In this module, you will learn how to use SLAAC to allow hosts to create their own IPv6 global unicast address, as well as configure a Cisco IOS router to be a DHCPv6 server, a DHCPv6 client, or a DHCPv6 relay agent.
Using BGP To Manage Dual Internet ConnectionsRowell Dionicio
Meredith Rose discusses using BGP to manage dual internet connections for redundancy. BGP allows traffic to be distributed across both connections simultaneously or fail over from one to the other. Key considerations include preventing the corporate network from becoming a transit path, influencing inbound and outbound traffic flows, and options for routes to import from each ISP like full routes, defaults only, or ISP customer routes plus a default. Proper configuration is needed to load balance connections and control traffic flows for both redundancy and performance.
BGP is an exterior gateway protocol that exchanges routing and reachability information between autonomous systems on the Internet. It makes routing decisions based on configured network policies and paths. As the routing protocol of the Internet, BGP is robust and scalable, connecting multiple private networks and autonomous systems globally.
In this webinar, we cover how Border Gateway Protocol works. Starting from key concepts, you'll learn about Autonomous Systems, the BGP protocol, AS Path, learning and advertising routes, RIBs and route selection. See the webinar recording at https://www.thousandeyes.com/webinars/how-bgp-works
This document provides an overview of IPv6 including addressing, routing, autoconfiguration, transition technologies, and Linux implementation. Key points covered include IPv6 address formats and types, stateless and stateful autoconfiguration using ICMPv6 and DHCPv6, static and adaptive routing protocols like RIPng and OSPFv3, DNS record formats, and dual stack and tunneling transition technologies. It also reviews how to configure an IPv6 router using the radvd daemon on Linux systems.
A short presentation about IPv6 covering all basics you need to know about IPv6. It includes its header, address format, abbreviations, prefixes, types of addresses and strategies for transition from IPv4 to IPv6.
1) The document provides an overview of IPv6 including why it was developed, its key features and improvements over IPv4 such as a vastly larger address space, more efficient routing and security features built into the protocol.
2) It describes IPv6 addressing in detail including the different address types (unicast, multicast, anycast), address formats, interface identifiers and address autoconfiguration.
3) The header format, extension headers for optional information, and new fields for quality of service and flow identification are explained in comparison to IPv4.
4) Protocols for neighbor discovery, multicast listener discovery, and address resolution that replace functions in IPv4 are outlined.
Using BGP To Manage Dual Internet ConnectionsRowell Dionicio
Meredith Rose discusses using BGP to manage dual internet connections for redundancy. BGP allows traffic to be distributed across both connections simultaneously or fail over from one to the other. Key considerations include preventing the corporate network from becoming a transit path, influencing inbound and outbound traffic flows, and options for routes to import from each ISP like full routes, defaults only, or ISP customer routes plus a default. Proper configuration is needed to load balance connections and control traffic flows for both redundancy and performance.
BGP is an exterior gateway protocol that exchanges routing and reachability information between autonomous systems on the Internet. It makes routing decisions based on configured network policies and paths. As the routing protocol of the Internet, BGP is robust and scalable, connecting multiple private networks and autonomous systems globally.
In this webinar, we cover how Border Gateway Protocol works. Starting from key concepts, you'll learn about Autonomous Systems, the BGP protocol, AS Path, learning and advertising routes, RIBs and route selection. See the webinar recording at https://www.thousandeyes.com/webinars/how-bgp-works
This document provides an overview of IPv6 including addressing, routing, autoconfiguration, transition technologies, and Linux implementation. Key points covered include IPv6 address formats and types, stateless and stateful autoconfiguration using ICMPv6 and DHCPv6, static and adaptive routing protocols like RIPng and OSPFv3, DNS record formats, and dual stack and tunneling transition technologies. It also reviews how to configure an IPv6 router using the radvd daemon on Linux systems.
A short presentation about IPv6 covering all basics you need to know about IPv6. It includes its header, address format, abbreviations, prefixes, types of addresses and strategies for transition from IPv4 to IPv6.
1) The document provides an overview of IPv6 including why it was developed, its key features and improvements over IPv4 such as a vastly larger address space, more efficient routing and security features built into the protocol.
