Investigatory Project on the lesson Human Health and Disease: Oncology.
It describes the types of cancer, it's causes as well as prevention. It also shares the effect of cancer om social and personal life of a people.
Project ideas for class 12 students ...you can can find well prepared projects on topics from the CBSE school curriculum.
Your project work for class 12 students provides a platform for students to explore their interests and deepen their understanding of a particular subject. It may cover various topics, including science, humanities, languages, or social sciences, and may involve a wide range of methodologies and approaches.
My project works for class 12 students may take several forms, including research papers, case studies, presentations, or practical experiments. It may also include the use of technology or multimedia tools to enhance the learning experience.
By uploading project work for class 12 students, i provide them with an opportunity to showcase their talents and develop essential skills that will be valuable in their academic and professional careers. It also helps students to become independent learners and critical thinkers, who can analyze and interpret information to draw their conclusions.
Overall, my initiative to upload project work for class 12 students is an excellent contribution to the education community. It provides students with a platform to showcase their creativity, develop critical thinking skills, and prepare for their future academic and professional pursuits.
Here you will find stuffs related to jee , neet and CBSE board project work here.
Project ideas for class 12 students ...you can can find well prepared projects on topics from the CBSE school curriculum.
Your project work for class 12 students provides a platform for students to explore their interests and deepen their understanding of a particular subject. It may cover various topics, including science, humanities, languages, or social sciences, and may involve a wide range of methodologies and approaches.
My project works for class 12 students may take several forms, including research papers, case studies, presentations, or practical experiments. It may also include the use of technology or multimedia tools to enhance the learning experience.
By uploading project work for class 12 students, i provide them with an opportunity to showcase their talents and develop essential skills that will be valuable in their academic and professional careers. It also helps students to become independent learners and critical thinkers, who can analyze and interpret information to draw their conclusions.
Overall, my initiative to upload project work for class 12 students is an excellent contribution to the education community. It provides students with a platform to showcase their creativity, develop critical thinking skills, and prepare for their future academic and professional pursuits.
Here you will find stuffs related to jee , neet and CBSE board project work here.
Cancer is an abnormal and uncontrolled division of cells, known as cancer cells that invade and destroy the surrounding tissues.
Generally cancer is defined as uncontrolled proliferation of cells without any differentiation. Cancer cells are different from normal cells in some aspects. They do not remain confined to one part of the body. They penetrate and infiltrate into the adjoining tissues and dislocate their functions. Some of the cancer cells get detached from the main site of origin and travel by blood and lymph to sites distant from the original tumour and form fresh colonies, called metastasis or secondary growth.
Human health has many aspects, we need to feed the diet which provides better nutrition and gives good health, an absence of disease and good behaviour. There are many health-related problems and conditions are responsible for the weak health and sometimes death causing illness, in which cancer is one most common health risk in human healthcare. Cancer is the state in which cell division is uncontrolled which damage the cells and in the last stage, if incurable caused death. There are many reasons why cell got infected due to cancerous infections, in which food habits and quality of foodstuffs are also increased the risk of cancer, like mycotoxins contamination in the food. MSG additives, taste enhancer, food colouring etc. done by the chemical processing which produces toxins inside the during the oxidation process of food. Cancer is causes of death rate higher than other health risks all over the world. The number of cancer cases is likely to rise up to 24 million by 2035. Several studies were performed in the last years in order to explore and analyze associations between diet and risk of cancer. The risk of cancer is depending on the degree of exposure to contaminated food, availability of nutrients in the body, dietary pattern and lifestyle as well as food behaviour. Research from a number of sources provides information that some vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, dietary fibre, certain micronutrients, few fatty acids and physical activity protect against cancers. Whereas poor dietary intake, imbalanced nutrition, less physical activity trances fatty acids, food processing and cooking method may increase risks.
