The Arabs used “thaqaf” in several meanings; Some of them
refer to spiritual matters such as acumen, intelligence, speed and
understanding of knowledge, and some refer to a sensory
meaning such as straightening the crooked, and leveling. Hence,
the concept of linguistic culture is broad and diverse.
The idiomatic definition of Culture:
“The totality of sciences, knowledge, and arts in which
knowledge and skill are sought.”
This document discusses the history and development of Islamic culture. It outlines three stages in the development of Islamic culture: 1) the birth and growth period from the time of the Prophet Muhammad until two and a half centuries after hijra, where Islamic sciences like tafsir, hadith, and jurisprudence emerged; 2) a period of great progress from the third to tenth centuries CE across many fields of knowledge and arts; and 3) a stage of weakness and recession after the 11th century where the Muslim world experienced intellectual stagnation. The document also identifies key factors that contributed to the strong scholarly tradition in early Islamic culture, such as the Quran's emphasis on knowledge, freedom of intellectual inquiry, and equality of opportunity
This document provides an overview of African spirituality from a lecture presentation. It discusses why African spirituality should be studied, outlines three approaches to tradition, and addresses common misconceptions. Key aspects of African spirituality covered include its basis in African culture and religion, monotheism centered around a High God, the role of ancestors and community, and ethical values like ubuntu. The document uses examples and concepts from various African cultures and concludes by emphasizing the importance of a holistic worldview for addressing health issues.
Islamic Studies_ Understanding the Fundamentals of Islam.pptxMbzuh University
Islamic Studies is a vast and fascinating academic discipline that provides a deeper understanding of Islam, its culture, and society. It is essential for anyone who wants to learn about Islam and its contributions to the world. For more information, visit: https://www.mbzuh.ac.ae/college-of-islamic-studies/
Political Islam and its discrimination with Salafism in contemporary ages: fi...malisahmad
Political Islam and its discrimination with Salafism in contemporary ages: fields, opportunities and challenges
Author
Mahmud Fallah (graduated from Qum Seminary and Ph.D student in political sciences)
Political Islam and its discrimination with Salafism in contemporary ages: fi...ezra lioyd
This document contains summaries of several papers presented at a conference on political Islam and Salafism. The papers address topics such as Abu Hanifa's views on the Umayyad dynasty, the dangers of Takfiri movements, strategies for countering Takfiri movements, Sayyid Qutb's views on Takfir (excommunication), violations of women's rights by Takfiri movements, and active Takfiri movements in Pakistan and strategies to counter them. The papers utilize analytical and descriptive research methods and aim to analyze various thinkers' perspectives on Takfiri movements and strategies to promote unity among Islamic schools of thought and counter the influence of Takfiri ideology.
Islamic culture and civilization are rooted in the religion of Islam and share common beliefs, practices, and history. Some key aspects of Islamic culture include customs related to clothing, food, festivals, marriage, art, architecture, music, and the emphasis on the five pillars of Islam. Islamic civilization flourished through its openness to integrating elements of other cultures while protecting the purity of its own language, religion, and law. It made significant contributions to science, knowledge, justice, and human welfare through its balanced emphasis on both material and spiritual development. While Islamic civilization once led in many areas, it now faces challenges in its relationship with the global community and in providing economic stability, leading some to explore Islamic-based alternatives.
Islamic culture and civilization developed from common religious beliefs and practices stemming from the religion of Islam. Some key aspects of Islamic culture include customs related to clothing, food, festivals, marriage, art and architecture. Islamic civilization flourished due to factors like geographical conditions, economic resources, political systems, moral traditions, and advancements in science and arts. It developed an open yet cautious approach, borrowing elements from other cultures but protecting the purity of its own religion, language, and laws. Today, misunderstandings of Islam present challenges, so Muslim scholars must clarify teachings and address issues to improve relations with other communities.
This document discusses the history and development of Islamic culture. It outlines three stages in the development of Islamic culture: 1) the birth and growth period from the time of the Prophet Muhammad until two and a half centuries after hijra, where Islamic sciences like tafsir, hadith, and jurisprudence emerged; 2) a period of great progress from the third to tenth centuries CE across many fields of knowledge and arts; and 3) a stage of weakness and recession after the 11th century where the Muslim world experienced intellectual stagnation. The document also identifies key factors that contributed to the strong scholarly tradition in early Islamic culture, such as the Quran's emphasis on knowledge, freedom of intellectual inquiry, and equality of opportunity
This document provides an overview of African spirituality from a lecture presentation. It discusses why African spirituality should be studied, outlines three approaches to tradition, and addresses common misconceptions. Key aspects of African spirituality covered include its basis in African culture and religion, monotheism centered around a High God, the role of ancestors and community, and ethical values like ubuntu. The document uses examples and concepts from various African cultures and concludes by emphasizing the importance of a holistic worldview for addressing health issues.
Islamic Studies_ Understanding the Fundamentals of Islam.pptxMbzuh University
Islamic Studies is a vast and fascinating academic discipline that provides a deeper understanding of Islam, its culture, and society. It is essential for anyone who wants to learn about Islam and its contributions to the world. For more information, visit: https://www.mbzuh.ac.ae/college-of-islamic-studies/
Political Islam and its discrimination with Salafism in contemporary ages: fi...malisahmad
Political Islam and its discrimination with Salafism in contemporary ages: fields, opportunities and challenges
Author
Mahmud Fallah (graduated from Qum Seminary and Ph.D student in political sciences)
Political Islam and its discrimination with Salafism in contemporary ages: fi...ezra lioyd
This document contains summaries of several papers presented at a conference on political Islam and Salafism. The papers address topics such as Abu Hanifa's views on the Umayyad dynasty, the dangers of Takfiri movements, strategies for countering Takfiri movements, Sayyid Qutb's views on Takfir (excommunication), violations of women's rights by Takfiri movements, and active Takfiri movements in Pakistan and strategies to counter them. The papers utilize analytical and descriptive research methods and aim to analyze various thinkers' perspectives on Takfiri movements and strategies to promote unity among Islamic schools of thought and counter the influence of Takfiri ideology.
Islamic culture and civilization are rooted in the religion of Islam and share common beliefs, practices, and history. Some key aspects of Islamic culture include customs related to clothing, food, festivals, marriage, art, architecture, music, and the emphasis on the five pillars of Islam. Islamic civilization flourished through its openness to integrating elements of other cultures while protecting the purity of its own language, religion, and law. It made significant contributions to science, knowledge, justice, and human welfare through its balanced emphasis on both material and spiritual development. While Islamic civilization once led in many areas, it now faces challenges in its relationship with the global community and in providing economic stability, leading some to explore Islamic-based alternatives.
