The document provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT), describing it as a network of connected devices equipped with sensors, actuators, and storage. It discusses the potential benefits of IoT in various industries through improved efficiency and decision-making, as well as the technological considerations such as LPWAN versus cellular networks for connectivity. Additionally, it differentiates between microcontrollers (MCUs) and microprocessors (MPUs) in terms of their functionalities and applications.

1. IOT & Smart City
 By Vivek Sharma

2. What is IoT ?
 Internet of Things abriviated as IoT. Is a
network of physical devices, appliances or
any embedded machine equipped with any
one or more of these :
 Sensor
 Accutator
 Storage

3. Sensors :
 When we talk about senses, the first thought
which comes is the 5 senses of our body.
Similarly these sensors are the sense organs
of any device, appliance or system.
 Sensors help gather useful information about
the surroundings or to be either logged for
research purposes.

4. Accutators :
 Accutators are the limbs of any IoT device,
which enables the device to do certain action
in the surrounding. This part of the device
help humans to fights unbearable or
hazardous environment and extend our
domain of work when it is danger of human
life in such surrounding.

5. Storage :
 As a very essential part we learn history, to
learn rectifying our mistakes previously done
or to get a precise measure of the
surrounding. The storage or logging of data
comes to action.

6.  Internet of Things can connect devices embedded in various systems to
the internet. When devices/objects can represent themselves digitally,
they can be controlled from anywhere. The connectivity then helps us
capture more data from more places, ensuring more ways of increasing
efficiency and improving safety and IoT security.

 IoT is a transformational force that can help companies improve
performance through IoT Analytics and IoT Security to deliver better
results. Businesses in the utilities, oil & gas, insurance, manufacturing,
transportation, infrastructure and retail sectors can reap the benefits of
IoT by making more informed decisions, aided by the torrent of
interactional and transactional data at their disposal.
Scope of IoT :

7. Scope of IoT(Continued..)
 IoT platforms can help organizations reduce cost through
improved process efficiency, asset utilization and
productivity. With improved tracking of devices/objects using
sensors and connectivity, they can benefit from real-time
insights and analytics, which would help them make smarter
decisions. The growth and convergence of data, processes
and things on the internet would make such connections
more relevant and important, creating more opportunities for
people, businesses and industries.

8. LPWAN Technology
Created for machine-to-machine (M2M) and internet of things (IoT)
networks, LPWANs operate at a lower cost with greater power
efficiency than traditional mobile networks. They are also able to
support a greater number of connected devices over a larger area.
LPWANs can accommodate packet sizes from 10 to 1,000 bytes at
uplink speeds up to 200 Kbps. LPWAN's long range varies from 2 km
to 1,000 km, depending on the technology.
Most LPWANs have a star topology where, similar to Wi-Fi, each
endpoint connects directly to common central access points.

9. Different Networking Technologies
LPWAN vs. Cellular
Cellular networks suffer primarily from poor battery life and may
have gaps in coverage. Another difficulty is technology
sunsetting (when a technology is intentionally phased out):
there are 30 million 2G endpoints in the US orphaned by
sunsetting. Many of the IoT devices must remain on the network
for 10 years. It doesn’t make economic sense if a cellular
network is sunset and no longer supports the devices.

10. Different Networking Technologies (Cont.)
LPWAN vs. Cellular LPWA (NB-IoT)
Most notable aspects of cellular LPWA are still under
development. As mentioned with cellular networks above,
technology sunsetting is a huge concern. Cat-0 was touted as a
long-term solution, only to fall victim to sunsetting.
There’s active research into LTE-M, NB-IoT, EC-GSM, and 5G IoT,
but none of them are cross-compatible and the jury is still out
on whether they will be suitable for long-term IoT solutions.
Initial versions of LTE-M are being rolled out now by AT&T and
Verizon.

11. Different Networking Technologies (Cont.)
LPWAN vs. Mesh Networks
Mesh networks like ZigBee are being used in IoT applications. In fact,
many home automation systems deploy ZigBee, but ZigBee isn’t an
ideal fit for LPWA applications. Mesh networks are only useful at
medium distances and don’t have the long-range capabilities of
LPWAN technologies.
More importantly, mesh networks aren’t battery efficient because each
node must constantly receive and repeat the neighboring RF signals.
When sensors scale to the thousands, ZigBee or other mesh networks
don’t adequately fit the needs of LPWA applications.

12. Different Networking Technologies (Cont.)
LPWAN vs. Local RF
Local RF includes Bluetooth and NFC, but these options simply
don’t have the range to be useful for many IoT applications.

13. Difference b/w MCU & MPU.
Microcontrollers also differ from microprocessors. Microprocessors contain
only a CPU, and therefore require added peripherals to perform tasks. MCUs,
on the other hand, contain RAM, ROM, and similar peripherals, which allow
them to perform (simple) tasks independently.
Ultimately, despite similar names and appearances, microcontrollers and
microprocessors differ widely in their applications. Microprocessors are
more powerful, but must be employed as single components in larger
systems to function. Microcontrollers, meanwhile, are limited in power and
functionality, but can perform simple functions independently. Your Apple TV,
for example, requires a microprocessor to handle all the varied and
demanding tasks it performs. A connected coffeemaker, on the other hand,
only needs to perform simple routines and tasks, and therefore employs a
microcontroller.

14. Difference b/w MCU & MPU (Cont.)

15. Thank You..