Keywords: Cancer, death, nutrition, fruits and vegetable
LECTURE 11 CANCER DRUGS, IMMUNOCHEMISTRY and CHEMOCHEMISTRY.docxmanningchassidy
LECTURE 11 CANCER: DRUGS, IMMUNOCHEMISTRY and CHEMOCHEMISTRY
A dividing breast cancer cell.
Cancer is the name given to a collection of related diseases. In all types of cancer, some of the body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues.
Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells. Normally, human cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place.
When cancer develops, this orderly process breaks down. As cells become more and more abnormal, old or damaged cells survive when they should die, and new cells form when they are not needed. These extra cells can divide without stopping and may form growths called tumors.
Many cancers form solid tumors, which are masses of tissue. Cancers of the blood, such as leukemia, generally do not form solid tumors.
Cancerous tumors are malignant, which means they can spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. In addition, as these tumors grow, some cancer cells can break off and travel to distant places in the body through the blood or the lymph system and form new tumors far from the original tumor.
Unlike malignant tumors, benign tumors do not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. Benign tumors can sometimes be quite large, however. When removed, they usually don’t grow back, whereas malignant tumors sometimes do. Unlike most benign tumors elsewhere in the body, benign brain tumors can be life threatening.
What are the differences between cancer cells and normal cells?
Cancer cells differ from normal cells in many ways that allow them to grow out of control and become invasive. One important difference is that cancer cells are less specialized than normal cells. That is, whereas normal cells mature into very distinct cell types with specific functions, cancer cells do not. This is one reason that, unlike normal cells, cancer cells continue to divide without stopping.
In addition, cancer cells are able to ignore signals that normally tell cells to stop dividing or that begin a process known as programmed cell death, or apoptosis, which the body uses to get rid of unneeded cells.
Cancer cells may be able to influence the normal cells, molecules, and blood vessels that surround and feed a tumor, an area known as the microenvironment. For instance, cancer cells can induce nearby normal cells to form blood vessels that supply tumors with oxygen and nutrients, which they need to grow. These blood vessels also remove waste products from tumors.
Cancer cells are also often able to evade the immune system, a network of organs, tissues, and specialized cells that protects the body from infections and other conditions. Although the immune system normally removes damaged or abnormal cells from the body, some cancer cells are able to “hide” from the immune system.
Tumors can also use the immune system to stay alive and grow. For example, with.
define the cancer, types of tumor cells, TNM classification, staging, cancer cells in different area, etiology, carcinogenesis, sign of cancer, diagnosis, prevention - radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgical management
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Cancer is an abnormal and uncontrolled division of cells, known as cancer cells that invade and destroy the surrounding tissues.
Generally cancer is defined as uncontrolled proliferation of cells without any differentiation. Cancer cells are different from normal cells in some aspects. They do not remain confined to one part of the body. They penetrate and infiltrate into the adjoining tissues and dislocate their functions. Some of the cancer cells get detached from the main site of origin and travel by blood and lymph to sites distant from the original tumour and form fresh colonies, called metastasis or secondary growth.
Human health has many aspects, we need to feed the diet which provides better nutrition and gives good health, an absence of disease and good behaviour. There are many health-related problems and conditions are responsible for the weak health and sometimes death causing illness, in which cancer is one most common health risk in human healthcare. Cancer is the state in which cell division is uncontrolled which damage the cells and in the last stage, if incurable caused death. There are many reasons why cell got infected due to cancerous infections, in which food habits and quality of foodstuffs are also increased the risk of cancer, like mycotoxins contamination in the food. MSG additives, taste enhancer, food colouring etc. done by the chemical processing which produces toxins inside the during the oxidation process of food. Cancer is causes of death rate higher than other health risks all over the world. The number of cancer cases is likely to rise up to 24 million by 2035. Several studies were performed in the last years in order to explore and analyze associations between diet and risk of cancer. The risk of cancer is depending on the degree of exposure to contaminated food, availability of nutrients in the body, dietary pattern and lifestyle as well as food behaviour. Research from a number of sources provides information that some vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, dietary fibre, certain micronutrients, few fatty acids and physical activity protect against cancers. Whereas poor dietary intake, imbalanced nutrition, less physical activity trances fatty acids, food processing and cooking method may increase risks.