Islamic culture and civilization developed from common religious beliefs and practices stemming from the religion of Islam. Some key aspects of Islamic culture include customs related to clothing, food, festivals, marriage, art and architecture. Islamic civilization flourished due to factors like geographical conditions, economic resources, political systems, moral traditions, and advancements in science and arts. It developed an open yet cautious approach, borrowing elements from other cultures but protecting the purity of its own religion, language, and laws. Today, misunderstandings of Islam present challenges, so Muslim scholars must clarify teachings and address issues to improve relations with other communities.
This oral presentation covers various topics in anthropology including the biological and cultural evolution of humans, the development of societies from early hunter-gatherer groups to modern industrial and post-industrial societies, concepts of culture, social groups, institutions, education, religion, social stratification, and responses to social and political change. It is presented by Sir Caloy and aims to provide a holistic overview of anthropological perspectives and the value of anthropology in understanding what it means to be human.
The document discusses the need to "Islamize knowledge" by separating elements of Western civilization from knowledge as it is currently conceived and taught. It argues that Western knowledge has been shaped by dualistic, secular, and humanist elements that do not represent the true purpose and vision of knowledge according to Islam. Islamizing knowledge means establishing the correct epistemological foundations and categories of knowledge based on Islamic principles, and de-Westernizing fields of study by evaluating them according to an Islamic worldview rather than through Western lenses. This process may require reforming the methodologies, assumptions, and philosophies of various academic disciplines as well as the institutions that teach them.
Exploring Islamic Philosophy: Unveiling its Background, Key Concepts, Origina...maryam Rashid
Islamic philosophy, a vibrant and intellectually rich tradition, represents a synthesis of diverse philosophical currents within the Islamic world. Rooted in the Islamic Golden Age, this philosophical discourse emerged as scholars sought to reconcile the tenets of Islamic theology with the wisdom of classical Greek, Persian, and Indian philosophical traditions.
At its core, Islamic philosophy engages with fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, morality, and the divine. The synthesis of reason ('aql) and revelation (naql) is a defining characteristic, emphasizing the compatibility of rational inquiry with Islamic teachings. Scholars within this tradition have explored a wide array of topics, including metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, and theology.
Key concepts in Islamic philosophy include the nature of God, the relationship between faith and reason, the concept of free will, and the pursuit of virtue. Intellectual luminaries like Al-Farabi, Avicenna, and Averroes played pivotal roles in shaping this philosophical tradition, contributing to its development and dissemination.
Islamic philosophy's strengths lie in its encouragement of critical thinking and intellectual exploration. The integration of diverse philosophical traditions provides a comprehensive worldview, allowing scholars to approach complex metaphysical and ethical questions with nuance. The tradition also seeks to harmonize reason and revelation, fostering a holistic understanding of the world.
However, Islamic philosophy faces certain limitations. Tensions between reason and orthodoxy within Islamic scholarship, as well as reservations about the assimilation of external philosophical ideas, pose challenges. Additionally, external factors such as geopolitical dynamics and colonial legacies may impact the extent to which Islamic philosophy can flourish in contemporary contexts.
In summary, Islamic philosophy stands as a testament to the intellectual curiosity and synthesis of diverse traditions within the Islamic world. It continues to be a source of exploration, providing a framework for scholars to engage in profound inquiries that bridge the realms of reason and spirituality.
Ali Shariati.docx by Irfan Haider Khairvi LaYirFan
Dr. Ali Shariati was an influential 20th century Islamist philosopher from Iran who argued that society should conform to Islamic values rather than be managed in the most efficient way. He believed Islam could provide solutions to societal problems if revived and renewed in a progressive way. Shariati believed traditional interpretations of Islam had become stagnant and that a modernized version was needed to counter Western influences and address issues facing Muslim societies. He thought enlightened intellectuals, not religious scholars, should lead this Islamic resurgence through logical analysis and scientific research.
Study about the intellectual and philosophical challenges faced byaism hafeez
Students today face various intellectual and philosophical challenges. These include religious fanaticism, Islamophobia, materialism, secularism influences on education. Historically, Muslim students flourished during the Islamic Golden Age but then declined due to colonialism. Western concepts like nationalism replaced Islamic transnationalism. Now, students must address these challenges through understanding the Quran and promoting moderate Islamic teachings of patience, mutual respect among cultures, and not judging all by the actions of a few. This research aims to identify challenges faced by secondary students and ways to resolve them based on Quranic guidance and scholarship.
Culture refers to the total lifestyle of a people including their ideas, values, knowledge, behaviors, and material objects they share. It shapes people's perception of reality and determines aspects of their lives like food, clothing, music, games, and expression of emotions. The document then discusses the key elements of culture like knowledge, social norms, values, beliefs, and technology/material culture. It provides examples of each element. The document also examines the Filipino culture, outlining factors that contributed to its development like influences from Malays, Chinese, Indians, Spanish, and Americans. It discusses cultural perspectives in the Philippines and characteristics of Filipino culture such as religious beliefs, values, and strengths and weaknesses of the Filipino character.
The document discusses the key aspects and foundations of Islamic civilization. It states that civilization manifests the beliefs of its people and for Muslims it manifests the Islamic faith of tawhid. It defines civilization as encompassing science, arts, social life, culture and politics. The key ingredients of civilization are listed as the concept of worldly life, the aim of life, fundamental thoughts/beliefs, individual training, and the collective social system. The document emphasizes that the Prophet's Sunnah guides Muslims to civilized jurisprudence, conduct and social structure. A strong civilization is based on spiritual and moral values as well as internal and external balance.
Toward Islamic Anthropology by Akbar S. Ahmed.pdfccccccccdddddd
This document provides an overview of the field of anthropology, including its origins in the colonial era and development as an academic discipline. It discusses how early anthropologists sought to understand other cultures but were limited by Eurocentric biases. Modern anthropology aims to appreciate human diversity and recognize our shared humanity. The document also examines the theoretical frameworks that emerged in Western anthropology to analyze social structures, kinship, religion, economics, and processes of social change.
Common Patterns of Religious [Islamic] Revival in Central Asia and Challenges...Galym Zhussipbek
Common patterns of religious revival pose serious challenges to developing inclusive society and human rights in Central Asian countries. Overall, it can be argued that religious [Islamic] revival in Central Asian countries has come to the point when it can be analyzed under the prism, whether it impedes the development of inclusive society and human rights or not.
Islam Nusantara: Religion Dialectic and Cultural for Pluralism-Democratic Soc...Ali Murfi
This document discusses the concept of Islam Nusantara and its relationship to pluralism and democracy in Indonesia. Islam Nusantara refers to Islam as practiced in the Indonesian archipelago, which blended Islamic values with local cultural traditions in a moderate, tolerant, and inclusive way. It aims to provide a solution that is not extreme, can live in harmony with other religions, and accepts democracy. The characteristics of Islam Nusantara support pluralism and democracy by respecting diversity and finding peaceful resolutions to conflicts.