2) It describes IPv6 addressing in detail including the different address types (unicast, multicast, anycast), address formats, interface identifiers and address autoconfiguration.
3) The header format, extension headers for optional information, and new fields for quality of service and flow identification are explained in comparison to IPv4.
4) Protocols for neighbor discovery, multicast listener discovery, and address resolution that replace functions in IPv4 are outlined.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 basics including:
- The need for IPv6 due to the depletion of IPv4 addresses with the rise of Internet of Things devices.
- IPv6 uses a 128-bit address format composed of 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits separated by colons.
- IPv6 addresses are categorized into different types including link-local, unique local, and global unicast addresses.
- IPv6 uses prefix lengths like CIDR notation to represent prefixes and subnets are based on dividing the 64-bit prefix.
- IPv6 addresses can be auto-configured using EUI-64 or randomly generated interface IDs, and DHCPv6 can assign addresses and options.
This document provides an overview of BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) including:
- BGP is an exterior gateway protocol used to exchange routing information between autonomous systems.
- BGP uses path vector routing to ensure loop-free paths and allows routing policies between autonomous systems.
- BGP establishes TCP connections between peers and exchanges routing updates in messages including open, keepalive, update, and notification types.
IPv6 - Jozi Linux User Group PresentationJumping Bean
The document provides an overview of IPv6 including its address notation, allocation, classes, scopes, and network configuration. It discusses IPv6 goals of expanding the IP address space and simplifying network administration. It also covers IPv6 implementations for home and small office networks, including stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC) and DHCPv6.
The document provides an overview of routing basics, including: what routers do in finding paths and forwarding packets; the difference between routing and forwarding; how IP route lookup works using longest prefix matching; how routing information databases (RIBs) and forwarding information bases (FIBs) are used; explicit versus default routing; and an introduction to autonomous systems, routing policies, interior gateway protocols (IGPs), exterior gateway protocols (EGPs) like BGP, and how routing and traffic flows work within and between autonomous systems.
This ppt contains what is dhcp, it's need, advantages, disadvantages, IP address assignment process and types, DHCP architecture and lastly some differences.
The document provides an overview of IPv6 addressing and subnetting. It discusses IPv6 address representation and structure, including that addresses are 128 bits long and represented in hexadecimal. The addressing hierarchy from ISP to customer site to individual devices is covered. Different address types like link-local and global unicast are defined. IPv6 autoconfiguration and how devices generate interface IDs are summarized. The document concludes with an example of how to subnet a provider's IPv6 block and allocate /48 prefixes to multiple customers.
The document provides an overview of the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It begins with general information about BGP, including that it is used for routing between autonomous systems and is classified as a path vector routing protocol. It then covers BGP theory in detail over several sections, explaining concepts like neighbors, messages, states, attributes and more. The document aims to provide thorough theoretical understanding needed to implement BGP in a lab.
IPv6 Basics cheat sheet provides concise summaries of IPv6 fundamentals in 3 sentences or less:
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit and provide up to 3.4×1038 unique addresses. IPv6 headers are simplified to a fixed 40 bytes and extension headers allow additional options. Neighbor discovery uses neighbor solicitation and advertisement messages to determine link-layer addresses and manage address autoconfiguration via stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC) or DHCPv6.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 addressing and connectivity. It describes the various types of IPv6 addresses including global aggregateable unicast addresses, site-local addresses, unique local addresses, and link-local addresses. It also covers IPv6 address formats and special addresses like the unspecified, loopback, multicast, and solicited node multicast addresses. Transition mechanisms from IPv4 to IPv6 are also briefly mentioned.
The document outlines the design and testing of a multi-area OSPF network. It discusses requirements like implementing OSPF with areas and authentication. The network design is shown including IP addressing plans and topology. Routers are provisioned with OSPF and IPv4/IPv6. Test scenarios validate functionality and robustness like verifying routes and neighbors on each router. Records and data are stored in files for the project.
MPLS L3 VPN allows companies to offer Layer 3 VPN services with advantages like scalability, security, and support for duplicate IP addresses and different network topologies. The key components that enable this are VRF tables on PE routers that separate routing information for each customer to avoid duplicate IP issues, and MP-BGP which customizes VPN routing information using a Route Distinguisher, VPN label, and Route Target to support different VPN topologies. MPLS L3 VPN provides services like multi-homed sites for redundancy, hub-and-spoke networks, internet access with security, and extranets for inter-company communication.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 fundamentals, including:
- Key differences between IPv4 and IPv6 such as larger addressing space and elimination of NAT.
