Within the body, enzymes play an essential role in maintaining the homeostasis. Inadequate actions of enzymes are linked to several illnesses. The primary attention on IDE as a protease enzyme involved in the degradation of insulin hormone and then has extended in last 20 years due to its numerous unique characters of the enzyme in relations to structure, function and sub cellular localization. Now evidence gradually supporting the idea that IDE might be participating in the human diseases pathogenesis like AD or T2DM. AD and T2DM are linked by the accumulation of protein aggregates called as amyloid fibrils. Despite the absence of sequence similarity between amyloidogenic proteins, all amyloid fibrils share a usual morphology, all have a ß-sheet structure and are unsolvable in physiological situations and are uninfluenced by proteolytic degradation. Thus, cells evolutionary developed systems to degrade amyloidogenic species before their accumulation. Molecular chaperones are one example of such system they help proper protein folding and stop the accumulation of misfolded proteins. Ashfaq Ahmad "Investigating the Link Between Alzheimer's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59810.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/59810/investigating-the-link-between-alzheimers-disease-and-type-2-diabetes-mellitus/ashfaq-ahmad
001 Case Study - Submission Point_c1051231_attempt_2023-11-23-14-08-42_ABS CW...marwaahmad357
1) The document discusses protein synthesis and the rare genetic disorder MEHMO syndrome caused by mutations in the EIF2S3 gene involved in protein synthesis.
2) Experiments using patient-derived cells showed reduced protein synthesis and activation of the integrated stress response in cells with the MEHMO mutation.
3) Treatment with the small molecule ISRIB, which activates eIF2B and suppresses the stress response, rescued cellular phenotypes in mutant cells and improved neuronal differentiation in patient-derived cells. This suggests ISRIB may help treat symptoms of MEHMO syndrome by restoring protein synthesis.
[13386905 nova biotechnologica et chimica] phage endolysin a way to unders...Pig Farm Solution
PHAGE ENDOLYSIN: A WAY TO UNDERSTAND A BINDING FUNCTION OF C-TERMINAL DOMAINS
A MINI REVIEW
Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and
Methodius, Trnava, SK-917 01, Slovak Republic (lenka.tisakova@ucm.sk)
In Silico Modeling and Docking Studies on Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase A Pr...BRNSS Publication Hub
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder including continuously progressive cognitive and functional deficits as well as behavioral changes and is related with amassing of amyloid and tau depositions in the brain. Subjective side effects of AD most ordinarily incorporate deficits in short-term memory, executive and visuospatial dysfunction, and praxis. Mammalian methionine sulfoxide reductase A is encoded by a single gene and is found in both cytosol and mitochondria. Biologically active compounds from different plants have been used to treat various ailments. In the present study, mitochondrial peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase protein sequence from Homo sapiens was retrieved from UniProt and selected structure of the peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase from Escherichia coli (Protein Data Bank [PDB] id: 1FF3) was used as template. The homology model was developed by using Modeller 9.20 version. Molecular docking studies were performed using Autodock4.2. 20 natural compounds were docked against modeled protein. All the compounds exhibited good binding energy. Campesterol showed with lesser energy of −9.0 Kcal/mol.
Antihypertensive Peptides; Synthesis, Properties and Application in FoodsAkshay Ramani
1) Hypertension affects over 1 billion people worldwide and is a major cause of death and disability. Oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to hypertension and related conditions like cardiovascular disease.
2) Bioactive peptides derived from food proteins can regulate blood pressure by inhibiting the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). ACE is involved in blood pressure regulation and peptide inhibitors of ACE have potential for treating hypertension.
3) Bioactive peptides are released from proteins through enzymatic digestion and fermentation and have been shown to lower blood pressure in animal and human studies by inhibiting ACE.
In vitro experiments of prokaryotic and eukaryotic antimicrobial peptide cyto...AI Publications
These proteinaceous molecules, called antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), are a varied collection of antimicrobial peptides. The ability of AMPs to combat gut infections necessitates further study of the AMP-GI tract interaction. These peptides need to be tested in vitro for cytotoxicity before they may be considered for use in clinical infections. Using the MTT conversion assay, neutral red dye absorption assay, and a comparison to vancomycin, researchers examined the cytotoxicity of gallidermin, nisin A, natural magainin peptides, and melittin in two gastrointestinal cell types (HT29 and Caco-2). Sheep erythrocyte hemolytic activity was also studied, and the influence of AMPs on paracellular permeability was assessed using transepithelial resistance (TEER) and TEM. Gallidermin, nisin A, magainin I, magainin II, and melittin were the least cytotoxic AMPs. To our knowledge, only Melittin and NIS caused considerable hemolysis. There are two distinct ways that melittin and nisin differ in their ability to kill bacteria. It was the only AMP that had an effect on the permeability of the paracellular space. Intestinal tight junctions and cell–cell adhesion were destroyed by long-term melittin therapy, as were microvilli, cell debris, and cell–cell adhesion. Antimicrobial activity and low cytotoxicity make Gallidermin a promising therapeutic drug. The antibacterial properties of Melittin are limited, but its ability to transport poorly bioavailable medicines may be useful.