A Lecture presented at the Video Conference jointly organized by Mutiara International Grammar School & Choate Rosemary Hall, United States. Held at MIGS, Ampang, Selangor, Malaysia, on the 28th of May, 2015
This summarizes a biography of Seyyed Hossein Nasr, a prominent Islamic scholar. Nasr was born in Iran in 1933 and exposed to both Islamic and Western traditions from a young age. He has held academic positions in the US teaching Islamic studies and has authored many influential works on Islam, philosophy, and the relationship between religion and modernity. Nasr is critical of secularism and aspects of modernity that distance society from sacred traditions and principles. He advocates returning to traditional Islamic perspectives to confront challenges posed by the modern world.
This document defines and discusses key concepts related to culture, including that culture is learned, shared, symbolic, and all-encompassing. It also examines how culture is integrated and can be both adaptive and maladaptive. The document discusses how culture is transmitted through enculturation and diffusion, and how contact between cultures can lead to acculturation or resistance to change through processes like ethnocentrism. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of how culture is defined and changes over time through various social and environmental factors.
The document discusses ethics and culture. It defines culture and identifies its key characteristics and elements. Culture includes values, norms, symbols, language and knowledge that are socially learned and shared. There are surface and deep layers to culture. Surface culture includes visible aspects like customs and behaviors while deep culture involves underlying beliefs and assumptions. The document also examines the Filipino culture, which emerged from a combination of Malay, Chinese, Indian, Spanish and American influences. It discusses different views on Filipino culture, including the traditional concept that sees a unified cultural root, and the nationalistic view that culture expresses a people's identity.
This document provides an introduction to socio-cultural variations in health. It defines key concepts related to culture, including defining culture as a system of shared beliefs, values, and behaviors transmitted between generations through learning. It outlines objectives to define culture and related concepts, describe culture characteristics, and contrast culture and subculture. It then lists and explains eight characteristics of culture, such as culture being learned and dynamic. Finally, it defines additional related terms such as enculturation, ethnocentrism, values, norms, and intracultural.
The document provides tips for teachers to help students explore culture in their language learning. It discusses defining culture, making students aware of how culture impacts their lives, highlighting visible and hidden aspects of culture, showing how cultures can value the same things differently, explaining how culture works using dimensions like individualism/collectivism, and building awareness of cultural adjustment stress. The overall goal is for students to develop cultural understanding and competence.
This was the project based on studying the Chinese culture which includes their lifestyle, business model, different religions in china etc. It also provide an overview of how to start the business in China and which are the points to be kept in mind for doing business in China.
The document discusses the concept of culture and its key aspects. It defines culture as the complex whole of knowledge, beliefs, arts, customs, and other capabilities acquired by humans as members of society. Culture includes both material and non-material elements that are learned and transmitted between generations through social interaction and language. Some key characteristics of culture are that it is learned, adaptive, distinctive to social groups, and comprises established patterns of behavior with sanctions for conformity.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
This oral presentation covers various topics in anthropology including the biological and cultural evolution of humans, the development of societies from early hunter-gatherer groups to modern industrial and post-industrial societies, concepts of culture, social groups, institutions, education, religion, social stratification, and responses to social and political change. It is presented by Sir Caloy and aims to provide a holistic overview of anthropological perspectives and the value of anthropology in understanding what it means to be human.
The document discusses the need to "Islamize knowledge" by separating elements of Western civilization from knowledge as it is currently conceived and taught. It argues that Western knowledge has been shaped by dualistic, secular, and humanist elements that do not represent the true purpose and vision of knowledge according to Islam. Islamizing knowledge means establishing the correct epistemological foundations and categories of knowledge based on Islamic principles, and de-Westernizing fields of study by evaluating them according to an Islamic worldview rather than through Western lenses. This process may require reforming the methodologies, assumptions, and philosophies of various academic disciplines as well as the institutions that teach them.
Exploring Islamic Philosophy: Unveiling its Background, Key Concepts, Origina...maryam Rashid
Islamic philosophy, a vibrant and intellectually rich tradition, represents a synthesis of diverse philosophical currents within the Islamic world. Rooted in the Islamic Golden Age, this philosophical discourse emerged as scholars sought to reconcile the tenets of Islamic theology with the wisdom of classical Greek, Persian, and Indian philosophical traditions.
At its core, Islamic philosophy engages with fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, morality, and the divine. The synthesis of reason ('aql) and revelation (naql) is a defining characteristic, emphasizing the compatibility of rational inquiry with Islamic teachings. Scholars within this tradition have explored a wide array of topics, including metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, and theology.
Key concepts in Islamic philosophy include the nature of God, the relationship between faith and reason, the concept of free will, and the pursuit of virtue. Intellectual luminaries like Al-Farabi, Avicenna, and Averroes played pivotal roles in shaping this philosophical tradition, contributing to its development and dissemination.
Islamic philosophy's strengths lie in its encouragement of critical thinking and intellectual exploration. The integration of diverse philosophical traditions provides a comprehensive worldview, allowing scholars to approach complex metaphysical and ethical questions with nuance. The tradition also seeks to harmonize reason and revelation, fostering a holistic understanding of the world.
However, Islamic philosophy faces certain limitations. Tensions between reason and orthodoxy within Islamic scholarship, as well as reservations about the assimilation of external philosophical ideas, pose challenges. Additionally, external factors such as geopolitical dynamics and colonial legacies may impact the extent to which Islamic philosophy can flourish in contemporary contexts.
In summary, Islamic philosophy stands as a testament to the intellectual curiosity and synthesis of diverse traditions within the Islamic world. It continues to be a source of exploration, providing a framework for scholars to engage in profound inquiries that bridge the realms of reason and spirituality.
Ali Shariati.docx by Irfan Haider Khairvi LaYirFan
Dr. Ali Shariati was an influential 20th century Islamist philosopher from Iran who argued that society should conform to Islamic values rather than be managed in the most efficient way. He believed Islam could provide solutions to societal problems if revived and renewed in a progressive way. Shariati believed traditional interpretations of Islam had become stagnant and that a modernized version was needed to counter Western influences and address issues facing Muslim societies. He thought enlightened intellectuals, not religious scholars, should lead this Islamic resurgence through logical analysis and scientific research.
Study about the intellectual and philosophical challenges faced byaism hafeez
Students today face various intellectual and philosophical challenges. These include religious fanaticism, Islamophobia, materialism, secularism influences on education. Historically, Muslim students flourished during the Islamic Golden Age but then declined due to colonialism. Western concepts like nationalism replaced Islamic transnationalism. Now, students must address these challenges through understanding the Quran and promoting moderate Islamic teachings of patience, mutual respect among cultures, and not judging all by the actions of a few. This research aims to identify challenges faced by secondary students and ways to resolve them based on Quranic guidance and scholarship.
