Ionic bond seminar by Mohammad Nasih
in Kurdistan -Iraq
Kurdistan regional government
Ministry of higher education & scientific research
University scientific
Part chemistry
Introduction
Some Information & Properties about Ionic Bonding
Write Chemical Formula about this substance
Atoms gain or lose
Formation of Ions from Metals
Ions from Nonmetal Ions
Some Typical Ions with Positive Charges (Cations)
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Ionic bond seminar by Mohammad Nasih
in Kurdistan -Iraq
Kurdistan regional government
Ministry of higher education & scientific research
University scientific
Part chemistry
Introduction
Some Information & Properties about Ionic Bonding
Write Chemical Formula about this substance
Atoms gain or lose
Formation of Ions from Metals
Ions from Nonmetal Ions
Some Typical Ions with Positive Charges (Cations)
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Ions and ionic bonding
• When an atom loses or gains one or more electrons,
it is called as an ion.
• Oppositely charged ions combine to form ionic
compounds.
• When an atom loses electron it forms a positively
charged ion called as cation.
• When an atom gains electron it forms a negatively
charged ion called as anion.
• The ions are represented in the form of 𝑋𝑌, where X
is the symbol of the element and Y is the charge of
the atom. For example, sodium forms 𝑁𝑎+ ion by
losing one electron. This ion has 11 protons and 10
electrons. It can be noted that the charges in the
atom are not neutralised. Chlorine form 𝐶𝑙−ion by
gaining an electron.
3. Ionic charge
of elements
Elements are arranged in
periodic table according
to atomic numbers and
are assigned with group
numbers. Group number
denotes the number of
electrons in the
outermost shell.
For example: Lithium, Sodium,
Potassium, Rubidium, Caesium and
Francium are group 1 elements. All
these elements have one electron in the
outermost shell and lose an electron to
enter the stable state.
Group 2 elements have 2
electrons in the
outermost shell and lose
2 electrons to form X2+ (X
is the symbol for
element) and enters the
stable state.
4. Ionic charge of elements
• Group 17/7 elements are called as halogens. Chlorine has atomic number
of 17. So the electronic configuration is 2, 8, 7. It needs one electron to
reach stable configuration. Hence, chlorine gains one electron and
becomes Cl- ion. The table below shows the ionic charges of different
elements.
+1 +2 +3 -3 -2 -1
Group 1
elements
Hydrogen (H)
Silver (Ag)
Gold (Au)
Group 2
elements
Zinc (Zn)
Copper(II) (Cu)
Iron (II) (Fe)
Tin (Sn)
Lead (Pb)
Group 13
elements
Iron (III) (Fe)
Group 15
elements
Group 16
elements
Group 17
elements
5. Molecular Ions
• Molecular ions contain two or more ions that are bonded by a
covalent bond.
Name of molecular ion Symbol
Nitrate 𝑁𝑂3
−
Carbonate 𝐶𝑂3
2−
Sulphate 𝑆𝑂4
2−
Hydroxide 𝑂𝐻−
Ammonium 𝑁𝐻4
+
6. Ionic
bonding
Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain
electrons.
Metals lose electrons from its outermost
shell to form positive ions.
Non-metals gain electron to form negative
ions.
The electrostatic charge on the ion depends
on the number of electrons gained or lost.
When metals and non-metals combine, the
electrons in the outermost shell of metal are
transferred to the non-metal and both enter
a stable configuration (of noble gases).
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9. Formula for Ionic Compounds
The formula for an ionic compound is written using the principle that
oppositely charged ions combine to form a neutral compound.
To derive the formula for lithium nitrate,
• Identify the ionic charges of the ions formed by elements or molecules.
Lithium for Li+ ion and nitrate forms 𝑁𝑂3
−
ion.
• These two ions combine to form a neutral compound. Hence, the formula
for Lithium nitrate is LiNO3
Deriving the formula for sodium carbonate:
• Sodium forms Na+ ions. Carbonate (𝐶𝑂3
2−
) has 2 excess electrons.
• These ions combine to form a neutral compound. Therefore, two sodium
ions and one carbonate ion combine to form sodium carbonate. The
formula for sodium carbonate is Na2CO3.
12. Polarisation
• An ionic compound has both the ions in spherical shape. The cation attracts the negative charges in anion
and the compound gets slight covalent character.
• The polarising power of cation is higher when the positive ion is smaller than the anion. The bigger the
anion, the more easier it is to distort it. The more the charge of the cation, the more is its ability to
polarise the anion.
Editor's Notes
Electron configuration of Li (Atomic number=3): 2, 1
Electron configuration of Cl (Atomic number=17): 2, 8, 7
Lithium loses one electron in its outermost shell and Chlorine gains one electron to form a stable configuration.
Electron configuration of Li+: 2
Electron configuration of Cl-: 2, 8, 8
The ions in ionic compounds are arranged in a regular pattern called lattice structure.
The electrostatic force of attraction between positive and negative ions holds the atoms together and thus form crystals.
This force of attraction is very strong and hence, ionic bonds are strong.
attraction between oppositely charged ions in a lattice structure as shown in figure.
The strength of metallic bonding depends on:
Size of ions
Smaller ions have stronger ionic bonding. For example: KCl has a low melting point than NaCl, as the ionic radius of Potassium ion is larger than that of Sodium ion. Hence, KCl is larger in size than NaCl. Thus, it has weaker ionic bonding, and less melting point than NaCl.
Charge of ions
Higher the charge of the ions, stronger will the force of attraction and hence, stronger the ionic bonding. The ionic bond of MgO is stronger than NaCl because Mg2+ and O2- are larger in charge when compared to Na+ and Cl-. As a result, the melting points of MgO is higher than that of NaCl.
Across the period from left to right, the atomic radium decreases. This is due to the increased force of attraction between protons and electrons.
Cations are formed when atoms lose electrons. Cations have smaller ionic radius than its atoms due to increase in force of attraction between protons and electrons.
Cation of an element has less electron shells than atom of that element. Hence, the shielding impact decreases, and the ionic radius decreases comparatively to the ionic radius of the atom of that element.
Anions are formed when atoms gain electrons. Anions have larger ionic radius than its atoms due to increase in force of repulsion between the electrons.
The trend of ionic radius of period 3 ions (same number of electrons) is shown in the figure.
The ionic radius of elements increases down the group as the number of electron shells increases.
