affected is the young and economically productive one. The social factors include poor quality of life, poor housing, overcrowding, population explosion, under nutrition, lack of education, and last but not the least lack of awareness of cause of illness.
Aims and Objectives:
1. To study the clinical presentation of tuberculosis in patients.
2. To study various risk factors of tuberculosis.
Material and Methods: This study was conducted at selected designated microscopic centre (DMCs) Kanpur Nagar district has a population of 45.73lakh ( Census 2011).All the patients who were registered in the selected DMCs in the last one month of the year 2016 ( between April and May) were taken into consideration for the present study. Data was collected on predesigned and pretested questionnaire using direct personal interview method of patients at DMCs on the DOTS days of the week i.e Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Informed consent of the study subjects was taken before interview. A total of 105 registered patients were interviewed personally and also the treatment card of patients was obtained from their respective DMCs.
Results: Out of 105 cases of tuberculosis which reported at DMCs maximum no. of patients belongs to age group between 21-40 yrs of age group (58%). Majority of cases were married (65.7%) cases. (62%) cases were Hindu by religion and (58%) belongs to other backward caste. In the study we found majority of patient was illiterate (34.3%). Most common clinical presentation was cough, fever and cough with expectoration, anorexia was reported in (61.9 %) of cases (77%) were cigarette/bidi smokers, 60% were tobacco chewer. Diabetes was reported in (12.4%) cases and (3.8%) cases were HIV positive.
WORLD TUBERCULOSIS DAY MARCH 24 2021.pptxanjalatchi
The document discusses World Tuberculosis Day which occurs on March 24th each year. It notes that the 2021 theme is "The Clock is Ticking" to convey the urgency of acting to end TB. Some key facts about TB are provided, such as that 1.4 million people died from the disease in 2019, 10 million fell ill worldwide, and the 30 highest burden countries account for 87% of new cases. The document outlines definitions, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of TB as well as prevention strategies and challenges in eliminating the disease by 2030.
Farmers Adaptive Capacities to Poverty-Related Diseases in Riverine Communiti...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This document summarizes a research article about farmers' adaptive capacities to poverty-related diseases in riverine communities in Kogi State, Nigeria. The study found that using mosquito nets was a common adaptation measure to reduce diseases like malaria. Off-farm business activities and gender positively impacted malaria occurrence. The determinants of adaptive capacity included education, farming experience, off-farm income, access to credit, and environmental sanitation. The study recommends involving communities in health-related policy decisions affecting them.
This document provides details of an intervention to address intestinal parasite transmission and prevention in Babo Kebele, Ethiopia. It outlines the team members, study objectives and methods, which included providing verbal health information and distributing leaflets to households from June 23-26, 2017. Over half of the 436 planned households received the health information. The intervention addressed factors that increase transmission and prevention methods. Some key challenges included only reaching a portion of the intended households and limitations on evaluating the intervention's effectiveness. Recommendations focused on improving community education outreach.
Patients Knowledge and Attitude towards Tuberculosis in a Rural Setting in Al...inventionjournals
Introduction: Tuberculosis is a major cause of illness worldwide. The burden is rising globally due to poverty, increasing population and HIV/AIDS. In developing countries, poor knowledge and perception of tuberculosis is prevalent, which causes delay in diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis..India has the highest number of TB cases in the world. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted in Rural Health Training Centre, Jawan, of Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College,AMU, Aligarh .A semi structured questionnaire was used to collect data from January- March,2015. A total of 80 subjects ,more than 15 years age group,residents of Jawan,were selected who either had completed tuberculosis treatment or are still on treatment.An informed consent was taken,before starting the questionnaire. Results: shows that out of 80 subjects under study,50% were in age –group 35 to 55 years and 75 % were males. Radio/T.V. was the maximum source of information on tuberculosis (60%), followed by health workers or community workers(50%) .Few subjects got information about T.B. from family members and friends/neighbours. 87.5% of the subjects were aware of the evening rise of temperature inT.B., followed by blood in sputum(80%) and cough more than 3 weeks(42.5%).Regarding causes of T.B.,76.25% of the subjects said that T.B. was due to smoking, followed by alcohol consumption(42.5%). 85% of the subjects knew that T.B. was a communicable disease.70% of the subjects knew that the mode of transmission of T.B. was during coughing.50% of the subjects believed that tuberculosis could be transmitted by sharing of common materials with T.B. patients.70% of the subjects reported that BCG immunization prevented tuberculosis. More than half(55%) of the participants reported that the transmission of T.B. could be prevented by avoiding personal contact with the T.B. patient. Conclusion: The study showed that the knowledge of people relating to T.B. is insufficient in most of the aspects.TB awareness programs should focus on reduction of TB associated stigmas.We need to train our health workers and also educate our masses especially those living in rural areas
The document provides an overview of epidemiology including:
- The definition and origins of epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations.
- Key concepts in epidemiology including rates, ratios, proportions, mortality, morbidity, incidence, prevalence and descriptive vs analytical study methods.