Culture refers to the total lifestyle of a people including their ideas, values, knowledge, behaviors, and material objects they share. It shapes people's perception of reality and determines aspects of their lives like food, clothing, music, games, and expression of emotions. The document then discusses the key elements of culture like knowledge, social norms, values, beliefs, and technology/material culture. It provides examples of each element. The document also examines the Filipino culture, outlining factors that contributed to its development like influences from Malays, Chinese, Indians, Spanish, and Americans. It discusses cultural perspectives in the Philippines and characteristics of Filipino culture such as religious beliefs, values, and strengths and weaknesses of the Filipino character.
The document discusses the key aspects and foundations of Islamic civilization. It states that civilization manifests the beliefs of its people and for Muslims it manifests the Islamic faith of tawhid. It defines civilization as encompassing science, arts, social life, culture and politics. The key ingredients of civilization are listed as the concept of worldly life, the aim of life, fundamental thoughts/beliefs, individual training, and the collective social system. The document emphasizes that the Prophet's Sunnah guides Muslims to civilized jurisprudence, conduct and social structure. A strong civilization is based on spiritual and moral values as well as internal and external balance.
Toward Islamic Anthropology by Akbar S. Ahmed.pdfccccccccdddddd
This document provides an overview of the field of anthropology, including its origins in the colonial era and development as an academic discipline. It discusses how early anthropologists sought to understand other cultures but were limited by Eurocentric biases. Modern anthropology aims to appreciate human diversity and recognize our shared humanity. The document also examines the theoretical frameworks that emerged in Western anthropology to analyze social structures, kinship, religion, economics, and processes of social change.
Common Patterns of Religious [Islamic] Revival in Central Asia and Challenges...Galym Zhussipbek
Common patterns of religious revival pose serious challenges to developing inclusive society and human rights in Central Asian countries. Overall, it can be argued that religious [Islamic] revival in Central Asian countries has come to the point when it can be analyzed under the prism, whether it impedes the development of inclusive society and human rights or not.
Islam Nusantara: Religion Dialectic and Cultural for Pluralism-Democratic Soc...Ali Murfi
This document discusses the concept of Islam Nusantara and its relationship to pluralism and democracy in Indonesia. Islam Nusantara refers to Islam as practiced in the Indonesian archipelago, which blended Islamic values with local cultural traditions in a moderate, tolerant, and inclusive way. It aims to provide a solution that is not extreme, can live in harmony with other religions, and accepts democracy. The characteristics of Islam Nusantara support pluralism and democracy by respecting diversity and finding peaceful resolutions to conflicts.
A Lecture presented at the Video Conference jointly organized by Mutiara International Grammar School & Choate Rosemary Hall, United States. Held at MIGS, Ampang, Selangor, Malaysia, on the 28th of May, 2015
This summarizes a biography of Seyyed Hossein Nasr, a prominent Islamic scholar. Nasr was born in Iran in 1933 and exposed to both Islamic and Western traditions from a young age. He has held academic positions in the US teaching Islamic studies and has authored many influential works on Islam, philosophy, and the relationship between religion and modernity. Nasr is critical of secularism and aspects of modernity that distance society from sacred traditions and principles. He advocates returning to traditional Islamic perspectives to confront challenges posed by the modern world.
This document defines and discusses key concepts related to culture, including that culture is learned, shared, symbolic, and all-encompassing. It also examines how culture is integrated and can be both adaptive and maladaptive. The document discusses how culture is transmitted through enculturation and diffusion, and how contact between cultures can lead to acculturation or resistance to change through processes like ethnocentrism. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of how culture is defined and changes over time through various social and environmental factors.
The document discusses ethics and culture. It defines culture and identifies its key characteristics and elements. Culture includes values, norms, symbols, language and knowledge that are socially learned and shared. There are surface and deep layers to culture. Surface culture includes visible aspects like customs and behaviors while deep culture involves underlying beliefs and assumptions. The document also examines the Filipino culture, which emerged from a combination of Malay, Chinese, Indian, Spanish and American influences. It discusses different views on Filipino culture, including the traditional concept that sees a unified cultural root, and the nationalistic view that culture expresses a people's identity.
This document provides an introduction to socio-cultural variations in health. It defines key concepts related to culture, including defining culture as a system of shared beliefs, values, and behaviors transmitted between generations through learning. It outlines objectives to define culture and related concepts, describe culture characteristics, and contrast culture and subculture. It then lists and explains eight characteristics of culture, such as culture being learned and dynamic. Finally, it defines additional related terms such as enculturation, ethnocentrism, values, norms, and intracultural.
The document provides tips for teachers to help students explore culture in their language learning. It discusses defining culture, making students aware of how culture impacts their lives, highlighting visible and hidden aspects of culture, showing how cultures can value the same things differently, explaining how culture works using dimensions like individualism/collectivism, and building awareness of cultural adjustment stress. The overall goal is for students to develop cultural understanding and competence.
This was the project based on studying the Chinese culture which includes their lifestyle, business model, different religions in china etc. It also provide an overview of how to start the business in China and which are the points to be kept in mind for doing business in China.
The document discusses the concept of culture and its key aspects. It defines culture as the complex whole of knowledge, beliefs, arts, customs, and other capabilities acquired by humans as members of society. Culture includes both material and non-material elements that are learned and transmitted between generations through social interaction and language. Some key characteristics of culture are that it is learned, adaptive, distinctive to social groups, and comprises established patterns of behavior with sanctions for conformity.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
2. Research Project (Group Project)
What is meant by the research project is
for a team of students to select a topic
from contemporary topics that is directly or
indirectly related to any of the topics of
Islamic culture, so that the research
project consists of the following:
Writing a research paper on the topic that
does not exceed ten pages.
No more than five references.
A cover page that includes the title of the
research, the names of the research team
members, the date, and the research
supervisor.
Reference page written in APA format.
A brief presentation of the project,
3. Introduction to Islamic
Culture
The linguistic definition of culture:
The Arabs used “thaqaf” in several meanings; Some
of them refer to spiritual matters such as acumen,
intelligence, speed and understanding of knowledge,
and some refer to a sensory meaning such as
straightening the crooked, and leveling. Hence, the
concept of linguistic culture is broad and diverse.
The idiomatic definition of Culture:
“The totality of sciences, knowledge, and arts
in which knowledge and skill are sought.”
4. Introduction to Islamic
Culture
The relationship between culture and other
knowledge:
The relationship between culture and science:
Culture is more comprehensive and diverse than science, so
whoever takes something from everything has become an
cultured person, and science is distinguished by specialization, so
whoever takes almost everything from one thing has become a
scientist.
The relationship between culture and civilization:
The Practical Side The Theoretical Side
They are closely related, because the culture of
each nation is the basis of its civilization:
culture is the mental aspect of civilization, and
civilization is the physical aspect of culture.