57.insilico studies of cellulase from Aspergillus terreusAnnadurai B
This document describes various in silico studies performed on cellulases from Aspergillus terreus. The physicochemical properties of the cellulases were analyzed using tools from the ExPASy bioinformatics server. It was found that the molecular weights ranged from 40,927 to 100,058 Daltons and the isoelectric points were acidic. Secondary structure prediction using SOPMA showed that random coils dominated. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis were performed using CLC Workbench. 3D structures were obtained from ESyPred 3D server. The analyses provide insight into cellulase properties that can aid in purification and industrial applications.
This document provides information on human cell structure and function:
- It defines the cell and lists its key components: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus.
- It describes several organelles in detail, including their structure and functions. The mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are highlighted for generating energy and protein/lipid synthesis respectively.
- Cell functions like ingestion, digestion, synthesis, and movement are summarized. The process of mitosis and its five phases - prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase - are outlined as well.
Introduction
Classification
Therapeutic values of peptidomimetics
Design of peptidomimetics by manipulation of amino acids
Modification of peptide backbone
Chemistry of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes
001 Case Study - Submission Point_c1051231_attempt_2023-11-23-14-08-42_ABS CW...marwaahmad357
1) The document discusses protein synthesis and the rare genetic disorder MEHMO syndrome caused by mutations in the EIF2S3 gene involved in protein synthesis.
2) Experiments using patient-derived cells showed reduced protein synthesis and activation of the integrated stress response in cells with the MEHMO mutation.
3) Treatment with the small molecule ISRIB, which activates eIF2B and suppresses the stress response, rescued cellular phenotypes in mutant cells and improved neuronal differentiation in patient-derived cells. This suggests ISRIB may help treat symptoms of MEHMO syndrome by restoring protein synthesis.
[13386905 nova biotechnologica et chimica] phage endolysin a way to unders...Pig Farm Solution
PHAGE ENDOLYSIN: A WAY TO UNDERSTAND A BINDING FUNCTION OF C-TERMINAL DOMAINS
A MINI REVIEW
Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and
Methodius, Trnava, SK-917 01, Slovak Republic (lenka.tisakova@ucm.sk)
In Silico Modeling and Docking Studies on Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase A Pr...BRNSS Publication Hub
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder including continuously progressive cognitive and functional deficits as well as behavioral changes and is related with amassing of amyloid and tau depositions in the brain. Subjective side effects of AD most ordinarily incorporate deficits in short-term memory, executive and visuospatial dysfunction, and praxis. Mammalian methionine sulfoxide reductase A is encoded by a single gene and is found in both cytosol and mitochondria. Biologically active compounds from different plants have been used to treat various ailments. In the present study, mitochondrial peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase protein sequence from Homo sapiens was retrieved from UniProt and selected structure of the peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase from Escherichia coli (Protein Data Bank [PDB] id: 1FF3) was used as template. The homology model was developed by using Modeller 9.20 version. Molecular docking studies were performed using Autodock4.2. 20 natural compounds were docked against modeled protein. All the compounds exhibited good binding energy. Campesterol showed with lesser energy of −9.0 Kcal/mol.
Antihypertensive Peptides; Synthesis, Properties and Application in FoodsAkshay Ramani
1) Hypertension affects over 1 billion people worldwide and is a major cause of death and disability. Oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to hypertension and related conditions like cardiovascular disease.
2) Bioactive peptides derived from food proteins can regulate blood pressure by inhibiting the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). ACE is involved in blood pressure regulation and peptide inhibitors of ACE have potential for treating hypertension.
3) Bioactive peptides are released from proteins through enzymatic digestion and fermentation and have been shown to lower blood pressure in animal and human studies by inhibiting ACE.
