What is IP Address? How to assign IP to any computer? Explain IP Addressing Schemes. Explain IPv4 Addresses with Class. (Class structure) Explain Subnetting ? What is Subnet mask ? Explain Supernetting

1. What is IP Address?

2. ● An IP address is an address used in order to uniquely
identify a device on an IP network.
● The address is made up of 32 binary bits,
which can be divisible into a network portion and
host portion with the help of a subnet mask.
● The 32 binary bits are broken into four octets (1 octet
= 8 bits).
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3. Q: How to assign IP to any computer?
● Click Start  Control Panel  Network and Dial-up
Connections
● Right-click Local Area Connection, and then click
Properties.
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5. ● Click Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), and then click
Properties.
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Assign this server a static IP address

6. Q: Explain IP Addressing Schemes.
● There are two way to represent the IP Address:
1) Binary Notation: Base 2
2)Dotted-Decimal Notation: Base 10
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7. 1) Binary Notation: Base 2
● In binary notation, an IPv4 address is displayed as 32
bits.
● To make the address more readable, one or more
spaces is usually inserted between each octet (8 bits).
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8. ● So, it is common to hear an IPv4 address referred to
as a 32-bit address, a 4-octet address.
● The following is an example of an IPv4 address in
binary notation
● 01110101 10010101 00011101 11101010
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10. 2) Dotted-Decimal Notation: Base 10
● To make the IPv4 address more compact and easier to
read, an IPv4 address is usually written in decimal
form with a decimal point (dot) separating the bytes.
● This format is referred to as dotted-decimal notation.
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11. ● Figure shows an IPv4 address in dotted decimal
notation.
● because each byte (octet) is only 8 bits, each number
in the dotted- decimal notation is between 0 and 255.
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12. ● Q: Explain IPv4 Addresses with Class. (Class
structure)
● Every host and router on the Internet has an IP address,
which encodes its network number and host number.
● All IP addresses are 32 bits long and are used in the
Source address and Destination address fields of IP
packets.
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13. ● IP addresses were divided into the five categories
listed in fig below.
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15. ● Table
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16. Classes of IP addresses
● TCP/IP defines five classes of IP addresses: class A, B,
C, D, and E.
● Each class has a range of valid IP addresses.
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17. ● IP addresses from the first three classes (A, B and C)
can be used for host addresses.
● The other two classes are used for other purposes –
class D for multicast and
class E for experimental purposes.
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18. ● The system of IP address classes was developed for the
purpose of Internet IP addresses assignment.
● The classes created were based on the network size. (School
network v/s city network)
● For example, for the small number of networks with a very
large number of hosts, the Class A was created.
● The Class C was created for numerous networks with small
number of hosts.
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19. ● For the IP addresses from Class A, the first 8 bits (the
first decimal number) represent the network part,
while the remaining 24 bits represent the host part.
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20. ● For Class B, the first 16 bits (the first two numbers)
represent the network part, while the remaining 16
bits represent the host part.
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21. ● For Class C, the first 24 bits represent the network
part, while the remaining 8 bits represent the host
part.
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23. Class A
● Class A used for very large network such as major
international company might have.
● Range 1.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255
● First bit of class A address is 0 as shown in above fig.
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24. ● Example of class A address: 115. 24.53.107
Network id - host id
● Loopback address: Loopback address is used to send a
message to host itself.
● Sometimes is used for some verification things or for
troubleshoot.
● 127.0.0.1 Is loopback address.
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25. Consider the following IP addresses:
● 10.50.120.7 –this is a Class A address,
the first number (10) represents the network part,
while the remainder of the address represents the host part (50.120.7).
This means that, in order for devices to be on the same network,
the first number of their IP addresses has to be the same for both devices.
In this case, a device with the IP address of 10.47.8.4 is on the same network.
The device with the IP address 11.5.4.3 is not on the same network, because the first
number of its IP address is different.
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26. Class B
● Class B is used for medium size network
e.g. large university etc.
● Range 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255
●
● First bit of class B address is 1 & second bit is 0 as
shown in above fig.
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27. ● Example of class B address :145.24. 53.107
Network id host id
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28. Consider the following IP addresses:
● 172.16.55.13 – this is a Class B address,
the first two numbers (172.16) represent the network part,
