Reproductive health and family planning moduleihedce
Digital module of Reproductive Health and Family Planning for building awareness of status of reproductive health of women in India, myths about it and measurements taken up by government for effective family planning. The module is developed by Department of Development Communication and Extension, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi.
Definition and components of reproductive health?
Demographic trends and fertility determinants
Family planning
Impact of reproductive patterns on child health
Impact of reproductive patterns on women health
Mechanisms to reduce morbidity and mortality
Reproductive health and family planning moduleihedce
Digital module of Reproductive Health and Family Planning for building awareness of status of reproductive health of women in India, myths about it and measurements taken up by government for effective family planning. The module is developed by Department of Development Communication and Extension, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi.
Definition and components of reproductive health?
Demographic trends and fertility determinants
Family planning
Impact of reproductive patterns on child health
Impact of reproductive patterns on women health
Mechanisms to reduce morbidity and mortality
Demography and family planning lecture of Commmunity Medicine and or Preventive Medicine lecture by Dr. Farhana Yasmin,MBBS;MPH;Phd Fellow of Rajshahi University .
Audiobook Reproductive Health and Human Rights The Way Forward (Pennsylvania ...bralessmikiou
Reproductive Health and Human Rights The Way Forward critically reflects on the past fifteen years of international efforts aimed at improving health alleviating poverty diminishing gender inequality and promoting human rights. The volume includes essays by leading scholars and practitioners that are centered on the 1994 United Nations International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and its resulting Programme of Action. ICPD an agreement among 179 governments UN agencies and NGOs was intended to shape population and development policy8212reinterpreted and redefined as "reproductive health." More than a decade after the enthusiasm that accompanied ICPD there is growing concern about its effectiveness in the context of global health and development. Reproductive Health and Human Rights addresses that concern.The book grapples with fundamental questions about the relationships among population fertility decline reproductive health human rights poverty alleviation and development and assesses the various arguments8212demographic public health human rightsbased and economic8212for and against ICPD today.A number of the chapters address institutional challenges to
Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes.
Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes. Reproductive health implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so.
Reproductive health
Birth Control
Contraceptives and their types
Various Characteristics of Contraceptive
Natural Method , Surgical Method , Chemical methods explained
Demography and family planning lecture of Commmunity Medicine and or Preventive Medicine lecture by Dr. Farhana Yasmin,MBBS;MPH;Phd Fellow of Rajshahi University .
Audiobook Reproductive Health and Human Rights The Way Forward (Pennsylvania ...bralessmikiou
Reproductive Health and Human Rights The Way Forward critically reflects on the past fifteen years of international efforts aimed at improving health alleviating poverty diminishing gender inequality and promoting human rights. The volume includes essays by leading scholars and practitioners that are centered on the 1994 United Nations International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and its resulting Programme of Action. ICPD an agreement among 179 governments UN agencies and NGOs was intended to shape population and development policy8212reinterpreted and redefined as "reproductive health." More than a decade after the enthusiasm that accompanied ICPD there is growing concern about its effectiveness in the context of global health and development. Reproductive Health and Human Rights addresses that concern.The book grapples with fundamental questions about the relationships among population fertility decline reproductive health human rights poverty alleviation and development and assesses the various arguments8212demographic public health human rightsbased and economic8212for and against ICPD today.A number of the chapters address institutional challenges to
Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes.
Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes. Reproductive health implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so.
Reproductive health
Birth Control
Contraceptives and their types
Various Characteristics of Contraceptive
Natural Method , Surgical Method , Chemical methods explained
Teen pregnancy in the United StatesTeen pregnancy in the Unite.docxmattinsonjanel
Teen pregnancy in the United States
Teen pregnancy in the United States
The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy was founded in 1996 and has its headquarters in Washington D.C. and has nearly 200 organizations and media outlets which serve as partners. The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy’s main agenda seeks to improve the lives and future prospects of children and families by ensuring that children are born into stable, two-parent families who have a commitment to and are ready for the demanding task of raising the next generation. Their strategy is aimed at the prevention of teen pregnancy and unplanned pregnancy among single, young adults by supporting a combination of responsible values and behavior by both men and women and responsible policies in both the public and private sectors. Their actions are aimed at improving child and family well-being therefore reducing the prevalence rate of poverty by providing more opportunities for the teenagers to complete their education or achieve other life goals while advocating for fewer abortions towards the creation of a stronger nation.