Keywords: Cancer, death, nutrition, fruits and vegetable
LECTURE 11 CANCER DRUGS, IMMUNOCHEMISTRY and CHEMOCHEMISTRY.docxmanningchassidy
LECTURE 11 CANCER: DRUGS, IMMUNOCHEMISTRY and CHEMOCHEMISTRY
A dividing breast cancer cell.
Cancer is the name given to a collection of related diseases. In all types of cancer, some of the body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues.
Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells. Normally, human cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place.
When cancer develops, this orderly process breaks down. As cells become more and more abnormal, old or damaged cells survive when they should die, and new cells form when they are not needed. These extra cells can divide without stopping and may form growths called tumors.
Many cancers form solid tumors, which are masses of tissue. Cancers of the blood, such as leukemia, generally do not form solid tumors.
Cancerous tumors are malignant, which means they can spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. In addition, as these tumors grow, some cancer cells can break off and travel to distant places in the body through the blood or the lymph system and form new tumors far from the original tumor.
Unlike malignant tumors, benign tumors do not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. Benign tumors can sometimes be quite large, however. When removed, they usually don’t grow back, whereas malignant tumors sometimes do. Unlike most benign tumors elsewhere in the body, benign brain tumors can be life threatening.
What are the differences between cancer cells and normal cells?
Cancer cells differ from normal cells in many ways that allow them to grow out of control and become invasive. One important difference is that cancer cells are less specialized than normal cells. That is, whereas normal cells mature into very distinct cell types with specific functions, cancer cells do not. This is one reason that, unlike normal cells, cancer cells continue to divide without stopping.
In addition, cancer cells are able to ignore signals that normally tell cells to stop dividing or that begin a process known as programmed cell death, or apoptosis, which the body uses to get rid of unneeded cells.
Cancer cells may be able to influence the normal cells, molecules, and blood vessels that surround and feed a tumor, an area known as the microenvironment. For instance, cancer cells can induce nearby normal cells to form blood vessels that supply tumors with oxygen and nutrients, which they need to grow. These blood vessels also remove waste products from tumors.
Cancer cells are also often able to evade the immune system, a network of organs, tissues, and specialized cells that protects the body from infections and other conditions. Although the immune system normally removes damaged or abnormal cells from the body, some cancer cells are able to “hide” from the immune system.
Tumors can also use the immune system to stay alive and grow. For example, with.
define the cancer, types of tumor cells, TNM classification, staging, cancer cells in different area, etiology, carcinogenesis, sign of cancer, diagnosis, prevention - radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgical management
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
1. PROJECT ON
NAME: SOURYA SUMAN
CLASS: XII ‘C’
ADM NO.: 14316
ONCOLOGY/CANCER
2022-23
SESSION
Pitts modern school,gomia
2. Page | 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am very glad to have the opportunity to make this project & express
my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide Mr. DP
Mukherjee sir for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant
encouragement throughout this project. I would like to thank the
people who helped me directly or indirectly to complete the project.
I would also like to extend my gratitude to Mr. MK Upadhyay,
principal Pitts Modern School, Gomia for their valuable
encouragement and approval of the project work.
Lastly, I thank The Almighty, my parents and friends for their
constant encouragement.
Sourya Suman
XII (PCB)
3. Page | 3
PITTS MODERN SCHOOL, GOMIA
BOKARO (JH)
Certification
This is to certify that the project was done by Sourya Suman student of class
XII Biology registration number 14316 is in partial fulfilment of the Biology
examination 2022-23 certify that this project is done by him with his own
efforts and with guidance and supervision of the teacher.
I approve the project for submission as required for the partial fulfilment of the
higher secondary school certificate.