while the remainder of the address represents the host part (55.13).
A device with the IP address of 172.16.254.3 is on the same network,
while a device with the IP address of 172.55.54.74 isn’t.
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29. Class C
● Class C is used for small to medium size business.
● Range 192.0.0.0 – 223.225.225.225
● In class C 1st n 2nd bit value are 1 and 3rd bit value is 0.
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30. ● Example of class C address.195.24.53.107
● Network id host id
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31. Class D
● Class D is used for multicast purpose.
● Range 224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255
● In class C 1st, 2nd & 3rd bit value are 1 and 4th bit
value is 0.
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32. ● Class E
● Class E is used for experimental purpose only and
reserved for future use.
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33. Explain Subnetting ?
● to division of Large network into small sub networks.
● It increases the security of the network and reduces
the size of the broadcast domain.
● Consider the following example:
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35. ● In the picture above we have one huge network:
10.0.0.0/24.
● All hosts on the network are in the same subnet,
which has following disadvantages:
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36. ● a single broadcast domain – all hosts are in the
same broadcast domain. A broadcast sent by any
device on the network will be processed by all hosts,
creating lots of unnecessary traffic.
● network security – each device can reach any other device
on the network, which can present security problems.
● For example, a server containing sensitive information,
shouldn’t be in the same network as an user workstation.
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37. ● organizational problems – in a large networks,
different departments are usually grouped into
different subnets.
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38. ● The network above could be subnetted like this:
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39. ● Now, two subnets were created for different
departments: 10.0.0.0/24 for Accounting and
10.1.0.0/24 for Marketing.
● Devices in each subnet are now in a different
broadcast domain.
● This will reduce the amount of traffic flowing on the
network and allow us to implement packet filtering
on the router.
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40. ● Subnetting is a way of partitioning a network at the IP
level by dividing a block of addresses into a number of
smaller sets
● Class A, B, C in IP addressing are designed with two
levels of hierarchy.(netid and hostid)
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41. ● Special Addresses in Subnetting
● A subnetid of all 1s or all 0s is not assigned to any host.
● The address with the hostid of all 1s is reserved for
broadcasting to all hosts in a specific subnet.
● The address with the hostid of all 0s is also reserved to
define the subnetwork itself.
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43. ● Advantages :
● It is useful to reduce the network traffic.
● Allowing to use two or more LAN technologies
together in the same network.
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44. ● Disadvantages:
● may need buying additional hardware such as a
router.
So, it may cost lots of money.
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45. What is Subnet mask ?
● An IP address is divided into two parts: network part and
host parts.
● a subnet mask also consists of 32 bits.
● Computers use it to determine the network part and the host
part of an address.
● Computers works only with bits. It is used to determine a
network range is binary AND.
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46. ● AND Gate
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47. ● Let’s say that we have the IP address of 10.0.0.1 with
the default subnet mask of 8 bits (255.0.0.0).
● First, we need to convert the IP address to binary:
● IP address:
10.0.0.1 = 00001010.00000000.00000000.00000001
● Subnet mask:
255.0.0.0 = 11111111.00000000.00000000.0000000
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48. ● computers then use the AND operation to
determine the network number:
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49. ● The computer can then determine the size of the
network.
● Only IP addresses that begins with 10 will be in the
same network.
● So, in this case, the range of addresses in this network
is 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255.
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50. Q: Explain
Supernetting
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51. Q: Explain Supernetting.
● In Supernetting, multiple networks are combined
into a bigger network termed as a Supernetwork or
Supernet.
● Super netting is used in route aggregation to reduce
the size of routing tables and routing table updates
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52. ● Example
● 4 class C addresses combine to make one
supernetwork. see below Figure .
● Suppernet Mask
● In a supernet mask, we change some 1s in the netid
section to 0s.
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53. ● Be aware that the position of 1s in the supernet mask defines the
lowest address.
● With the supernet mask of 255.255.252.0 we can have 4 class C
address combined into one supernetwork.
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56. ● If we choose the first address to be X.Y.32.0, the other
three addresses are X.Y.33.0, X.Y.34.0, and X.Y.35.0.
● Whenever the router receives a packet, it applies the
supernet mask to the destination address and
compares the result to the lowest address.
● If the result and the lowest address are the same, the
packet belongs to the supernet.
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