Civilization deals with the aspects of scientific,
artistic, literary and social advancement that are
carried from one generation to another in the
aspects of material life. While culture is related
to the totality of sciences and knowledge that is
required to be skilled in it, it is therefore
5. Introduction to Islamic
Culture
Islamic Culture Definition:
“Knowing the general components of the
Islamic Ummah with their interactions in
the past and present from religion,
language, history, civilization, values, and
common goals in a conscious and
purposeful manner”
6. Objectives of Studying Islamic Culture
Presenting the correct,
complete
and comprehensive
vision of life, man
and the universe.
Developing the spirit of loyalty
to Islam and giving it precedence
over other forms of
affiliations; Such as
nationalism, ethnicity and racism.
Presenting Islam as
an applied system in life.
The transcendence of Islam
and the manifestation
of its moderation and
ability to achieve
happiness and
life and the hereafter.
Providing a holistic view
of Islam for all aspects of life.
Providing the learner with an
appropriate sum of knowledge
related to Islam, the creed, the
Sharia law, and the way of life.
Providing the with an appropriate
sum of knowledge related to
Islam, the creed, the Sharia law,
and the way of life.
7. Effects of Islamic Culture
The spread of Islam in
the Far East with
the movement of trade.
The translation movement,
where a large amount of Arabic
and Islamic books were translated
into other languages
The impact of Islamic culture
on European belief,
thought and philosophy
9. The Position of
Islamic Culture in
Relation to Other
Cultures
Leaving Western
Civilization: Beneficial
and Harmful
Rejection and Boycott
Taking it All: Harmful and
Beneficial
Acceptance and
Dissolution
Taking the Harmful and
Leaving the Beneficial
Fabrication and
Conciliation
Taking the Beneficial
and Leaving the
Harmful
Excellence and Benefit
10. The Position of
Rejection and Boycott
What it means: The seclusion of Islamic culture, the rejection
and boycott of other cultures.
Reasons and causes:
1. The invalidity and corruption of every non-Islamic culture.
2. Securing the safety of Islamic culture from the intrusiveness
of other cultures.
11. Response to the Position of Rejection and
Boycott
1. The position is inconsistent with Islamic principles
calling for taking wisdom and benefit that do not
oppose religion from any side, nation or person.
2. The position prevents the representation of the image
of Islam, and its definition and the call to it and may
even be a reason of presenting a bad image of Islam
and Muslims.
3. The position is inconsistent with the historical reality
of the Islamic Ummah which dealt with many cultures
of different nations with a mutual relation of influence
and benefit.
4. The position is not applicable in the era of openness
12. The Position of
Acceptance and
Dissolution
What is meant by it: full openness to other cultures and in
particular Western culture, accepting them with everything in
them, being fascinated with them or imitating them, and
dissolving in their sea.
Reasons and causes:
Fascination with the material and scientific progress of Western civilization.
Infatuation with what Western culture and life offers of lusts and temptations.
Influenced by the curricula of study, thought and philosophy based on Western
culture.
Achieving personal interests and being docile to foreign orientations.
13. Response to the Position of Acceptance
and Dissolution
1) The position is contrary to the principles and
constants of Islamic culture and aggresses against it.
2) The position is a monstrosity and distortion of the
history and civilization of the Islamic Ummah.
3) The position is an intellectual deviation and a moral
decay that weakens the nation, and does not
strengthen it, destroys its entity, and does not build it
.
4) The situation contradicts the factors of vigilance and
renaissance that are growing in the Islamic ummah.
14. The Position of
Fabrication and
Conciliation
What it means: to work to bring Islamic culture closer to contemporary
cultures and to show the congruence and compatibility between
the concepts and contents of contemporary cultures and Islamic
culture despite the difference and even the disagreement
between them often.
Reasons and causes:
1. The need to face the trends and adapt to them.
2. Working to prove that Islam is a modern and civilized
religion.
3. Ignorance of Islam and lack of knowledge of its
constants and facts.
15. Response to the Position of Fabrication and
Conciliation
1. The position is flawed and contradicts the
origins and constants of Islamic culture, as
well as its distortion and misunderstanding.
2. The position depicts Islamic culture as weak
and inferior and contradicts the greatness of
Islam and the dignity of Muslims.
3. The position leads to dependency on other
cultures and makes the role of Islamic culture
emphasizing the validity and usefulness of
other cultures.
16. The Position of
Excellence and
Benefit
What is meant by it: to start from full awareness and full conviction of Islamic
culture in order to preserve its origins and be distinguished by its
characteristics, and to open up to other cultures, benefit them, influence them
and benefit from them in a way that does not contradict our culture.
Reasons and causes:
1. Belief in the validity and stability of the origins of Islamic culture and the
distinctiveness of its characteristics
2. Belief in the validity of Islam for all times and places.
3. Belief that wisdom is the lost property of the believer, and he has a right to
it.
4. Pride in Islamic culture and knowledge of its history and positivity in its
stability and influence throughout its long historical career.
17. The Position of Excellence and the Benefit From It
1. The position highlights the
advantages of Islam and
shows the strength and pride
of Muslims in it .
2. The position protects against
the negative effects of
seclusion or dissolution in
other cultures.
3. The position is in harmony
with the position of Islamic
culture historically.
4. The position shows a
conscious methodological
mindset that relies on
research, scrutiny, and
selection.
5. The position is identical to the
attitudes of many cultures in
their dealings and their benefit
1. The West in its culture took from Greece, the Roma
and the Islam, the West took from us some science and
methods and left of Islam its doctrine and sharia.
2. As for us we translated the sciences of Greece, Persia
and India and took some and left some and at the head
of what we left was the literature because it was pagan
.
3. We did not take all nor did we leave all; Japan in
modern times has taken Western political and
economic systems but has retained its social,
educational and administrative system and Japanese
companies are today run in a special way far from what
is in the West.
4. Isn't it our right to borrow sciences and move away
from values, ideas and beliefs that do not suit us?
And in addition:
18. Mohammed Al-Amin
Al-Shinqiti Says:
(The natural position of Islam towards Western civilization – is that they strive to
collect what is produced from the material aspects and warn against what it has
gained from rebellion against the Creator of the universe, the Almighty, so that
this world and the Hereafter will be made for them. ( the natural position of Islam
towards Western civilization – is that they strive to collect what it produced from
the material aspects and warn against what it has gained from rebellion against
the Creator of the universe, the Almighty, so that this world and the Hereafter will
be right for them. It is unfortunate that most of them reverse the case and take
from it moral decadence, alienation from religion, and distance from obedience
to the creator of the universe, and they do not obtain a result of the material
benefits in it, so they lose this world and the hereafter.)
19. First Assignment
Question1: provide examples of ways in which
Western cultures have benefited from Islamic
culture?