PROJECT GUIDE D P MUKHERJEE
(biology department)
PRINCIPAL
M K UPADHAYAY
4. Page | 4
INDEX
Introduction 6
Human Cancer Cell 7
Difference between
Normal and Cancer cell
8-9
Characteristics of Cancer
cell
9
Types of Tumours 10
Cancer Cell Division 11-12
Causes of Cancer 13-14
Types of Cancer 15-22
Treatment of Cancer 23-26
5. Page | 5
AWWhat cancer cannot do
Cancer is so limited …
It cannot cripple love
It cannot shatter hope
It cannot corrode faith
It cannot destroy confidence
It cannot kill friendship
It cannot shut out memories
It cannot silence courage
It cannot reduce eternal life
It cannot quench spirit
D
6. Page | 6
Introduction
Cancer- The uncontrollable killer that have millions of
victims as well as the undefeated enemy of humanity. It
is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth
with the potential to invade other parts of the body.
Not all tumours are cancerous like benign tumours do
not harm much and remain confined to their location and
mot spread to other body parts. But malignant tumours
are the biggest threat to our body as they show no mercy.
The disease is becoming major cause of death in modern
world as most of the infectious diseases are being
controlled through vaccination and drug. Cancer is more
common in elderly persons though its initiation begins at
quite early age. Slow changes occur at molecular and
cellular levels for the latter to become cancerous.
Over 100 types of cancers affect humans.
These diseases are characterized by a cellular
malfunction. Healthy cells are programmed to 'know
what to do and when to do it'. Cancerous cells do not
have this programming and
therefore replicate and
grow out of control.
Cancerous cells in together
are called Neoplasm.
7. Page | 7
Human Cancer Cells
Cancer cells are cells
that divide relentlessly,
forming solid tumours
or flooding the blood
with abnormal cells.
Cancer cells have
distinguishing
histological features visible under the microscope. The
nucleus is often large and irregular, and the cytoplasm
may also display abnormalities.
The shape, size, protein composition, and texture of the
nucleus are often altered in malignant cells. The nucleus
may acquire grooves, folds or indentations, chromatin
may aggregate or disperse, and the nucleolus can become
enlarged.
Different
combinations of
abnormalities are
characteristic of
different cancer
types, to the extent
that nuclear
appearance can be
used as a marker in
cancer diagnostics
and staging.
8. Page | 8
Difference between normal and
cancer cells
Normal cell Cancer cell
Cell Reproduction
Cell reproduction is needed to
replenish the cell population
that ages or becomes damaged
or destroyed. Normal cells
reproduce properly.
These cells may have gene
mutations or chromosome
mutations that affect the
reproductive properties of the
cells. They don't experience
biological aging and not
maintain their ability to
replicate and grow.
Cell Communication
Cells communicate with other
cells through chemical signals.
These signals help normal cells
to know when to reproduce
and when to stop reproducing.
Cell signals are usually
transmitted into a cell by
specific proteins.
Cancer cells lose the ability to
communicate with other cells
through chemical signals. They
also lose sensitivity to anti-
growth signals from
surrounding cells. These
signals normally restrict
cellular growth.
Cell Specialization
Normal cells have the ability to
differentiate or develop into
specialized cells. For example,
cells can develop into heart
cells, brain cells, lung cells or
any other cell of a specific
type.
Cancer cells are unspecialized
and do not develop into cells
of a specific type. Similar to
stem cells, cancer cells
proliferate or replicate many
times, for long periods of time.
Cell Death
Normal cells have the ability to
self-destruct when they become
damaged or diseased. Cells
When the genes in a normal
cell are damaged beyond
repair, certain DNA checking
9. Page | 9
break down and are disposed
of by white blood cells.
mechanisms signal for cell
destruction.
Morphological Difference Between
Normal AND Cancer Cells
Fine chromatin Coarse chromatin
Characteristics of Cancer Cells
❖ The cancer cells do not require extracellular
growth factors.
❖ The cells continue to divide repeatedly.
❖ There is no control over cell divisions.
❖ The cells do not remain attached to one another
but can slip past one another.
❖ Due to repeated divisions, cells form a large
mass of undifferentiated tissue called tumour.