Teenage pregnancies have resulted to a total of 273,105 babies who were born to women aged 15–19 years, for a live birth rate of 26.5% per 1,000 women in this age group. There has been a decline in teen pregnancies with a drop of 10% in 2013. The birth rates declined at 13% for women aged 15–17 years, and 8% for women aged 18–19 years (Child Trends, 2014). Still, the U.S. teen pregnancy rate is substantially higher than in other western industrialized nations (Clay, et al, 2012). The national teen pregnancy rate has been declining steadily over the last two decades which has been attributed to the combination of an increased percentage of adolescents who are waiting to have sexual intercourse and the increased use of contraceptives by teens. The teen pregnancy rate includes the pregnancies that end in a live birth, as well as those that end in abortion or miscarriage resulting from fetal loss. In the United States 4 in 10 teens get pregnant at least once before they reach the age of 20 which leads to the teenagers dropping out of school with more than 50% of teen mothers never completing school. The trends show that less than 10% of the fathers marry the mother of their child and that almost a half of the teen mothers get their second child within the first 24 months since 80% of teens who do not use protective methods have higher chances of becoming pregnant.
Teen birth rates have been declining significantly in the recent years, however, despite these declines, there still exists a lot of disparities that need to be properly addressed (Dessen, 2005). There are substantial disparities that persist in teen birth rates, and teen pregnancy and childbearing which continue to carry significant social and economic costs. In 2013, the Hispanic teen birth rates were still more than two times higher than the rate for ...
THE BREAKTHROUGH STRATEGY FOR ACHIEVING ALL THE MDGS INVESTING IN WOMEN AND GIRLS THE BREAKTHROUGH STRATEGY FOR ACHIEVING ALL THE MDGS Based on a speech by Jon Lomoy, Director of the OECD’s Development Co-operation Directorate, at the Helsinki High-level Symposium, United Nations 2010 Development Co-operation Forum, 4 June 2010 KEEP GIRLS IN SCHOOL 1 I believe that investing in women and girls in itself constitutes a breakthrough strategy for achieving the MDGs, and that almost any investment we make in women and girls will have multiplier effects across the Goals —Helen Clark, UNDP Administrator, 25 March 2010. W ithout a great leap forward towards achieving greater equality between women and men and increased empowerment of women and girls, none of the MDGs will be achieved. It is time to back up political promises with the investments and resources needed to do the job. Investing in women and girls has a powerful impact. It will make the world a better place for all – both women and men. Helen Clark has called it the breakthrough strategy for achieving the MDGs. The challenge is to identify how and where donor money can fuel that breakthrough strategy. There are four key areas where increased investments and attention could have catalytic and multiplier impacts on the lives of women and girls – and of future generations: • Keep girls in school to complete a quality secondary education • Urgently improve reproductive health, including access to family planning services • Increase women’s control over productive and financial assets (not just microcredit), and • Identify and support women leaders at all levels. Studies have shown that women with even a few years of primary education have better economic prospects, have fewer and healthier children, and are more likely to ensure that their own children go to school. Development would be accelerated if girls were kept in school to complete a quality secondary education. Education of girls is one of the most powerful tools for women’s empowerment, but discrimination continues to keep girls out of school. • In 2007, only 53 of the 171 countries with available data had achieved gender parity in both primary and secondary education1 . • Secondary school enrolment is very low in sub-Saharan Africa (24 percent of girls and 33 percent of boys). That means that girls are missing out – particularly when they live in rural areas and in poor households. Removing school fees and providing financial incentives for girls to attend school have proven to be effective. At the same time we need to build schools closer to remote communities, ensure that schools have quality teachers and adequate sanitary facilities and that they are safe places for girls. 1. United Nations (2009). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2009
A Study on the Attitude of Tribal Woman towards Re Productive Healthijtsrd
Reproductive health covers all matters relating to the reproductive system, at all stages of life. Good reproductive health for women begins in childhood and the teen years. Things such as nutrition, environment, education, income level, and cultural practices influence your reproductive health. Good reproductive health benefits the health and well being of our family. It can improve the social and economic situation of you and our family. And most importantly, it can help make sure that every infant is wanted, loved and has a chance to grow up healthy. The present study concludes that 1 4th 59 of the respondents attitude are neutral, 21percent of the respondent’s attitude are positive, and 19percent of the respondent attitude is negative towards sexual and reproductive health. Dr. Agnes Febiola. X | Saranya. S "A Study on the Attitude of Tribal Woman towards Re-Productive Health" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56237.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/medicine/other/56237/a-study-on-the-attitude-of-tribal-woman-towards-reproductive-health/dr-agnes-febiola-x
Teen Pregnancy A Preventable Epidemic Our natio.docxmehek4
Teen Pregnancy: A Preventable Epidemic
Our nation is facing an adolescent reproductive-health crisis, with one in four teenage
girls having a sexually transmitted disease, and one in three becoming pregnant before
the age of 20.1 To address this challenge, teens must be able to obtain confidential and
affordable reproductive-health services. However, anti-choice politicians have stymied
efforts to give teens the tools they need to protect themselves against unintended
pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). We continue to call on lawmakers
– pro-choice and pro-life alike – to work together to achieve real solutions – instead of
divisiveness.