- Descriptive studies examine disease frequency and distribution by person, place and time to identify potential risk factors. Analytical studies further test hypothesized associations between suspected causes and effects.
- Examples of rates and ratios used to measure disease occurrence include crude death rates, case fatality rates, and proportional mortality rates. Incidence and prevalence are used to measure disease frequency and burden.
The document discusses integrated strategies for dengue prevention and control. It outlines the global impact of dengue virus, with 50 million cases each year in over 100 endemic countries. A multi-sectoral approach is needed involving social communication, epidemiological surveillance, entomology, patient care, and laboratories. Key strategies include reducing mosquito breeding sites, using insect repellents, treating patients, and conducting public education campaigns.
Socio-Economic Effect of HIV/AIDS on Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Nyami...paperpublications3
Since the first case of HIV/AIDS was reported in Kenya in 1984 the numbers of those infected have risen and many people have since died or are living with the HIV/AIDS since the epidemic started in 1980s in the drug injecting people and the homosexuals. These deaths have resulted in Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC). This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, with one of the objective of finding out the socio-economic effect of HIV/AIDS on Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Nyamira district. A sample of 384 people participated in the study. The people were through simple random selected from Bonyegwe sublocation of Nyamusi division. Semi-structured interview schedules were used in data collection from the households. To remove ambiguity, the research tools were pre-tested to both HIV/AIDS organizations and householders not in the sample population but with similar characteristics. The research tools were refined and used on the actual sample population. Text, graphs, figures and tables were used in data presentation. The study indicates that those people who had not attained any level of formal education were (17%). The study revealed that householders (40%) had higher proportion of secondary education as compared with members of HIV/AIDS organizations (37%). Most of the members of HIV/AIDS organizations (89%) indicated that farming is their main source of income and a cushion for food security as compared with householders (63%). The ministry of health should strengthen provision of PMTCT services at the ANC clinic so that we prevent more cases of orphans and vulnerable children. The study suggests that in future all mothers who test positive for HIV virus should be put on treatment in order to reduce defaulters at the same time reach sustainable coverage in the provision of HIV/AIDS services to the orphans and vulnerable children in the society.
Compliance to annual ivermectin treatment in abia state,Alexander Decker
The study assessed compliance with annual ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis in Abia State, Nigeria over 14 years. A survey of 558 individuals found that 55.4% had previously taken ivermectin, but only 22.7% of those were "high compliers" who had taken it 8 or more times. The overall percentage of high compliers was 12.6%. Reasons for low compliance included lack of information, no reason for refusal, absence from village, and no distribution. The reasons given did not significantly affect general compliance levels.
New faces of tuberculosis: new chellenges requiring new solutionsJean Jacques Bernatas
TB reflects poverty, and while it accompanies Humankind for 70,000 years, this disease presents new faces for which new solutions must be implemented to move towards TB elimination by 2030. Finally a better coordination between all stakeholders is instrumental for winning this fight.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations. It aims to describe disease frequency, distribution, and causative factors in order to provide data to plan, implement, and evaluate disease prevention and control programs. The epidemiological approach involves asking questions about health events and outcomes in populations, and making comparisons between groups with different exposures to identify risk factors and draw inferences about disease causation.
This document discusses the relationship between epidemiology and public health. It argues that epidemiology has become too focused on identifying disease risk factors and transmission, and has lost sight of its original goal of improving overall population health. It proposes that epidemiology should adopt a more holistic approach that integrates biological, social, and analytical perspectives to better inform public health interventions and policies. Recent decades have seen the growth of international training programs to develop epidemiologists able to address global health challenges.
*World Health Day 2014 Vector Borne Ds - Dr Priya*priya bansal
This presentation deals with occasion of World Health Day "2014 Theme - Vector Borne Diseases::Small Bite Big Threat"
Topics e.g.,
Need to celebrate World Health Day, Important Vector Borne Diseases Situation in Punjab India, Dengue, Malaria & JE situation, Prevention & Control of Arthropods, Challanges in public Health are discussed
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and its role in disease prevention and control. It defines key epidemiological terms and explains that epidemiology is the study of disease distribution, determinants, and application to control health problems in populations. Major historical epidemics are summarized, and principles of epidemiology like distribution, determinants, specified populations, and application are described. Methods of disease prevention and control like source removal, transmission prevention, and general outbreak investigation principles are also outlined. Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic around vaccination, sanitation, healthcare workforce, hospital capacity, hygiene, and awareness are highlighted.
This document discusses HIV/AIDS in three main paragraphs. It begins by explaining what HIV/AIDS is, how it was discovered in 1985, and how this led to many questions. It then discusses how people are searching for an understanding and cure, and questions about preventing mother-to-child transmission. Finally, it notes that children born with HIV/AIDS face challenges in sharing their status due to fears of being treated differently.