❖ Cells pass out from the tumour to new sites for
forming secondary
tumours. The spread of
cancerous cells from
one part to the other
parts (through body
fluids or secondaries) is
called metastasis.
Normal cell Cancer cell
Large cytoplasm Small cytoplasm
Single nucleus Multiple nuclei
Single nucleolus Multiple and large nucleoli
10. Page | 10
Types of Tumours
There are two types of tumours, benign and malignant.
a) Benign Tumour: Benign tumour is noncancerous or
non-malignant tumour which remains confined to
the original position of its formation, stops
increasing in size after certain growth, gets
encapsulated in connective tissue so that it is unable
to infiltrate into adjacent tissues, e.g., warts. It may,
however, cause discomfort or pain.
b) Malignant tumour: Malignant tumour is the actual
cancerous tumour which grows rapidly because the
dividing cells continue proliferation, produce
angiogenic factors for blood supply and become
progressively invasive. Malignant tumour is not
encapsulated. Its cells reach other parts of the body
through blood, lymph and formation of secondaries.
They form new malignant tumours in invaded parts.
The phenomenon is called metastasis. Malignant
tumours prove fatal when they disrupt the function
of some vital organs.
11. Page | 11
Cancer Cell Division
Cell division is a normal process used by the body for
growth and repair. A parent cell divides to form two
daughter cells, and these daughter cells are used to build
new tissue, or to replace cells that have died as a result of
ageing or damage. Healthy cells stop dividing when there
is no longer a need for more daughter cells, but cancer
cells continue to produce copies. Cancer is divided into 4
stages (1st
,2nd
,3rd
& 4th
).
Cancer is unchecked cell growth. Mutations in genes can
cause cancer by accelerating cell division rates or
inhibiting normal controls on the system, such as cell
cycle arrest or programmed cell death. As a mass of
cancerous cells grows, it can develop into a tumour.
13. Page | 13
Causes of Cancer
Physical, chemical and biological agents that cause cancer
are known as carcinogens.
1) Physical carcinogens: They
include mechanical irritants, heat
and radiations.
a) Mechanical Irritants: friction,
trauma and continues irritation
seems to produce cancer.
b) Heat: Excessive smoking causes
mouth as well as lung cancer
c) Radiations: UV radiations, X-
Rays, radioactive isotopes etc
causes cancers, e.g., leukaemia, skin cancer
2) Chemical Carcinogens: A number of chemicals are
known to cause cancers, e.g., nitrosodimethylene
(cigarette smoke, lung
cancer), 3, 4-benzopyrene
(skin and lung cancer),
synthetic dyes (blood
cancer), aflatoxin (liver
cancer), cadmium oxide
(prostate cancer),
diethylstilbesterol (vaginal cancer), sex hormone
(breast cancer) etc.
3) Biological Carcinogens: Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
causes cervical cancer (Cancer of cervix). Epstein Bar
Virus produces Burkitt's lymphoma (jaw tumour) and
nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Human Herpes Virus-8
forms Kaposi’s sarcoma (vascular neoplasm) common
in AIDS patients. Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV, HCV)
seem to cause liver cancer. Helicobacter pylori, the
causative agent of peptic ulcer may cause gastric
14. Page | 14
carcinoma. Schistosoma haematobium produces
urinary bladder cancer.
4) Tobacco use, alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet,
physical inactivity and air pollution are most common
causes.
֎Alcoholism is the leading cause of liver cancer
destroying 28000 lives per year…
֎ Around 1.80M people dies from lung cancer in 2020
estimated by WHO.
15. Page | 15
Types of Cancers
On the basis of tissue affected, some 200 clinically
distinct cancers are recognised. They are, however,
grouped under five types- carcinomas, melanomas,
sarcomas, leukaemia and lymphomas and adenomas.
1) Carcinomas: They are the cancers of epithelial tissues
like skin and epithelial lining of internal organs.
a) Lung Cancer: A cancer that begins in the lungs and
most often occurs in people who smoke.