- Details of the IPv6 header format and use of extension headers for additional functions.
- The IPv6 addressing architecture including the various address types and formats.
- Protocols for autoconfiguration, neighbor discovery, and multicast in IPv6 networks.
An Overview of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)Jasim Alam
BGP is the exterior gateway protocol that connects autonomous systems on the internet. It uses distance vector routing and TCP to establish connections between routers in different autonomous systems to exchange routing and reachability information. BGP messages advertise routing prefixes, paths, and policies between autonomous systems. Routers maintain BGP routing tables containing routes and their attributes to determine the best paths for traffic. As the number of autonomous systems and routing entries has increased, challenges around scaling the routing system remain an area of ongoing work.
The document discusses the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) which allows different computer networks on the internet to exchange information about reachable destinations. It explains that BGP glues together over 52,000 networks and remembers how to route traffic to over 570,000 network prefixes. The document also provides details about how autonomous system numbers are used to identify networks, how to get an IP address allocation and connect a network to the internet via transit or peering agreements, and examples of BGP configuration and routing policies.
SGNOG2 - Using communities for multihoming ISP workshopAPNIC
The document discusses using BGP communities for multihoming and provides examples of how ISPs implement traffic engineering policies using BGP communities. It describes RFC1998 which introduced using communities to determine local preference for load balancing across multiple links. It then gives examples of how ISPs extend this idea to support more complex multihoming situations and provide customers more policy control options through communities. Specific community tags used by sample ISPs like Sprint and Verizon Business Europe are also outlined.
The document provides information about Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It discusses BGP basics including terminology, protocol operation, message types, and configuration of BGP peers. Specific topics covered include BGP neighbor and peer relationships, route attributes, and route advertisement between autonomous systems.
- IPv4 addresses will be exhausted within 1000 days, so IPv6 adoption is urgently needed
- Getting IPv6 addresses from your LIR and setting up basic routing is straightforward using existing IPv4 knowledge and tools
- A sample IPv6 network deployment plan is outlined, including addressing schemes, interface configuration, routing protocols, and DNS/reverse DNS setup
IPv6 is the latest version of the Internet Protocol (IP) developed to address the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. It features a vastly larger address space, simpler header format, and built-in security. The presentation provides an overview of IPv6 addressing and communication protocols, including the use of 128-bit addresses, address types and formats, special addresses, header structures, neighbor discovery, and transition from IPv4.
There are three methods for IPv6 hosts to obtain addresses and configuration information:
1. Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) using flags in Router Advertisement messages
2. SLAAC to obtain a global address and stateless DHCPv6 for other information
3. Stateful DHCPv6 to obtain both a global address and other information
Router Advertisement messages contain flags indicating whether the host should use SLAAC, stateless DHCPv6, or stateful DHCPv6 to obtain addressing and configuration details. The host combines the received prefix with an interface ID generated from its MAC address or a random value to form its global IPv6 address.
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is what you are going to discover onwards. Here, you will get format, features and related required information of IPv6 addresses and its related protocols.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 basics including:
- The need for IPv6 due to the depletion of IPv4 addresses with the rise of Internet of Things devices.
- IPv6 uses a 128-bit address format composed of 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits separated by colons.
- IPv6 addresses are categorized into different types including link-local, unique local, and global unicast addresses.
- IPv6 uses prefix lengths like CIDR notation to represent prefixes and subnets are based on dividing the 64-bit prefix.
- IPv6 addresses can be auto-configured using EUI-64 or randomly generated interface IDs, and DHCPv6 can assign addresses and options.
This document provides an overview of BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) including:
- BGP is an exterior gateway protocol used to exchange routing information between autonomous systems.
- BGP uses path vector routing to ensure loop-free paths and allows routing policies between autonomous systems.
- BGP establishes TCP connections between peers and exchanges routing updates in messages including open, keepalive, update, and notification types.