This document provides a history of tuberculosis (TB) and efforts to control it. It discusses how TB was a major cause of death in Europe and America until antibiotics were developed in the mid-20th century. Major developments in treating and preventing TB are outlined, including the BCG vaccine and various antibiotic treatments. The document also summarizes global strategies to end TB, barriers to achieving targets, and the need for new tools and political/financial commitment to eliminate TB by 2030.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in India. It notes that India has the highest TB burden in the world, accounting for nearly 1/5 of global cases. Every year approximately 1.8 million people develop TB in India, of which around 800,000 are new smear-positive cases. India also has the fastest expanding DOTS program for treating TB, which has treated over 7.3 million patients since 1997.
This document summarizes a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in Kashmir, India that examined hepatitis B knowledge and vaccination status among the local population aged 18 and older. The study found that only 10.2% of participants had heard of hepatitis B prior to the study. Of those aware, 37.6% knew modes of transmission but knowledge of prevention methods was lower. Just 2% of participants had received the hepatitis B vaccine, with only 27% of those completing all three doses. Given these low levels of knowledge and vaccination, the study concludes there is a need for public health education campaigns in Kashmir to increase awareness and prevention of hepatitis B.
This document discusses a study on factors predisposing to tuberculosis (TB) drug resistance in Londiani Sub County Hospital. It aims to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of TB patients, their knowledge of completing drug dosages, and the relationship between drug-resistant TB and other illnesses. The study justification is that TB remains a major global public health issue, with drug-resistant strains complicating treatment. The objectives are to describe TB patients and understand how knowledge and comorbidities influence drug resistance. The study will be limited to consenting patients at the hospital and provide practical and theoretical significance.
A study on clinical presentation and various risk factors associated with pht...IjcmsdrJournal
Background: Tuberculosis is one of the most ancient infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The population most affected is the young and economically productive one. The social factors include poor quality of life, poor housing, overcrowding, population explosion, under nutrition, lack of education, and last but not the least lack of awareness of cause of illness.
Aims and Objectives:
1. To study the clinical presentation of tuberculosis in patients.
2. To study various risk factors of tuberculosis.
Material and Methods: This study was conducted at selected designated microscopic centre (DMCs) Kanpur Nagar district has a population of 45.73lakh ( Census 2011).All the patients who were registered in the selected DMCs in the last one month of the year 2016 ( between April and May) were taken into consideration for the present study. Data was collected on predesigned and pretested questionnaire using direct personal interview method of patients at DMCs on the DOTS days of the week i.e Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Informed consent of the study subjects was taken before interview. A total of 105 registered patients were interviewed personally and also the treatment card of patients was obtained from their respective DMCs.
Results: Out of 105 cases of tuberculosis which reported at DMCs maximum no. of patients belongs to age group between 21-40 yrs of age group (58%). Majority of cases were married (65.7%) cases. (62%) cases were Hindu by religion and (58%) belongs to other backward caste. In the study we found majority of patient was illiterate (34.3%). Most common clinical presentation was cough, fever and cough with expectoration, anorexia was reported in (61.9 %) of cases (77%) were cigarette/bidi smokers, 60% were tobacco chewer. Diabetes was reported in (12.4%) cases and (3.8%) cases were HIV positive.
WORLD TUBERCULOSIS DAY MARCH 24 2021.pptxanjalatchi
The document discusses World Tuberculosis Day which occurs on March 24th each year. It notes that the 2021 theme is "The Clock is Ticking" to convey the urgency of acting to end TB. Some key facts about TB are provided, such as that 1.4 million people died from the disease in 2019, 10 million fell ill worldwide, and the 30 highest burden countries account for 87% of new cases. The document outlines definitions, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of TB as well as prevention strategies and challenges in eliminating the disease by 2030.
Farmers Adaptive Capacities to Poverty-Related Diseases in Riverine Communiti...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This document summarizes a research article about farmers' adaptive capacities to poverty-related diseases in riverine communities in Kogi State, Nigeria. The study found that using mosquito nets was a common adaptation measure to reduce diseases like malaria. Off-farm business activities and gender positively impacted malaria occurrence. The determinants of adaptive capacity included education, farming experience, off-farm income, access to credit, and environmental sanitation. The study recommends involving communities in health-related policy decisions affecting them.
This document provides details of an intervention to address intestinal parasite transmission and prevention in Babo Kebele, Ethiopia. It outlines the team members, study objectives and methods, which included providing verbal health information and distributing leaflets to households from June 23-26, 2017. Over half of the 436 planned households received the health information. The intervention addressed factors that increase transmission and prevention methods. Some key challenges included only reaching a portion of the intended households and limitations on evaluating the intervention's effectiveness. Recommendations focused on improving community education outreach.