Question2: provide examples of Arabic and Islamic
books translated into foreign languages?
20. Dialogue Among Cultures and
Civilizations
Islam is the religion of dialogue:
Dialogue is a Qur'anic approach.
God's dialogue with Satan.
The messengers' dialogue with their people.
Abraham's dialogue with his father.
Moses' dialogue with Pharaoh.
The dialogue of the Messenger of Allah (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) with a woman" has
heard Allah .."
21. Dialogue Among Cultures and
Civilizations
Invalid goals of dialogue The goals of dialogue in Islam
Exchange of useful knowledge
Fulfilling the human function
on earth through building it
Invitation to Islam
Wavering
of any of
our laws
or
doctrines.
22. Etiquette of Dialogue
Humility and
compassion
Leniency
with the
interlocutor
Good
listening
and not
interrupting
Clemency
and
patience
Responding
to abuse with
kindness is of
the highest
levels of
patience
“and who is
better in
speech than
one who
invites to Allah
and does
righteousness
and says,
“indeed, I am
of the
Muslims.”
Justice and
equity
The interlocutor
should show interest
in the right ideas,
good evidence, and
new information.
Rejecting intolerance
(not accepting the truth)
“and do not let the
hatred of people prevent
you from being just. Be
just; that is nearer to
righteousness”
Islam proceeds in
dialogue from the
basis of equality
between humans,
unlike the Jews’, “we
are the children and
loved ones of God.”
23. Exercise
Put a (true)
mark in front
of what you
consider the
basis and
starting point
of civilizational
dialogue, and
a (false) mark
otherwise. :
25. Divine Laws Concerning Civilizations
The Sunnah of
Civilizational
Propulsion
“And had it not been for
Allah to push people to
one another, the earth
would have been
corrupted.”
The wisdom of Allah
required the Sunnah of
propulsion to prevent
anyone from
monopolizing the earth.
The Sunnah of
Civilizational
Circulation
“Such days we
alternate between
the people”
Nations took turns
to carry the torch
of civilization
26. Divine Laws in Human Civilizations
The Sunnah of
Civilizations
Destruction
“Until, when the earth
has taken on its
adornment and is
beautified and its
people suppose that
they have capability
over it”
No one can stay
at the top until
the end of time.
The Sunnah of
Cultural Development
Is Available To All
“To each we extend -
to these and to those -
from the gift of your
Lord. And never has
the gift of your Lord
been restricted.”
Civilization is not restricted to a
race or even a religion.
Civilization may be based on
faith and moral values, and it
may be based on something
else, like the Western
civilization today.
27. Human Commonalities
The human commonalities can be divided into four groups, and
each group has its own characteristics, and each group has a link
that unites it:
The first group: The supreme commonality.
It includes only one common denominator, which is the most
important characteristic of man, the most precious thing he
possesses, and the best thing that gives him a certain (identity).
The second group: the general human commonalities.
These are the things whose roots and branches are common to all
people, which are necessary for life, and their exposure to harm
inevitability leads to war and clash, and all human beings can unite
on these eight commonalities because they are appreciated and
cared for; Which opens a wide scope for acquaintance,
convergence and communication between peoples through it.
28. Human Commonalities
The third group: the special human commonalities
They are highly subject to change and development,
differing from the general ones in that they are less
necessary and inevitable, and the conflict generated by
them is usually less bloody, but that does not eliminate
their importance in linking the peoples of the earth, and
they include eight common points.
The fourth group: the supporting human commonalities
It is a product of the special participants and is clearly
formed as a result of culture, customs and traditions,
and although it is not inevitable in human life, it
improves the standard of life and raises the feeling of
happiness, and the clash because of it is very unlikely.
All peoples meet around it, and therefore it is a very
spacious area for acquaintance and civilized
29. Human Commonalities
Human
Commonalities
Main Commonality
Creed
Broad Commonalities
Basic
Needs
Wisdom
Basic
Morals
Possessio
n
Dignity
Freedom
Knowledge
Work
Private Commonalities
Culture
Land
Race
Common
History
Language
Customs and
Traditions
Law
High
Morals
Supporting
Commonalities
Arts
Sports
Tourism
30. Categorize Human Commonalities According To Their
Suitability For The Previous Groups
- Possession
- Language
- Land (Homeland)
- Work
- Common History
- Sports
- Arts
- Customs and traditions
- Freedom
- Tourism
- Knowledge
- Culture
- Wisdom
- Dignity
- Creed
- Race
- High Morals (Generosity,
altruism and kindness)
- Basic Morals (Honesty, integrity
and justice)
- Basic Needs (Food, shelter,
security, and clothing…)
31. Obstacles to Civilizational Dialogue
Historic Obstacles
The Obstacle Neutralization Proposals
Previous conflicts and wars
Political Obstacles
The Obstacle Neutralizing Proposals
Political tensions or hostilities between
countries
The dominance of the political concept in
the field of international relations
32. Obstacles to Civilizational Dialogue
Religious Obstacles
The Obstacles Neutralizing Proposals
It is forbidden by some religions or sects
Suspicions of the prohibitions for some of the
individuals
Personal Obstacles
The Obstacles Neutralizing Proposals
The inability of the participant to speak about
the components of his civilization
Abuse from the loose sides of both sides
Civilized self-aggrandizement
Adopting the theories of civilization clash and
conflict
34. Exercise II
Identify the civilizational values advocated by the following
religious texts:
Beneficence to the other - Supporting the oppressed - Resorting to dialogue not
conflict - Freedom of belief - Honouring mankind - Acquaintance - Good dialogue
with the other - Extermination of extremism - Peace - The inevitability of diversity
- The non-monopoly of morality for any religion or civilization -
The Religious Text
The Almighty said: {Allah does not forbid you from those who do not fight you because of religion and do
not expel you from your homes – from being righteous toward them and acting justly toward them.
Indeed, Allah loves those who act justly.} Surat Al-Mumtahinah (8)
The Almighty said: {And we made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another.} Surat Al-
Hujurat (13)
The Almighty said: {And do not argue with the People of the Scripture except in a way that is best,} Surat
Al-Ankabut (46)
He, may Allah’s prayers and peace be upon him, said: {I witnessed a pact of justice in the house of
Abdullah ibn Jud’an that was more beloved to me than a herd of expensive red camels. If I were called to
it now in the time of Islam, I would respond.} It was included by Al-Bazzar in his Musnad (1/185) and
others.