IPv6 - Jozi Linux User Group PresentationJumping Bean
The document provides an overview of IPv6 including its address notation, allocation, classes, scopes, and network configuration. It discusses IPv6 goals of expanding the IP address space and simplifying network administration. It also covers IPv6 implementations for home and small office networks, including stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC) and DHCPv6.
The document provides an overview of routing basics, including: what routers do in finding paths and forwarding packets; the difference between routing and forwarding; how IP route lookup works using longest prefix matching; how routing information databases (RIBs) and forwarding information bases (FIBs) are used; explicit versus default routing; and an introduction to autonomous systems, routing policies, interior gateway protocols (IGPs), exterior gateway protocols (EGPs) like BGP, and how routing and traffic flows work within and between autonomous systems.
This ppt contains what is dhcp, it's need, advantages, disadvantages, IP address assignment process and types, DHCP architecture and lastly some differences.
The document provides an overview of IPv6 addressing and subnetting. It discusses IPv6 address representation and structure, including that addresses are 128 bits long and represented in hexadecimal. The addressing hierarchy from ISP to customer site to individual devices is covered. Different address types like link-local and global unicast are defined. IPv6 autoconfiguration and how devices generate interface IDs are summarized. The document concludes with an example of how to subnet a provider's IPv6 block and allocate /48 prefixes to multiple customers.
The document provides an overview of the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It begins with general information about BGP, including that it is used for routing between autonomous systems and is classified as a path vector routing protocol. It then covers BGP theory in detail over several sections, explaining concepts like neighbors, messages, states, attributes and more. The document aims to provide thorough theoretical understanding needed to implement BGP in a lab.
IPv6 Basics cheat sheet provides concise summaries of IPv6 fundamentals in 3 sentences or less:
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit and provide up to 3.4×1038 unique addresses. IPv6 headers are simplified to a fixed 40 bytes and extension headers allow additional options. Neighbor discovery uses neighbor solicitation and advertisement messages to determine link-layer addresses and manage address autoconfiguration via stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC) or DHCPv6.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 addressing and connectivity. It describes the various types of IPv6 addresses including global aggregateable unicast addresses, site-local addresses, unique local addresses, and link-local addresses. It also covers IPv6 address formats and special addresses like the unspecified, loopback, multicast, and solicited node multicast addresses. Transition mechanisms from IPv4 to IPv6 are also briefly mentioned.
The document outlines the design and testing of a multi-area OSPF network. It discusses requirements like implementing OSPF with areas and authentication. The network design is shown including IP addressing plans and topology. Routers are provisioned with OSPF and IPv4/IPv6. Test scenarios validate functionality and robustness like verifying routes and neighbors on each router. Records and data are stored in files for the project.
MPLS L3 VPN allows companies to offer Layer 3 VPN services with advantages like scalability, security, and support for duplicate IP addresses and different network topologies. The key components that enable this are VRF tables on PE routers that separate routing information for each customer to avoid duplicate IP issues, and MP-BGP which customizes VPN routing information using a Route Distinguisher, VPN label, and Route Target to support different VPN topologies. MPLS L3 VPN provides services like multi-homed sites for redundancy, hub-and-spoke networks, internet access with security, and extranets for inter-company communication.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 fundamentals, including:
- Key differences between IPv4 and IPv6 such as larger addressing space and elimination of NAT.
- Details of the IPv6 header format and use of extension headers for additional functions.
- The IPv6 addressing architecture including the various address types and formats.
- Protocols for autoconfiguration, neighbor discovery, and multicast in IPv6 networks.
An Overview of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)Jasim Alam
BGP is the exterior gateway protocol that connects autonomous systems on the internet. It uses distance vector routing and TCP to establish connections between routers in different autonomous systems to exchange routing and reachability information. BGP messages advertise routing prefixes, paths, and policies between autonomous systems. Routers maintain BGP routing tables containing routes and their attributes to determine the best paths for traffic. As the number of autonomous systems and routing entries has increased, challenges around scaling the routing system remain an area of ongoing work.
The document discusses the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) which allows different computer networks on the internet to exchange information about reachable destinations. It explains that BGP glues together over 52,000 networks and remembers how to route traffic to over 570,000 network prefixes. The document also provides details about how autonomous system numbers are used to identify networks, how to get an IP address allocation and connect a network to the internet via transit or peering agreements, and examples of BGP configuration and routing policies.