Patients Knowledge and Attitude towards Tuberculosis in a Rural Setting in Al...inventionjournals
Introduction: Tuberculosis is a major cause of illness worldwide. The burden is rising globally due to poverty, increasing population and HIV/AIDS. In developing countries, poor knowledge and perception of tuberculosis is prevalent, which causes delay in diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis..India has the highest number of TB cases in the world. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted in Rural Health Training Centre, Jawan, of Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College,AMU, Aligarh .A semi structured questionnaire was used to collect data from January- March,2015. A total of 80 subjects ,more than 15 years age group,residents of Jawan,were selected who either had completed tuberculosis treatment or are still on treatment.An informed consent was taken,before starting the questionnaire. Results: shows that out of 80 subjects under study,50% were in age –group 35 to 55 years and 75 % were males. Radio/T.V. was the maximum source of information on tuberculosis (60%), followed by health workers or community workers(50%) .Few subjects got information about T.B. from family members and friends/neighbours. 87.5% of the subjects were aware of the evening rise of temperature inT.B., followed by blood in sputum(80%) and cough more than 3 weeks(42.5%).Regarding causes of T.B.,76.25% of the subjects said that T.B. was due to smoking, followed by alcohol consumption(42.5%). 85% of the subjects knew that T.B. was a communicable disease.70% of the subjects knew that the mode of transmission of T.B. was during coughing.50% of the subjects believed that tuberculosis could be transmitted by sharing of common materials with T.B. patients.70% of the subjects reported that BCG immunization prevented tuberculosis. More than half(55%) of the participants reported that the transmission of T.B. could be prevented by avoiding personal contact with the T.B. patient. Conclusion: The study showed that the knowledge of people relating to T.B. is insufficient in most of the aspects.TB awareness programs should focus on reduction of TB associated stigmas.We need to train our health workers and also educate our masses especially those living in rural areas
The document provides an overview of epidemiology including:
- The definition and origins of epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations.
- Key concepts in epidemiology including rates, ratios, proportions, mortality, morbidity, incidence, prevalence and descriptive vs analytical study methods.
- Descriptive studies examine disease frequency and distribution by person, place and time to identify potential risk factors. Analytical studies further test hypothesized associations between suspected causes and effects.
- Examples of rates and ratios used to measure disease occurrence include crude death rates, case fatality rates, and proportional mortality rates. Incidence and prevalence are used to measure disease frequency and burden.
The document discusses integrated strategies for dengue prevention and control. It outlines the global impact of dengue virus, with 50 million cases each year in over 100 endemic countries. A multi-sectoral approach is needed involving social communication, epidemiological surveillance, entomology, patient care, and laboratories. Key strategies include reducing mosquito breeding sites, using insect repellents, treating patients, and conducting public education campaigns.
Socio-Economic Effect of HIV/AIDS on Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Nyami...paperpublications3
Since the first case of HIV/AIDS was reported in Kenya in 1984 the numbers of those infected have risen and many people have since died or are living with the HIV/AIDS since the epidemic started in 1980s in the drug injecting people and the homosexuals. These deaths have resulted in Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC). This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, with one of the objective of finding out the socio-economic effect of HIV/AIDS on Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Nyamira district. A sample of 384 people participated in the study. The people were through simple random selected from Bonyegwe sublocation of Nyamusi division. Semi-structured interview schedules were used in data collection from the households. To remove ambiguity, the research tools were pre-tested to both HIV/AIDS organizations and householders not in the sample population but with similar characteristics. The research tools were refined and used on the actual sample population. Text, graphs, figures and tables were used in data presentation. The study indicates that those people who had not attained any level of formal education were (17%). The study revealed that householders (40%) had higher proportion of secondary education as compared with members of HIV/AIDS organizations (37%). Most of the members of HIV/AIDS organizations (89%) indicated that farming is their main source of income and a cushion for food security as compared with householders (63%). The ministry of health should strengthen provision of PMTCT services at the ANC clinic so that we prevent more cases of orphans and vulnerable children. The study suggests that in future all mothers who test positive for HIV virus should be put on treatment in order to reduce defaulters at the same time reach sustainable coverage in the provision of HIV/AIDS services to the orphans and vulnerable children in the society.
Compliance to annual ivermectin treatment in abia state,Alexander Decker
The study assessed compliance with annual ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis in Abia State, Nigeria over 14 years. A survey of 558 individuals found that 55.4% had previously taken ivermectin, but only 22.7% of those were "high compliers" who had taken it 8 or more times. The overall percentage of high compliers was 12.6%. Reasons for low compliance included lack of information, no reason for refusal, absence from village, and no distribution. The reasons given did not significantly affect general compliance levels.
New faces of tuberculosis: new chellenges requiring new solutionsJean Jacques Bernatas
TB reflects poverty, and while it accompanies Humankind for 70,000 years, this disease presents new faces for which new solutions must be implemented to move towards TB elimination by 2030. Finally a better coordination between all stakeholders is instrumental for winning this fight.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations. It aims to describe disease frequency, distribution, and causative factors in order to provide data to plan, implement, and evaluate disease prevention and control programs. The epidemiological approach involves asking questions about health events and outcomes in populations, and making comparisons between groups with different exposures to identify risk factors and draw inferences about disease causation.