The Almighty said: {And we have certainly honored the children of Adam and carried them on the land
and sea} Surah Al-Isra (70)
The Almighty said: {And if they incline to peace, then incline to it [also] and rely upon Allah.} Surat Al-
35. Exercise II
Identify the civilizational values advocated by the following religious texts:
Beneficence to the other - Supporting the oppressed - Resorting to dialogue not
conflict - Freedom of belief - Honoring man - Acquaintance - Good dialogue with
the other - Extermination of extremism - Peace - The inevitability of diversity -
The non-monopoly of morality for any religion or civilization -
The Religious Texts
The Almighty said: {O People of the scripture, do not commit excess in your religion, or say
about Allah except the truth.} Surat An-Nisa (171)
The Almighty said: {And if your Lord had willed, he could have made mankind one community;
but they will not cease to differ,} Surat Hud (118)
The Almighty said: {There shall be no compulsion in [acceptance of] the religion. The right
course has become distinct from the wrong.} Surat Al-Baqarah (256)
The Almighty said: {Invite to the way of your Lord with wisdom and good instruction,} Surat
An-Nahl (125)
The Almighty said: {Say, “O People of the Scripture, come to a word that is equitable between
us and you} Surat Al-Imran (64)
He, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said: (I was sent to perfect good manners) Al-
Albani mentioned it in Al-Silsilah As-Sahihah No. (1/75)
36. Exercise II answer
Civilizational Value
Tolerance + Peace + Rejection of Extremism
Dating + The Inevitability of Diversity
Resorting to dialogue + other charity + good
dialogue with the other
Not to monopolize morals for any religion or
civilization
Honouring humankind
Peace + Resorting to Dialogue, Not Conflict
The Religious Text
The Almighty said: {Allah does not forbid you from
those who do not fight you because of religion and do
not expel you from your homes – from being righteous
toward them and acting justly toward them. Indeed,
Allah loves those who act justly.} Surat Al-Mumtahinah
(8)
The Almighty said: {And we made you peoples and
tribes that you may know one another.} Surat Al-
Hujurat (13)
The Almighty said: {And do not argue with the People
of the Scripture except in a way that is best,} Surat Al-
Ankabut (46)
He, may Allah’s prayers and peace be upon him, said:
{I witnessed a pact of justice in the house of Abdullah
ibn Jud’an that was more beloved to me than a herd of
expensive red camels. If I were called to it now in the
time of Islam, I would respond.} It was included by Al-
Bazzar in his Musnad (1/185) and others.
The Almighty said: {And we have certainly honored the
children of Adam and carried them on the land and
37. Exercise II answer (cont)
Civilizational Value
Renouncing extremism
The Inevitability of Diversity
Freedom of belief + the inevitability of
diversity
Beneficence to the other + good dialogue with
the other
Peace + Resorting to Dialogue, Not Conflict
Beneficence to the other + good dialogue with
the other + support for the oppressed
38. General Characteristics of Islam
Characteristics: These are the features and qualities that are unique
to the religion of Islam from other religions and curricula.
Islam is the final religion of Allah, "and whoever seeks a religion other
than islam, it will not be accepted from him, and in the Hereafter, he
will be among the losers."
The existing curricula on earth can be classified into three sections:
A Purely Human Civic
Curriculum
A system, a worldly life,
concerned with organizing
the worldly life of man and
seeking to achieve his
interests according to
worldly controls and
restrictions
Secularism, communism
and capitalism.
Human Religious
Curriculum
He has rituals of worship
and deflection of his
servants or a number of
gods, including humans
and stones.
Examples of such
approaches are Hinduism,
Buddhism, Satanists, and
idols
Religious Curriculum
Distorted Divine Origin
He has a heavenly book
from God, such as
Judaism and Christianity
Its income is distortion,
switching, deletion and
increase.
39. Islam and Other Curricula
Islam remains alone, with its purity, transcendence and
perfection among other curricula and religions, that is
capable of surviving in the midst of cultural, intellectual
and civilizational conflicts, because it possesses
characteristics that qualify it to do so.
It suffices for the promise of the Almighty God, the
powerful and capable expert, that the consequence is
for the pious ones. Allah the Most Majestic says: {They
want to extinguish the light of Allah with their mouths,
but Allah will perfect His light, although the disbelievers
dislike it. () It is He who sent His Messenger with
guidance and the religion of truth to manifest it over all
40. In an interview with the Irish Orientalist Dr.
Alfred Weizmann:
He published the most important Orientalist magazine
specialized in Europe, the Journal of Civilization, when
asked about the future of Islam in the West, and said:
"Islam is the religion of the future, if Muslims present it
well, because:
1. Its extreme clarity.
2. Not colliding with science and civilization.
3. Its realization of reason and thinking.
4. Its call for the development and civilizational
advancement.
42. Introduction to the book ...
This book extensively monitors the contribution made
by Muslims to human civilization through careful
monitoring of various scientific fields, thus confirming
the depth of Muslims' contribution to human
development..
The author begins his book by referring to the
characteristics of Islamic civilization by pointing out that
among them are ethics, scientific tendency, the
correlation between science and work, the appreciation
of the value of time, as well as absolute freedom.
Based on the Qur'an's explicit call to science and the
invention of its means by activating the senses
associated with the mind of man, the correlation in the
course of Islamic civilization was between faith,
science and work.
In this regard, the author points out that Muslim
scientists were the first to invent the experimental
method in their treatment of scientific and cosmic data
around them, which led to the establishment of the
rules of the experimental scientific method that
contemporary science is still following in its footsteps.
Among the Muslim scholars who have had a long
43. Introduction to the book ...
Among them is the science of medicine and pharmacy,
pointing out that there is no vital and civilizational field in
which Muslims have contributed greater than medicine, as
they did not serve the Islamic world, but served all of
humanity a great service that has extended to this day. In
this context, he presents the innovative methods and new
sciences in the medical field that Muslims have
approached and led them to reach this science to a very
advanced degree more than many contemporaries think.
The author explains here the progress of Muslims in
anatomy considering what it represented as a call for
Muslims to experiment, watch and consider carefully as a
scientific method to reach medical facts and get rid of
distortions that are not based on evidence or proof, and
here the credit of Muslims in expanding it and its
establishment is focused on accuracy, observation and
deep analysis.
Moreover, Muslims have made great progress in the field
of surgery and practiced orthopaedics and cancer, and the
subsequent development of new materials and methods
for suturing wounds and sterilizing them, in anaesthesia
during surgical procedures. The greatest Muslim surgeon
born in the Middle Ages is Dr. Zahrawi, who has achieved
many medical achievements in this field and is considered
44. Introduction to the book ...
From medicine to astronomy, the author points out that
astronomy in the life of Muslims has been associated
with many of the rituals of their religion, as the Islamic
Ummah has been aware of an unprecedented Qur'anic
interest in other heavenly books regarding the
astronomy and the universe surrounding man with all
its data.
One of the Islamic achievements to which he refers
here is the construction of the astronomical method on
solid initial foundations in terms of motivation, purpose
and desire, citing what Wall Durant says that Muslim
astronomers did not accept anything until it was proven
by experience and scientific experiments.