SGNOG2 - Using communities for multihoming ISP workshopAPNIC
The document discusses using BGP communities for multihoming and provides examples of how ISPs implement traffic engineering policies using BGP communities. It describes RFC1998 which introduced using communities to determine local preference for load balancing across multiple links. It then gives examples of how ISPs extend this idea to support more complex multihoming situations and provide customers more policy control options through communities. Specific community tags used by sample ISPs like Sprint and Verizon Business Europe are also outlined.
The document provides information about Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It discusses BGP basics including terminology, protocol operation, message types, and configuration of BGP peers. Specific topics covered include BGP neighbor and peer relationships, route attributes, and route advertisement between autonomous systems.
- IPv4 addresses will be exhausted within 1000 days, so IPv6 adoption is urgently needed
- Getting IPv6 addresses from your LIR and setting up basic routing is straightforward using existing IPv4 knowledge and tools
- A sample IPv6 network deployment plan is outlined, including addressing schemes, interface configuration, routing protocols, and DNS/reverse DNS setup
IPv6 is the latest version of the Internet Protocol (IP) developed to address the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. It features a vastly larger address space, simpler header format, and built-in security. The presentation provides an overview of IPv6 addressing and communication protocols, including the use of 128-bit addresses, address types and formats, special addresses, header structures, neighbor discovery, and transition from IPv4.
There are three methods for IPv6 hosts to obtain addresses and configuration information:
1. Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) using flags in Router Advertisement messages
2. SLAAC to obtain a global address and stateless DHCPv6 for other information
3. Stateful DHCPv6 to obtain both a global address and other information
Router Advertisement messages contain flags indicating whether the host should use SLAAC, stateless DHCPv6, or stateful DHCPv6 to obtain addressing and configuration details. The host combines the received prefix with an interface ID generated from its MAC address or a random value to form its global IPv6 address.
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is what you are going to discover onwards. Here, you will get format, features and related required information of IPv6 addresses and its related protocols.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 including:
- The expanded 128-bit addressing scheme and different address types like unicast, multicast, etc.
- Simplified header format compared to IPv4 and removal of checksumming at the network layer.
- Transition mechanisms between IPv4 and IPv6 like 6to4 and ISATAP addressing.
- Hierarchical and aggregatable global address allocation policies and interface identifier assignments.
- IPv6 header options and their processing model compared to IPv4.
The document provides instructions on configuring DHCPv4 services. It discusses DHCPv4 concepts like how DHCPv4 operates between clients and servers using messages like DHCPDISCOVER, DHCPOFFER, DHCPREQUEST and DHCPACK. It then provides steps to configure a DHCPv4 server by excluding addresses, defining pools, and assigning default gateways and DNS servers. Additional sections explain how to configure a DHCPv4 relay on a router to forward requests to a server, and how to configure a Cisco router as a DHCPv4 client.
The document discusses Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) which allows IPv6 devices to automatically configure themselves with an IPv6 address without the need for a DHCPv6 server. SLAAC utilizes ICMPv6 Router Advertisement messages from routers to provide IPv6 address prefixes and other configuration parameters to hosts, allowing them to generate their own addresses using the EUI-64 method or a random interface identifier. The document provides details on the SLAAC address generation process and configuration examples for routers and clients.
The document discusses IPv4 and IPv6 addressing. It notes that IPv4 provides 4.3 billion addresses while IPv6 provides 3.4 undecillion addresses. It then outlines some limitations of IPv4 including limited addresses and lack of built-in security. Improvements in IPv6 are discussed such as built-in security, more efficient routing, and vastly increased address space. Examples of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses are provided. The document also discusses IPv6 addressing formats, types of IPv6 addresses including unicast, anycast and multicast, and IPv6 transition technologies.
The document discusses DHCPv6 and how it can be implemented in stateful and stateless modes. In stateful mode, clients obtain IPv6 addresses and configuration from a DHCPv6 server. This can be done using rapid commit with a two message exchange or normal commit using four messages by default. The DHCPv6 server assigns addresses from a pool and bindings are created. In stateless mode, clients autoconfigure their own addresses using SLAAC from router advertisements while still obtaining other configuration from a DHCPv6 server like DNS servers.