This document discusses the relationship between epidemiology and public health. It argues that epidemiology has become too focused on identifying disease risk factors and transmission, and has lost sight of its original goal of improving overall population health. It proposes that epidemiology should adopt a more holistic approach that integrates biological, social, and analytical perspectives to better inform public health interventions and policies. Recent decades have seen the growth of international training programs to develop epidemiologists able to address global health challenges.
*World Health Day 2014 Vector Borne Ds - Dr Priya*priya bansal
This presentation deals with occasion of World Health Day "2014 Theme - Vector Borne Diseases::Small Bite Big Threat"
Topics e.g.,
Need to celebrate World Health Day, Important Vector Borne Diseases Situation in Punjab India, Dengue, Malaria & JE situation, Prevention & Control of Arthropods, Challanges in public Health are discussed
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and its role in disease prevention and control. It defines key epidemiological terms and explains that epidemiology is the study of disease distribution, determinants, and application to control health problems in populations. Major historical epidemics are summarized, and principles of epidemiology like distribution, determinants, specified populations, and application are described. Methods of disease prevention and control like source removal, transmission prevention, and general outbreak investigation principles are also outlined. Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic around vaccination, sanitation, healthcare workforce, hospital capacity, hygiene, and awareness are highlighted.
This document discusses HIV/AIDS in three main paragraphs. It begins by explaining what HIV/AIDS is, how it was discovered in 1985, and how this led to many questions. It then discusses how people are searching for an understanding and cure, and questions about preventing mother-to-child transmission. Finally, it notes that children born with HIV/AIDS face challenges in sharing their status due to fears of being treated differently.
This document provides a history of tuberculosis (TB) and efforts to control it. It discusses how TB was a major cause of death in Europe and America until antibiotics were developed in the mid-20th century. Major developments in treating and preventing TB are outlined, including the BCG vaccine and various antibiotic treatments. The document also summarizes global strategies to end TB, barriers to achieving targets, and the need for new tools and political/financial commitment to eliminate TB by 2030.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in India. It notes that India has the highest TB burden in the world, accounting for nearly 1/5 of global cases. Every year approximately 1.8 million people develop TB in India, of which around 800,000 are new smear-positive cases. India also has the fastest expanding DOTS program for treating TB, which has treated over 7.3 million patients since 1997.
Similar to It is the research of the critique2.pptx (20)
Build applications with generative AI on Google CloudMárton Kodok
We will explore Vertex AI - Model Garden powered experiences, we are going to learn more about the integration of these generative AI APIs. We are going to see in action what the Gemini family of generative models are for developers to build and deploy AI-driven applications. Vertex AI includes a suite of foundation models, these are referred to as the PaLM and Gemini family of generative ai models, and they come in different versions. We are going to cover how to use via API to: - execute prompts in text and chat - cover multimodal use cases with image prompts. - finetune and distill to improve knowledge domains - run function calls with foundation models to optimize them for specific tasks. At the end of the session, developers will understand how to innovate with generative AI and develop apps using the generative ai industry trends.
4th Modern Marketing Reckoner by MMA Global India & Group M: 60+ experts on W...Social Samosa
The Modern Marketing Reckoner (MMR) is a comprehensive resource packed with POVs from 60+ industry leaders on how AI is transforming the 4 key pillars of marketing – product, place, price and promotions.
End-to-end pipeline agility - Berlin Buzzwords 2024Lars Albertsson
We describe how we achieve high change agility in data engineering by eliminating the fear of breaking downstream data pipelines through end-to-end pipeline testing, and by using schema metaprogramming to safely eliminate boilerplate involved in changes that affect whole pipelines.
A quick poll on agility in changing pipelines from end to end indicated a huge span in capabilities. For the question "How long time does it take for all downstream pipelines to be adapted to an upstream change," the median response was 6 months, but some respondents could do it in less than a day. When quantitative data engineering differences between the best and worst are measured, the span is often 100x-1000x, sometimes even more.
A long time ago, we suffered at Spotify from fear of changing pipelines due to not knowing what the impact might be downstream. We made plans for a technical solution to test pipelines end-to-end to mitigate that fear, but the effort failed for cultural reasons. We eventually solved this challenge, but in a different context. In this presentation we will describe how we test full pipelines effectively by manipulating workflow orchestration, which enables us to make changes in pipelines without fear of breaking downstream.
Making schema changes that affect many jobs also involves a lot of toil and boilerplate. Using schema-on-read mitigates some of it, but has drawbacks since it makes it more difficult to detect errors early. We will describe how we have rejected this tradeoff by applying schema metaprogramming, eliminating boilerplate but keeping the protection of static typing, thereby further improving agility to quickly modify data pipelines without fear.
"Financial Odyssey: Navigating Past Performance Through Diverse Analytical Lens"sameer shah
Embark on a captivating financial journey with 'Financial Odyssey,' our hackathon project. Delve deep into the past performance of two companies as we employ an array of financial statement analysis techniques. From ratio analysis to trend analysis, uncover insights crucial for informed decision-making in the dynamic world of finance."