In vitro experiments of prokaryotic and eukaryotic antimicrobial peptide cyto...AI Publications
These proteinaceous molecules, called antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), are a varied collection of antimicrobial peptides. The ability of AMPs to combat gut infections necessitates further study of the AMP-GI tract interaction. These peptides need to be tested in vitro for cytotoxicity before they may be considered for use in clinical infections. Using the MTT conversion assay, neutral red dye absorption assay, and a comparison to vancomycin, researchers examined the cytotoxicity of gallidermin, nisin A, natural magainin peptides, and melittin in two gastrointestinal cell types (HT29 and Caco-2). Sheep erythrocyte hemolytic activity was also studied, and the influence of AMPs on paracellular permeability was assessed using transepithelial resistance (TEER) and TEM. Gallidermin, nisin A, magainin I, magainin II, and melittin were the least cytotoxic AMPs. To our knowledge, only Melittin and NIS caused considerable hemolysis. There are two distinct ways that melittin and nisin differ in their ability to kill bacteria. It was the only AMP that had an effect on the permeability of the paracellular space. Intestinal tight junctions and cell–cell adhesion were destroyed by long-term melittin therapy, as were microvilli, cell debris, and cell–cell adhesion. Antimicrobial activity and low cytotoxicity make Gallidermin a promising therapeutic drug. The antibacterial properties of Melittin are limited, but its ability to transport poorly bioavailable medicines may be useful.
57.insilico studies of cellulase from Aspergillus terreusAnnadurai B
This document describes various in silico studies performed on cellulases from Aspergillus terreus. The physicochemical properties of the cellulases were analyzed using tools from the ExPASy bioinformatics server. It was found that the molecular weights ranged from 40,927 to 100,058 Daltons and the isoelectric points were acidic. Secondary structure prediction using SOPMA showed that random coils dominated. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis were performed using CLC Workbench. 3D structures were obtained from ESyPred 3D server. The analyses provide insight into cellulase properties that can aid in purification and industrial applications.
This document provides information on human cell structure and function:
- It defines the cell and lists its key components: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus.
- It describes several organelles in detail, including their structure and functions. The mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are highlighted for generating energy and protein/lipid synthesis respectively.
- Cell functions like ingestion, digestion, synthesis, and movement are summarized. The process of mitosis and its five phases - prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase - are outlined as well.
Introduction
Classification
Therapeutic values of peptidomimetics
Design of peptidomimetics by manipulation of amino acids
Modification of peptide backbone
Chemistry of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes
This document discusses peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), a family of enzymes involved in post-translational protein modification through citrullination. There are five isozymes of PADs in humans (PAD1-4, PAD6) with varying tissue distribution and substrates. PADs play roles in apoptosis, structural support of tissues, and immune responses through citrullination of proteins like histones and keratins. Abnormal PAD activity can lead to diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and some cancers. Several inhibitors of PADs have been studied as potential therapeutics for these diseases, including CI-amidine and threonine-aspartate-F-
This document discusses amyloid and its relationship to Alzheimer's disease (AD) in three parts:
1. Amyloid plaques are a hallmark of AD and the "amyloid hypothesis" proposes amyloid is the cause of AD symptoms. However, the mechanism by which amyloid forms fibrils from unstructured proteins is still unclear and challenging to study.
2. Amyloid formation involves a complex process with polymorphisms and multiple cellular pathways are also involved in APP processing and Aβ production/clearance.
3. Despite decades of research, the role and mechanisms of amyloid in AD remain controversial. While amyloid is a major therapeutic target, no disease-modifying treatments have been successful, highlighting the continued difficulties in fully
This document summarizes the production of human insulin using microorganisms. It discusses how recombinant DNA techniques are used to synthesize the human insulin gene and insert it into bacteria, such as E. coli. The bacteria are then fermented to produce human insulin, which undergoes downstream processing and purification. The manufacturing process involves 10 major steps, including plasmid construction, bacterial transformation, fermentation, product isolation, purification via chromatography, and synthesis of active insulin.
1. Recombinant DNA technology involves isolating a gene of interest, inserting it into a vector like a plasmid, introducing the vector into a host cell like E. coli, and allowing the host cell to multiply and express the gene.
2. Key tools that enable this process are restriction enzymes, which cut DNA at specific sequences, and DNA ligase, which joins DNA fragments back together. Vectors like plasmids contain origins of replication and selectable markers.
3. Important applications of recombinant DNA technology include producing human insulin in bacteria to treat diabetes and engineering plants for insect resistance. This technology has generated significant scientific and medical advances.