The document provides information on IPv6 addressing architecture and formats. It discusses IPv6 address types including unicast, multicast, and link-local addresses. It also covers IPv6 header formats, extension headers, and address autoconfiguration processes.
The document provides guidance on configuring and troubleshooting Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 4 and 6 in a small to medium-sized business network. It describes how to configure a Cisco router as a DHCP server and client for IPv4 and IPv6. It also outlines the operation of DHCPv4, stateless DHCPv6, and stateful DHCPv6. Troubleshooting tasks covered include verifying DHCP configurations and debugging DHCP operations.
This document provides an agenda and overview for an IPv6 networking training session. The summary includes:
1) The training will cover IPv6 addressing, neighbor discovery, tools and resources, network layers, and hands-on labs.
2) Prerequisites include a willingness to learn, understanding of networks, and bringing a laptop for the hands-on portion using CORE virtual machines.
3) The hands-on portion will use CORE virtual machines and allow participants to set up an IPv6 lab environment.
DHCP evolved from RARP and BOOTP protocols to dynamically assign IP addresses to clients on a network. The DHCP server maintains a pool of IP addresses and configuration information. When a client requests an IP, the DHCP server allocates one from the pool along with other configuration and leases it to the client for a set time. This allows for IP addresses to be reused more efficiently as clients connect and disconnect from the network.
IPv6 for CMU discusses IPv6 addressing, header basics, autoconfiguration, and transition from IPv4. It covers why IPv6 is needed due to limited IPv4 addresses, IPv6 address formats and types, stateless and stateful configuration, neighbor discovery, and integration with IPv4 using mapped and compatible addresses.
This document provides an overview of IP addressing topics including IPv4 and IPv6 network addresses, address structures, types of addresses, and connectivity verification. Specifically, it covers converting between binary and decimal numbering systems, describing IPv4 address structures and components, comparing address types like unicast and multicast, and using ping and traceroute to test connectivity.
This document provides an overview of IP addressing topics covered in Chapter 7, including IPv4 and IPv6 network addresses, address structures, types of addresses, and connectivity verification. The key sections are on IPv4 network addresses, IPv6 network addresses, and connectivity verification using tools like ping and traceroute. Some of the main points covered include converting between binary and decimal, describing IPv4 and IPv6 address structures, comparing address types, and using utilities to test network connectivity.
1. The document provides guidance on strategically planning and designing an IPv6 address plan for a large multi-national enterprise called ACME.
2. It outlines the requirements including supporting up to 37 countries and 40 campus locations within the largest country. The plan should be highly hierarchical, uniform and scalable.
3. Byte boundaries are recommended between hierarchy levels to support many countries, with nibble boundaries between buildings within campuses given fewer buildings. The plan should include infrastructure addressing.
This document discusses IPv6, including its benefits over IPv4 such as larger address space. It describes IPv6 addressing formats and types of addresses. Global unicast addresses allow hosts to communicate over the Internet. The document outlines DHCP server modes and stateless autoconfiguration using router advertisements. It also summarizes IPv6 transition methods like dual stack and tunneling to migrate from IPv4 to IPv6.
The document discusses DHCP and how to configure a DHCP server on Windows Server 2008. DHCP allows automatic assignment of IP addresses and configuration settings to clients on a network. To set up a DHCP server, the DHCP server role is added to a server using the Add Roles Wizard. This presents configuration pages for binding network adapters, setting DNS/WINS options, adding DHCP scopes to define IP address ranges, and authorizing the DHCP server. Key options configured include DNS servers, domain names, and WINS servers to provide additional settings to DHCP clients.
The document provides information about configuring DHCP in Cisco IOS including:
- DHCP provides configuration parameters like IP addresses and lease times to network hosts from a DHCP server.
- By default, Cisco routers include DHCP server and relay agent software. DHCP supports automatic, dynamic, and manual IP address allocation.
- Configuring DHCP involves enabling DHCP services, configuring excluded addresses, DHCP pools for available addresses, and optional settings like DNS servers and lease times. Manual bindings can also be configured to assign specific addresses.