Codeless Generative AI Pipelines
(GenAI with Milvus)
https://ml.dssconf.pl/user.html#!/lecture/DSSML24-041a/rate
Discover the potential of real-time streaming in the context of GenAI as we delve into the intricacies of Apache NiFi and its capabilities. Learn how this tool can significantly simplify the data engineering workflow for GenAI applications, allowing you to focus on the creative aspects rather than the technical complexities. I will guide you through practical examples and use cases, showing the impact of automation on prompt building. From data ingestion to transformation and delivery, witness how Apache NiFi streamlines the entire pipeline, ensuring a smooth and hassle-free experience.
Timothy Spann
https://www.youtube.com/@FLaNK-Stack
https://medium.com/@tspann
https://www.datainmotion.dev/
milvus, unstructured data, vector database, zilliz, cloud, vectors, python, deep learning, generative ai, genai, nifi, kafka, flink, streaming, iot, edge
Global Situational Awareness of A.I. and where its headedvikram sood
You can see the future first in San Francisco.
Over the past year, the talk of the town has shifted from $10 billion compute clusters to $100 billion clusters to trillion-dollar clusters. Every six months another zero is added to the boardroom plans. Behind the scenes, there’s a fierce scramble to secure every power contract still available for the rest of the decade, every voltage transformer that can possibly be procured. American big business is gearing up to pour trillions of dollars into a long-unseen mobilization of American industrial might. By the end of the decade, American electricity production will have grown tens of percent; from the shale fields of Pennsylvania to the solar farms of Nevada, hundreds of millions of GPUs will hum.
The AGI race has begun. We are building machines that can think and reason. By 2025/26, these machines will outpace college graduates. By the end of the decade, they will be smarter than you or I; we will have superintelligence, in the true sense of the word. Along the way, national security forces not seen in half a century will be un-leashed, and before long, The Project will be on. If we’re lucky, we’ll be in an all-out race with the CCP; if we’re unlucky, an all-out war.
Everyone is now talking about AI, but few have the faintest glimmer of what is about to hit them. Nvidia analysts still think 2024 might be close to the peak. Mainstream pundits are stuck on the wilful blindness of “it’s just predicting the next word”. They see only hype and business-as-usual; at most they entertain another internet-scale technological change.
Before long, the world will wake up. But right now, there are perhaps a few hundred people, most of them in San Francisco and the AI labs, that have situational awareness. Through whatever peculiar forces of fate, I have found myself amongst them. A few years ago, these people were derided as crazy—but they trusted the trendlines, which allowed them to correctly predict the AI advances of the past few years. Whether these people are also right about the next few years remains to be seen. But these are very smart people—the smartest people I have ever met—and they are the ones building this technology. Perhaps they will be an odd footnote in history, or perhaps they will go down in history like Szilard and Oppenheimer and Teller. If they are seeing the future even close to correctly, we are in for a wild ride.
Let me tell you what we see.
The Ipsos - AI - Monitor 2024 Report.pdfSocial Samosa
According to Ipsos AI Monitor's 2024 report, 65% Indians said that products and services using AI have profoundly changed their daily life in the past 3-5 years.
ViewShift: Hassle-free Dynamic Policy Enforcement for Every Data LakeWalaa Eldin Moustafa
Dynamic policy enforcement is becoming an increasingly important topic in today’s world where data privacy and compliance is a top priority for companies, individuals, and regulators alike. In these slides, we discuss how LinkedIn implements a powerful dynamic policy enforcement engine, called ViewShift, and integrates it within its data lake. We show the query engine architecture and how catalog implementations can automatically route table resolutions to compliance-enforcing SQL views. Such views have a set of very interesting properties: (1) They are auto-generated from declarative data annotations. (2) They respect user-level consent and preferences (3) They are context-aware, encoding a different set of transformations for different use cases (4) They are portable; while the SQL logic is only implemented in one SQL dialect, it is accessible in all engines.
#SQL #Views #Privacy #Compliance #DataLake
Population Growth in Bataan: The effects of population growth around rural pl...
It is the research of the critique2.pptx
1. Authors: Mohamed Ali Yusuf Isleged
Published: September 2022
Journal: Integrated Journal for Research
in Arts and Humanities, Volume-2 Issue-5
By
Saeed Yusuf Kahiye
Community Knowledge, Attitude and Practices
towards Tuberculosis among Household Heads in
Mogadishu, Somalia
2. • Community Knowledge, Attitude and
Practices towards Tuberculosis among
Household Heads in Mogadishu, Somalia
3. ABSTRACT
• Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that reappears after they
have been on a significant decline occurring worldwide
and a source of multi-billion- dollar loss and human fatality
yearly. The situation is worse in developing countries like
Somalia, where lower knowledge, attitude, and practice
(KAP) of the people is impending.
• A cross sectional survey was conducted between January
2022 and June 2022 to assess the knowledge, attitude and
practices towards tuberculosis among 171 household
heads in Wadajir district Mogadishu, Somalia. A structured
questionnaire was designed, pretested and self-
administered to household heads. Human TB was
recognized by 157(91.8 %) of household heads, while only
34(19.9%) had heard of animal TB. In the present study,
121(70.8%) of household heads had not considered bovine
Tb as zoonosis.