They were pursuing their research on purely scientific
bases. In this regard, he reviews the most important
achievements of Muslim astronomers. He points out
that one of the manifestations of the Islamic scientific
renaissance in the field of astronomy is the construction
of observatories that were broadcast in the Islamic
world from the far east to the far west. It is noted that
Muslims have been keen to erect their observatories in
high places because they are more appropriate and
accurate in observing the planets and because they
rise above any building that obscures the sky from
them, and also notes the enormity of its devices
45. Introduction to the book ...
In the field of geography, he points out that Muslims have come
up with an accurate determination of longitude and latitude and
enable them to adjust the determination of the width of places
by measuring the height of the polar star or the sun. In the
scientific march of Islamic geography, there appeared the most
outstanding of the encyclopedic scientists whose efforts were
not limited to one science over another, so geography had a
share of their knowledge,
Hence, we see Massoudi's contribution as a historian in
geography, as well as the Peronist scientist as a naturalist who
contributes to the field of geography, as well as the Canadian
among his astronomical geographical contributions by saying
that the sea surface is spherical like land. As for al-Astakhari,
he is the first geographical scientist with a well-defined
methodology, and he left us with his book «Paths and
Kingdoms», in which he mentioned the regions of the countries
of Islam and others and was accurate in which he did not
depend on transportation from others, and he counted in many
cities, rivers and mountains. etc.
On the contribution of Muslims to chemistry, the author refers
to Jaber ibn Hayyan as the founder of systematic chemistry in
Islamic civilization. Muslims relied on experimentation alone to
reach the scientific truth, so they took great care to establish
laboratories to conduct their experiments, including one for
Jaber bin Hayyan and another for Razi. As for the chemical
devices they came up with, they include the distillation device,
46. Introduction to the book ...
In continuation of his methodology, the author
monitors the contributions of Muslims in the field of
physics, pointing out that they went through this
science with unparalleled ingenuity and intelligence,
even as if they had created a new science, one of
their achievements and discoveries is that they
researched the specific weight of metals and liquids,
while metals were the first to touch on their weight
was Sanad Ben Ali, who lived in the caliphate of
Maamoun. Muslims have also been able to measure
the specific weight of liquids, which even in modern
times with its advanced means is difficult.
An observer of the contributions of Muslims to
mathematics, biology and tricks along the same lines
presents their contributions to biology and
microbiology. He explains that biology entered
Islamic scientific life from the language portal, that is,
many linguists from lexicists or philologists before
them have spoken of plant or animal terms as names
and words with the consequent certainty by
experimenting, watching and asking the Arabs in
47. Introduction to the book ...
The author then begins to observe the impact of Islamic science in
Europe one by one. As for the impact of medicine and pharmacology in
Europe, it is mentioned that perhaps one of the most prominent
manifestations of Islamic medical influence is the escalation of the
frenzied translation movement of Islamic medical books, which began at
a very early age due to the vitality of this field in the lives of peoples in
general, and the translation was mostly carried out under the supervision
of translation centers of churches or medical colleges, and these books
reached Europe primarily through Andalusia, and the cradle of this
translation movement was in southern Italy.
As for astronomy, it is one of the vital fields that influenced the West by
Muslims and it is funny according to the author that the folklore of each
nation in the field of astronomy must be tinged with a tinge of myth and
mythology or the so-called astrology before any major scientific
astronomical renaissance occurs, and accordingly the astrology craft that
appeared in the early astronomical renaissance of Muslims remained its
clear impact even on the German astronomer Johannes Kepler, who
composed his predictive calendars.
As for geography, the book Al-Qazwini "The Antiquities of the Country
and the News of the Slaves" was translated into Latin and nicknamed by
Europeans "Blaine of the Arabs" after the Latin Blaine who has a book
History of Naturalism.
As for the books of geographical dictionaries to which Muslims were the
forerunners, their influence was transferred to Europe when the first
European gazetteer entitled "The Dictionary of Otelius" came out in the
sixteenth century AD, while the first Islamic dictionary was the dictionary
of the Andalusian Bakri marked with «Dictionary of What I Wonder».
From a detailed review of each science and its impact on Europe, the
author moves on in a new section to address Islamic industries and their
impact in Europe. One of the industries dealt with here is the paper
industry, which Muslims were credited with spreading worldwide at the
48. Introduction to the book ...
This generally led to the expansion of science in general for easy
access to the book due to the availability of arbitral paper, and also
entailed the development of ancient Arabic calligraphy, which was
written on the parchment in an uncostly form devoid of beauty and
mastery.
In this, he quotes two Frenchmen, Renault and Favier, in which they
say that it was the Arabs who extracted the driving force of
gunpowder, that is, it was the Arabs who extracted the firearms.
Because this industry emerged at the hands of the Muslims of
Andalusia at the end of the Islamic rule of its south in the Kingdom
of Granada, it soon seeped into the Spanish north and then into the
south of France and Germany.
In the same context, he points out that Muslims excelled in the
synthesis of medicines from chemical elements such as mercury
and others, and for the first time introduced sugar in the composition
of the bitter medicine to sweeten it, especially when this medicine is
prescribed to children, as the doctor Ibn Jazla discovered in his
book «The Curriculum» the usefulness of the blossom of the stone
of Asios or the salt of marine gunpowder in the composition of kohl
as a treatment that strengthens eyesight and evacuates the eye and
goes with the cloud of the cornea.
It also touches on the role of Muslims in the manufacture of glass,
where they came to extract it from stones «sand» and the
precedence of this industry is attributed to Abbas ibn Farnas of the
scholars of Andalusia and the glass was extracted by smelting sand
49. Introduction to the book ...
At the end of this journey, the author says that we have the right to lose
pride on mankind in this great religion that made us the best nation that
was brought out to the people and to be proud of that wonderful
contribution of the men of Islamic history who carried this religion in
behaviour and worship of science and work, and from them came out
of them brilliant scientists who illuminated for mankind its total
darkness with their sciences, discoveries, achievements and
industries, which we have seen its impact on the march of human
civilization.
The author states that from this approach, it may not be an
exaggeration to point out that in our time we still live with the luxury of
Islamic civilization that it has made for us in important fields such as
science, industries, devices and most importantly in what it has
brought to humanity from a sober scientific experimental approach,
during which humanity has learned how to reach the scientific truth
with confidence and ability away from suspicions, illusions and whims.
Here, he places some of the blame on the sons of the ummah, pointing
out that if, as he recalls, we suffer from the West's disregard for our
soothing civilizational role, because of the material weakness and
psychological defeat we are going through, what is more bitter than the
disobedience of the sons of Muslims to their history, the weakness of
jealousy in their hearts for their religion and civilizations, and the
ignorance applied to the greatness of the role played by the Muslim
mind in building human civilization at the same time that these sons
seek breathlessly behind the culture, language and customs of the