1. The host will automatically generate a link-local address starting with fe80::.
2. It will perform duplicate address detection to ensure the address is unique on the local link.
3. If the address is unique, it is assigned to the interface.
4. The host will send a router solicitation to discover network prefixes advertised by routers.
5. Upon receiving a router advertisement with network prefixes, the host will autoconfigure an IPv6 address by combining the prefix with its interface ID.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 provisioning and interface startup. It discusses stateless address autoconfiguration, router advertisements, DHCPv6, and the steps an interface takes at startup to acquire a link-local address and check for router advertisements. These include generating an interface identifier to build a link-local address, performing duplicate address detection, soliciting router advertisements, checking for address prefixes, and determining if DHCPv6 needs to be called. Diagrams illustrate concepts like DHCPv6 client-server communication, identity associations, and address states.
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2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
2. SLAAC Defined
• Like IPv4, there are a number of different ways that a host can be addressed in IPv6; the
two most common in IPv4 are static addressing and dynamic address configuration via
the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). Often the reason that engineers use
DHCP is that it not only provides a method of dynamically assigning addresses, it also
provides a way to assign the host devices other service information like DNS servers,
domain names, and a number of different custom information.
• To perform address configuration on IPv6 there are a couple of familiar methods and a
few additional methods, including: static addressing, static addressing with DHCPv6
(stateless), dynamic addressing via DHCPv6 (Stateful), SLAAC alone, or SLAAC with
DHCPv6 (Stateless). IPv6 static addressing works exactly the same as IPv4 static
addressing so there is no mystery there. IPv6 does, however, provide two different ways
of implementing DHCP, either stateful (e.g., when an IPv4 DHCP server tracks the
addresses that are given out) and stateless. Stateless DHCP does not track what
information is given out to clients and does not give out IPv6 addresses; instead, it
provides the extra information that most people relate with typical DHCP assignment,
e.g., DNS server information. Stateless DHCP is then matched up with another
mechanism (such as Static addressing or SLAAC) for IPv6 address assignment.
3. SLAAC Defined (Cont.)
• SLAAC provides the ability to address a host based on a network prefix that is advertised from a
local network router via Router Advertisements (RA). RA messages are sent by default by most
IPV6 routers; these messages are sent out periodically by the router and include information
including:
• One or more IPv6 prefixes (Link-local scope)
• Prefix lifetime information
• Flag information
• Default device information (Default router to use and its lifetime)
• SLAAC is implemented on the IPv6 client by listening for these local RA’s and then taking the
prefix that is advertised to form a unique address that can be used on the network. For this to
work, the prefix that is advertised must advertise a prefix length of 64 bits (i.e., /64); SLAAC will
then dynamically form a host identifier that is 64 bits long and will be suffixed to the end of the
advertised prefix to form an IPv6 address. Originally, the host identifier was formed using the EUI-
64 rules (the same that are used to form link local addresses) and many devices still use this
method. However, some Microsoft operating systems by default do not use this original method.
Instead, they take advantage of some additional privacy extensions that were defined in RFC4941.
5. SLAAC - Example topology discussion
• If the hosts (H1-H4) shown in Figure 1 were using the EUI-64 method of host identification, the IPv6
addresses created using SLAAC would be:
• H1 – 2000:1234:5678::12FF:FE34:5678
• H2 – 2000:1234:5678::EBFF:FEA4:C1AE
• H3 – 2000:1234:5678::BAFF:FE24:C4AE
• H4 – 2000:1234:5678::84FF:FE67:AEFC
• To be thorough, the EUI-64 process will be outlined for H1 as follows:
• The prefix 2000:1234:5678::/64 will be learned from R1’s RA messages and will be the initial prefix.
• The client identifier would then be created from the MAC address that is assigned to H1, in this case
0200:1234:5678. The first step of EUI-64 conversion is to split the MAC address in half and place FF:FE in the
middle, which results in 0200:12FF:FE34:5678. Then the seventh bit will be flipped, in this case the first 8
bits is 00000010 (0x02). Next, the seventh bit is flipped and the bit becomes 0, resulting in 00000000 (0x00);
this gives a final host identifier result of 0000:12FF:FE34:5678. When the prefix and the host identifier are
brought together, it results in an IPv6 address that is used for H1 of
2000:1234:5678:0000:0000:12FF:FE34:5678, which can be shortened to 2000:1234:5678::12FF:FE34:5678.