Symptoms- Cough (often with blood), Chest pain,
Wheezing and weight loss.
Prevention- Avoid smoking and carcinogens at work,
eat diet full of fruits and vegetables, Exercise most
days of the week.
16. Page | 16
b) Breast Cancer: A cancer that forms in the cells of
breasts caused by mutations of genes like BRCA1
and BRCA2.
Symptoms- Bloody nipple discharge, discomfort,
inverted nipple, lump formation near breasts.
Prevention- Keep weight in check and be physically
fit.
• Avoid alcohol and smoking.
• Avoid post-menopausal hormones.
• Avoid birth control pills and have regular
screening.
17. Page | 17
c) Liver Cancer: Liver cancer is cancer that begins in
the cells of your liver. Liver cancer can be caused by
chronic infections with hepatitis C virus (HCV) or
hepatitis B virus (HBV).
Symptoms:
• Loss of weight and appetite
• Upper abdominal pain
• Nausea and vomiting
• White chalky stools
• Jaundice
• Abdominal swelling
Preventions:
• Avoid excess alcohol
• Maintain healthy weight
• Get vaccinated against hepatitis B
18. Page | 18
2) Melanomas: they are the tumours arising from
melanocytes of skin and epithelial lining of internal
organs.
a) Mucosal Melanoma: It occurs on your mucus
membranes, which are tucked away inside your nose,
mouth, anus and vagina.
Symptoms:
• Bleeding lumps
• Pigmented lesions
• Ulcers
For head and neck:
• Dentures that do not fit properly
• Difficulty and pain when you swallow or
speak
• Frequent nosebleed
• Nasal obstruction and loss of sense of smell
Prevention:
• Avoid sun during middle of day
• Wear sunscreen
• Wear protective clothing
• Avoid tanning lamps and beds
• Take care of your skin
19. Page | 19
b) Nodular Melanoma: Nodular melanoma is a type of
skin cancer. It's a firm, raised, discoloured growth on
your skin that may look like a blood blister.
Overexposure to ultraviolet light is the primary
cause of nodular melanoma.
Symptom:
• A firm, dome-shaped growth on your skin
• Discoloration (red, pink, brown, black, blue-
black or the same colour as your skin)
• Texture may be smooth, crusty or rough, like
cauliflower
• Bleeding
• Itching
• Stinging
Prevention:
• Avoid sun and seek shade, especially between
10 a.m. and 4 p.m. when the sun's rays are the
strongest.
• Don't use tanning beds. Use a spray tan
(cosmetic) instead.
• Wear hats with brims, sunglasses, long-sleeved
shirts and pants whenever possible.
• Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with a skin
protection factor (SPF) of 30 or higher. Reapply
it often, especially if you're swimming or
sweating.
• Take care of your skin and seek for a medical
help if anything abnormal happens.
20. Page | 20
3) Sarcomas: They are cancerous growths of mesodermal
tissues like bone, cartilage, fat, etc. In human beings,
sarcomas constitute only one percent of all tumours,
e.g., osteoma (cancer of bone), lipoma (cancer of
adipose tissue.
Osteoma: Osteomas are benign head tumours made of
bone. They're usually found in the head or skull, but
they can also be found in the neck.
Symptoms:
• Headaches
• Sinus infections
• Hearing or vision problems
21. Page | 21
4) Leukaemia (Blood Cancer): It is one of the most
common and life-threatening type of cancer. It affects
the blood cells.
Symptoms:
• Weight loss that’s unexplained
• Bruising and bleeding that’s unexplained
• Lumps or swelling
• Shortness of breath
• Drenching night sweat
• Fever that’s unexplained
• Rash, itchy skin and pain in bones, joints and
abdomen
• Fatigue and paleness
Prevention:
• Avoid exposure to radiations
• Avoid exposure to chemicals
• Avoid smoking in any form
• Regular exercise
• Eat healthy
• Don’t ignore symptoms
• Have a healthy and correct lifestyle
22. Page | 22
5) Adenoma: It is a cancer caused by the excessive growth
of glandular epithelium caused by mutation of DNA in
the cells.