4. Continue.
• Majorities of respondents indicated that they have acquired the
awareness about TB from Family/neighbors that accounts for
about 80(46.8%), and only 38(22.2%) of them got information from
radio/TV. Knowledge on the infectious cause of human and animal
TB was known by 4.7%. However, misperceptions such as weather
and toxins were also implicated as causes of human TB. In the
present study, a significant proportion (48.5%) of the study
population used to consume raw milk that was studied as the
sources of infection to TB.
• Herein, the majority of household heads have indicated inhalation
(57.3%) and contacts (23.4%) as means of transmission of human
tuberculosis and only (15.7%) of respondents mentioned
consuming raw animal products.
• In conclusion, as the bovine tuberculosis is less aware as well as
misperception about cause, ways of transmission and prevention
towards human tuberculosis on household heads. Thus, it is highly
necessary to convey public health education to assemble public
awareness about the transmission, etiology, predisposing factors of
infection and its prevention and control in the study area.
6. Introduction
• Tuberculosis (TB) is a re-emerging disease occurring
worldwide and causing multi-billion-dollar loss and
human death annually. The disease affects both
humans and animals caused by a group of bacteria
called Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex of
different species, including Mycobacterium
tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis,(Kaneene, J.
and de Kantor,I.2009) M. tuberculosis (mTB) primarily
causes TB in humans, whereas M. bovis predominantly
affects cattle causing bovine tuberculosis. It is the
cause of Zoonotic TB in humans that can spread from
infected vertebrate animals to humans .
7. • Tuberculosis is recognized as one of the most important threat to
human and animal health causing mortality, morbidity and economic
losses. Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major public health threats
globally and cause infection among billions of peoples each year and
ranks as second leading cause of death from an infectious disease
worldwide after HIV/AIDS. It is a reemerging disease and a significant
health problem in human and animal caused by a group of bacteria
called Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). It signifies
different species including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and
Mycobacterium bovis. M. tuberculosis (MTB) primarily causes TB in
humans whereas M. bovis predominantly affects cattle causing bovine
tuberculosis (W. and Rahman,M.T. 2014).
8. Control and Prevention
• Tuberculosis needs to be prevented and controlled because
it causes loss of productivity in animals infected; there is
risk of infection to humans. However, because of financial
constraints, scarcity of trained professionals, lack of
political will, as well as the underestimation of the
importance of zoonotic tuberculosis in both the animal and
public health sectors by national governments and donor
agencies, control measures are not applied or are applied
inadequately in most developing countries [33]. Standard
public health measures used to manage patients with
contagious M. tuberculosis should be applied to contagious
patients with M. bovis to stop person-person transmission
9. TREATMENT IN HUMAN
• Treatment In human tuberculosis, drugs like
isoniazid, combinations of streptomycin and
para-aminosalicylic and other acids are
commonly used. The treatment of animals
with tuberculosis is not a favored option in
eradication conscious countries and is not
economical.
10. The objectives of the study
TO Assess the Community Knowledge, Attitude and Practices
towards Tuberculosis among Household Heads in Mogadishu,
Somalia
11. Methodology I
5/18/2024
11
Study design Cross-sectional study
Study setting Wadajir district, Mogadishu Somali.
Study Population The total population of the study was 300 from household heads.
people
Sample size total sample of 171 .
Data collection Method face-to-face personal interview method
Data collection tool Questionnaire, An informed interviewer visits each respondent.
Dependent Variable Practices towards Tuberculosis
12. Methodology II
5/18/2024 12
Independent
Variables
Knowledge, Attitude and practice
Data Analysis
the data was be analyzed through descriptive analyze
to describe the knowledge, attitude and practice
towards human and bovine TB, by using statistical
package for Social Science technique (SPSS 20.0). The
statistical package analyzed variables by computing
relative frequencies, percentages and was represented
tables to produce valid and reliable data.
SPSS 20.0
The statistical
computing relative
frequencies &
percentages
13. RESULTS
• According to the above table the respondents were 157(91.8%) said yes
that they have heard human tuberculosis, 14(8.2%) were said no.
Therefore, the majority of the household heads heard the human Tb this is
because hospitals report cases of Tb and is common between families and
neighbors.
• According to the above table the respondents were 34(19.9%) said yes
and 137(80.1%) were said no that they have not heard Bovine tuberculosis
(Tb). Therefore, the majority of the respondents didn’t hear the bovine
tuberculosis this is due to the limited knowledge of Bovine Tb.
14. RESULTS
According to the above table the respondents were 50(29.2%) said yes, 121(70.8%)
were said no that they have not consider bovine Tb as zoonosis. Therefore, the
majority of the respondents didn’t consider bovine tuberculosis as zoonosis and this
is due to little knowledge of zoonotic diseases.
According to the above table the respondents were 128(74.9%) said yes that Tb
only affects human, 43(25.1%) were said no. Therefore, the majority of the
respondents had believed that Tb affects only people.