The Facts
In spite of a recent decline, the United States still has the highest rate of teen pregnancy
in the western industrialized world.2 Studies show that the United States’ teen-
pregnancy rate is more than twice that of Canada and Sweden.3
§ Approximately 750,000 young women in the United States become pregnant each
year. Eighty-two percent of teen pregnancies are unplanned 4 and more than a
quarter of those end in abortion.5
§ Teen mothers are less likely to complete school, less likely go to college, more
likely to have large families, and more likely to stay single – increasing the
likelihood that their children will live in poverty.6
§ In addition to other consequences for young women and their children, teen
childbearing costs U.S. taxpayers at least $11 billion annually.7
§ A sexually active teen who does not use contraception has a 90-percent chance of
becoming pregnant within a year.8
Potentially due to factors such as decreased access to health-care services and
information, racial and ethnic disparities persist in the reproductive health of young
Americans.
§ The problem of teen pregnancy is more pronounced in the African-American and
Latino communities, where rates of teen pregnancy are higher than those in
white communities – 15 percent and 14 percent respectively, compared to five
percent.9
2
§ Fifty-three percent of Latina teens and 51 percent of African-American teen girls
will become pregnant at least once before they turn 20. In comparison, only 19
percent of non-Hispanic white teen girls will become pregnant before the age of
20.10
A Failed Approach
Anti-choice lawmakers and advocates seized on this public-health crisis as an
opportunity to enact one of their longtime goals: withhold sex education from young
people in a misguided attempt to discourage them from having sex. Instead, they spent
more than $1 billion in taxpayer funds on “abstinence-only” programs11 – programs that
censor vital health information about contraception and safe sex. The approach has been
a spectacular failure.
§ Research shows that “abstinence-only” programs do not work and that
comprehensive sex-education programs do. In 2007, a report commissioned by
the U.S. Department of H ...
1. Meredith Cavin - March 2015
Iran’s Family Planning Program
Summary:
Iran has experienced “the largest and fastest decline in fertility ever,”4 from 6 children per
woman in the mid-1980s to 2.1 children per woman in 20004. This drop in fertility coincided with the
government’s antinatalist policies that encouraged lower birth rates. Before this time period, the
government had instituted pronatalist policies that encouraged higher birth rates. The government
has recently reinstituted pronatalist policies, but the fertility rate remains low, now at 1.85 children
per woman8.
Programming Timeline
• 1967:
o First family planning policy
implemented by U.S.-backed monarch
Mohammed Reza Shah Reza Pahlavi1
o Changed divorce law, promoted
female employment, family planning
as a human right6
• Early 1970s:
o Launch of “health houses,” small
primary care centers4
• 1979:
o Average of 7 children per woman1
o Islamic Revolution led by Shiite
Muslim spiritual leader Ayatollah
Khomeini
o U.S.-backed Shah overthrown
o Health officials ordered not to
advocate contraception, considered
undue Western influence6
o Legal minimum age at marriage
lowered to 9 for girls and 12 for boys2
• 1980-88:
o Iran at war with Iraq
o Supreme leader Ayatollah Khomeini
incentivized fertility in order to
“produce an army of 20 million”6
• Mid-1980s:
o Average of 6 children per woman1
Late 1980s:
o Economy faltered due to job
shortages, cities became crowded and
polluted6
o Supreme leader Ayatollah Khomeini
issued a fatwa making contraceptives
widely available and acceptable to
conservative Muslims9
• December 1989:
o Family planning program officially
launched
o Compulsory family planning
counseling for couples getting
married5
o Government incorporated
population, family planning, and
maternal and child health into
curriculum materials5
o Islamic Republic of Iran
Broadcasting tasked with spreading
information6
o Discouraged childbearing among
women younger than 18 or older
than 356
o Encouraged women to wait 3-4
years between pregnancies6
o Encouraged couples to limit family
size to 3 children6, restricted
maternity leave benefits after 3rd
child6
o Married couples provided with free
access to condoms, birth control
pills, and vasectomies5
o Health houses integrated family
planning with primary care, which
helped to reduce stigma6
• 1993:
o Parliament removed all economic
incentives for large families, such as
tax deductions4
• 2000:
o Almost all villages covered by
health houses4
o Average of 2.1 children per woman1
2. Did Iran’s Family Planning Program Cause Its Fertility Decline?
Possible Confounding Factors:7
o Increase in women’s formal education
o Increase in women’s presence in the labor force
o Passage of time
o Reduction in infant mortality
o Higher expectation of children’s future education and employment
o Urbanization and modernization
o Increased access to modern communication, e.g. television
A Closer Look at Education:
The graph below demonstrates that women from all educational levels had fewer births after
the government implemented its family planning program. In fact, there were particularly large
drops in fertility among less educated women during this period. This suggests that more educated
women may have begun having fewer children before less educated women did and that the
government’s program may have served as an equalizer.
Age-Specific Fertility Rates by Level of Education
From 1986-1990, 1991-1995, 1996-20003
3. Recent
Policy
Changes
• 2005:
o President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad elected, urged Iranians to have more children
• 2010:
o Government began putting $950 into the bank account of every child born, adding $95
per year until age 185
o Parents expected to contribute matching amounts5
o Children can withdraw the money at age 20 for use in health, education, marriage, or
housing5
Conclusion:
Former Iranian President MahmoudAhmadinejad has warned that family planning is “a
prescription for extinction”9 and reinstituted pronatalist policies. However, after years of spreading
awareness about and access to family planning, it remains to be seen whether these pronatalist
policies can successfully increase the nation’s birth rate and population size.
Iran’s fertility decline coincided with advancements in women’s education, women’s
employment, and child health, all of which are considered drivers of low fertility, regardless of
external government programs. As one might therefore expect, the nation’s fertility rate has fallen
even lower; the average Iranian woman has 1.85 children8 (compared to 2.01 in the United States8). In
the words of Iranian women’s rights activist Sussan Tahmasebi, “Iranian women are not going
back.”9
References and Sources for Further Reading:
(1) Abbasi-Shavazi, M. (2001). The Fertility Revolution in Iran. Population Et Sociétés, 373, 1-4.
(2) Abbasi-Shavazi, M. (2002). Recent Changes and the Future of Fertility in Iran. Retrieved from
http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/completingfertility/2RevisedABBASIpaper.PDF
(3) Abbasi-Shavazi, M., Lutz, W., & Hosseini-Chavoshi, M. (2008). Education and the World's Most Rapid Fertility Decline
in Iran. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA Interim Report IR-08-010. Retrieved April 10, 2013, from
http://www.iiasa.ac.at/publication/more_IR-08-010.php
(4) Hettige, H. (2012, July 30). Celebrate Solutions: Iran's Family Planning Success Story. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
(5) Iran is Reversing Its Population Policy. (2012). Viewpoints, 7, 1-6.
(6) Larsen, J. (2003, August 2). Iran: A Model for Family Planning? - The Globalist. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
(7) Mehryar, A., Delavar, B., Farjadi, G., Hosseini-Chavoshi, M., Naghavi, M., & Tabibian, M. (2001). Iranian Miracle: How
to Raise Contraceptive Prevalence Rate to Above 70% and Cut TFR by Two-Thirds in Less Than a Decade? Retrieved
March 4, 2015, from http://archive.iussp.org/Brazil2001/s20/S20_02_Mehryar.pdf
(8) Total Fertility Rate. (2015, March 5). Retrieved March 5, 2015, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-
world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html
(9) Weiss, K., & Mostaghim, R. (2012, July 22). Iran's Birth Control Policy Sent Birthrate Tumbling. Retrieved March 5,
2015.