Thyroid Cancer: Thyroid cancer is a growth of cells
that starts in thyroid.
Symptoms:
• Lump on neck
• Difficulty in swallowing
• Swollen lymph nodes in your neck
• Pain in your neck and throat
Prevention: Adults and children with and inherited
gene that increases the risk of medullary thyroid cancer
may consider thyroid surgery to prevent cancer.
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Treatment of cancer
It depends on the type of cancer. There are four types of
treatment or strategies which are used singly or in
combination.
1) Surgery
The tumour is removed surgically. However, as
malignant tumour has migrating cells, the latter
cannot be removed. Therefore, surgical removal of a
malignant or cancerous tumour is never completely
successful. Repeated surgery is required. Surgical
reduction of tumour is also used for other modes of
cancer treatment. Certain tumours are, however, not
accessible to surgical excision. In some of these
cases laser microsurgery has been used successfully.
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2) Radiation Therapy
Cancer cells are undifferentiated dividing cells. They
are more easily damaged by radiations than the
other differentiated body cells. Radon (Rn-220),
Iodine (1-131) and cobalt (Co-60) are radioisotopes
commonly used in radiotherapy. Administration of
2-deoxyglucose half an hour before radiation therapy
kills most of the cancer cells. However, some
harmful changes do occur to normal tissues around
the tumour mass.
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3) Chemotherapy
It is the use of cytotoxic drugs often along with other
types of therapies. The common drugs are cisplatin
and fluorouracil, nitrosoureas, vincristine and
vinblastine (from Catharanthus roseus in leukaemia),
Taxol (from Taxus baccate) and tetra thiomolybdate.
Cytotoxic drugs, however, have a number of side
effects. Prophylactic use of tamoxifen and raloxifene
in ladies with mutated BRCA genes (risk of breast
cancer) has been useful. PARP (Poly ADP ribose
polymerase) inhibitors have been found to kill
tumour cells without any side effects.
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4) Immunotherapy
It is strengthening of anticancer immunological
defence mechanism of the body because tumour
cells avoid detection and destruction by immune
system. For this the patients are given biological
response modifiers such as a-interferon. They
activate the immune system which helps in
destroying tumour cells. Monoclonal antibodies with
attached radioisotopes combine immunotherapy
with radiotherapy. Another approach is to develop
vaccines against cancers. Bone marrow transplant is
used in case of leukaemia
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Effect of cancer on Human Society
Almost all cancer survivors will face psychological and emotional
issues that can show up many years after treatment. The good news is
that you don’t have to suffer alone. Therapy, support groups, social
media and community resources are available to help you cope with
these issues.
Here are some of the most common
issues that cancer survivors may deal
with:
Fear of recurrence: Many survivors
worry that their cancer will come
back at some point. Milestone events in their cancer journey can
often trigger these feelings. Knowing your own body can help
distinguish between normal physical changes and more serious
symptoms that need to be reported to your doctor.
Depression: It is estimated that 70% of cancer survivors
experience depression at some point. Know the symptoms of
depression and seek treatment as soon as possible.
Body image: Cancer survivors who have experienced
amputations, disfigurement or a major change in physical
function can suffer from a lack of self-esteem. A negative body
image can affect your desire for intimacy and social interaction.
Honesty and open communication with loved ones can minimize
negative feelings.
Relationships: You may find that friends, co-workers and family
members treat you differently after a cancer diagnosis. They may
avoid you or won’t discuss your cancer It can help to seek new
relationships with other cancer survivors who know what you’ve
been through.
The workplace: Cancer survivors often feel that they can no
longer relate to co-workers who haven’t experienced cancer. You
may be reluctant to talk about your cancer treatment to
employers or co-workers for fear of being treated differently. See
if your employer has a support group or other resources for
cancer survivors.
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“Cancer is only the chapter of
your life not the whole story”