15. According to the above table the respondents were 38(22.2%) responded
radio/Tv, 80(46.8%) were answered family and neighbors, 29(17.0) were got
information from social media and 24(14.0%) were get source of information
from multiple sources. Therefore the majority of the respondents were get
information from family and neighbors and this is due to limited information
shared for this community in terms of zoonotic diseases.
16. According to the above table the respondents were 98(57.3%) responded
inhalation, 27(15.7%) were said from animals, 40(23.4%) were said through
contacts, 6(3.7%) were answered don’t know mode of transmission of Tb.
Therefore, the majority of the respondents were answered that the inhalation
is the mode of transmission of Tb.
17. According to the above table the respondents were 8(4.7%) answered
bacteria, 47(27.5%) were said toxin, 101(59.0%) were said weather, 15(8.8%)
were answered don’t know the cause. Therefore, the majority of the
respondents were answered that the cause of Tb was weather.
18. According to the above table the respondents were 107(62.6%) answer
coughing 2 weeks, 21(12.3%) were said chest pain, 15(8.7%) were said blood
tinged sputum, 28(16.4%) were answer weight loss. Therefore, the majority
of the respondents were answered that symptoms of human Tb were
coughing more than 2 weeks.
19. According to the above table the respondents were 9(5.3%) answer
Use of cooked/boiled animal product, 82(47.9%) were said early
treatment, 39(22.8%) were said Separating sleeping room, 41(24.0%)
were answered Avoid sharing of utensils. Therefore, the majority of
the respondents were answered that the prevention methods
adopted was early treatment of Tb.
20.
21.
22. DISCUSSION
• The study had provided information regarding the
knowledge, attitude and practices of household heads
towards tuberculosis in Mogadishu, Somalia.
• The current study revealed that Human TB was highly
recognized by (91.8%) of cattle farmers, while only (19.9%)
had heard of bovine tuberculosis. Similarly, to this report,
very impressive awareness on human TB among was
recorded in study done in Addis Ababa city of Ethiopia [2],
Mysore city of India [38], and in Vellore of India [39], who
found a high awareness on human TB among the
community.
• The low recognition about bovine TB noted in the present
23. DISCUSSION
• study closely agrees 29.7 % reported by [40] on
TB occurrence in animals across study population
in southern part of Ethiopia.
• In addition, [41] reported as high as 60.4% of
respondents not to have heard of bovine
tuberculosis from Zambia. The awareness
difference seen in the current study between the
two types of Tuberculosis might be a throwing
back of remarkable educational attempts towards
the human tuberculosis through various mass
communications
24. Conclusion
• Commonly, majority of household heads in Mogadishu
recognized human tuberculosis as compared to bovine
tuberculosis. However, they had little information
about the cause of TB, as a considerable number of the
participants do not know or apparent that cold toxin as
the cause of the disease.
• Moreover, large numbers of household heads were
unaware about the cause of TB and the key routes of
its transmission from infected organisms to others.
• Therefore, human Tuberculosis awareness promotion
strategy should be operated along with bovine
Tuberculosis under a One Health umbrella.
25. RECOMMENDATIONS
• Based on above conclusions the following
recommendations are forwarded: -
• • It would be better to establish an appropriate control
measure such as establishing proper information,
education, and a communication pathway that indicate
the level of severity of the disease.
• • Creating proper awareness about its cause,
transmission, prevention, and availability of public
service should be in place.
• • Human TB awareness creation strategy should be
operated along with bovine TB under a One Health
concept.
26. Cont.
• The government should give attention to bovine
tuberculosis as equal with human TB by formulating
strategies as well as policy to break the path ways
of it.
• The plan should start from grass root level by
creating awareness to livestock owners and
consumers about the diseases.
To achieve this, community health education about
transmission, control, and prevention of human and
bovine TB should be integrated with the animal
health care system.
28. Title
5/18/2024
28
Community Knowledge, Attitude and
Practices towards Tuberculosis among
Household Heads in Mogadishu, Somalia.
strength
o It reflects the study objectives well
o It draws the attention of the reader
Weakness
o long
Suggestion
o “ Knowledge Attitude and Practices of
Tuberculosis in Mogadishu, Somalia”
29. Abstract
5/18/2024 29
Strengths Points
o The Abstract is Well designed and easy to
follow
o represents the most useful information on
the results section in summary.
o Conclusion was made from the study
findings
o It reflects the major study findings
32. Area Strengths Weakness Suggestion
Study
design
appropriate and best to
answer study objective
Study site Described very well State the reason
Study
Population
Described very well
Sample size Enough S. size used
Sampling Purposive sampling
Methodology I
32
34. Results I
5/18/2024 34
Strengths:
o All results were from the study objectives
o All results were generated from the study methods
o All assessed factors have results
o Tables and figures were used to present results and
appropriately named
o Appropriate measures of association were used
o Results were in a logical manner and summarized well
Weakness:
None
Suggestion:
o None