This document discusses tracing the evolution of the human body through analyzing the chemical evolution of proteins and other molecules in the body over time. It notes that tracking changes in conserved proteins that control fundamental processes, like the Pax6 gene which regulates eye development, can reveal how closely related different organisms are. It recommends using the human arrestin protein sequence as an example, performing BLAST searches to find the arrestin sequence in the human genome and other organism genomes, then aligning the protein sequences to compare percentages and determine evolutionary relationships.
This document describes research into developing new treatments for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by inhibiting mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)-dependent protein aggregation. Researchers identified pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione (PYT) derivatives as promising compounds through high-throughput screening. Structure-activity relationship studies led to the optimization of PYT analogs, with certain modifications showing improved potency and properties. The most potent analogs contained electron-withdrawing groups and an aromatic ring at the R3 position. X-ray crystallography revealed the PYT core adopts a flat, benzene-like conformation that may contribute to biological activity. Overall, PYTs represent
In Vitro Cell Tests for Functional FoodInstitut Kurz
The relationship between the food we eat and our health is
clear. In the constant search for healthier foods rich in
bioactive compounds that promote health and healthy
ageing, a wide variety of functional foods have appeared on
the market.
To know the real function of these functional foods
in our body, it is necessary to carry out different types of in
vitro cell tests.
Institut Kurz specializes in conducting in vitro cell tests for functional foods.
Contact us for more information:
info@institut-kurz.com
https://www.institut-kurz.com/
Published Ahead of Print 1 July 2013. 2013, 81(10)3527. D.docxjoyjonna282
This study examines IvyEt, a lysozyme inhibitor identified in the pathogenic bacterium Edwardsiella tarda. The authors:
1) Characterized the activity and function of IvyEt through in vitro and in vivo experiments.
2) Created an isogenic E. tarda mutant lacking ivyEt to study its role in virulence.
3) Expressed recombinant IvyEt and mutant variants to investigate the importance of conserved residues.
The results indicate that IvyEt is a virulence factor that inhibits lysozyme's lytic effect and depends on a conserved cysteine residue for its biological activity during host infection.
The document describes the process of purifying the elongation factor LepA/EF4 protein from E. coli. The gene for EF4 was transformed into E. coli cells using a plasmid. The cells were then lysed using sonication and the EF4 protein was purified from the cell lysate using affinity chromatography and its hexahistidine tag. The concentration of the purified EF4 protein was determined to be 0.57 μg/μL using a Bradford assay and its molecular weight was found to be ~69 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Secondary and tertiary structural analysis using circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy yielded thermodynamic values for EF4 protein denaturation.
In silico characterization of industrial important cellulases using computati...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used computational tools to characterize cellulase enzymes from different Pseudomonas species. The researchers analyzed physicochemical properties, secondary structure, multiple sequence alignments, phylogenetic relationships, and 3D structures of the cellulases. Key findings include:
- Molecular weights ranged from 40,927 to 100,058 Daltons and isoelectric points were acidic.
- Secondary structure prediction showed random coils dominated over other structures.
- Phylogenetic analysis using neighbor joining showed relationships between the cellulases.
- Homology modeling was used to predict 3D structures, providing insight into function.
Does allicin combined with vitamin B-complex have superior potentials than al...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
BACKGROUND:
The current article aims to explore the protective potentials of α-tocopherol alone and the combination of allicin and vitamin B-complex against lead-acetate neurotoxicity on the cerebellar cortex.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Forty rats were divided into four groups (n=10). Group 1 was the control group. Group 2 received 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) of lead acetate. Group 3 was exposed to 10 mg/kg BW of lead acetate plus a combination of allicin (100 mg/kg BW) and vit. B-complex (40 mg/kg BW). Group 4 was administered lead acetate (10 mg/kg BW) and α-tocopherol (100 mg/kg BW). The animals received treatment for sixty days by oral gavage. All the groups were studied ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).
RESULTS:
The affected groups revealed shrunken and degenerated Purkinje cells with irregular nuclei. The cytoplasm comprised several lysosomes, unhealthy mitochondria, and dilated Golgi saccules. The myelinated nerve fibers demonstrated breaking of the myelin sheaths, apparent vacuoles, and broad axonal spaces. Immunohistochemically, there was a tremendous surge in GFAP-positive astrocytes in the lead acetate-treated group. These histological and ultrastructural variations were ameliorated by the administration of α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B complex. Moreover, an apparent decrease in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes was obvious in the protected groups.
CONCLUSIONS:
Although both α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B-complex can be used as possible adjuvant therapies to ameliorate nervous system ailments attributable to lead acetate, α-tocopherol showed more protective potential.
KEYWORDS:
Allicin; Astrocytes; GFAP; Myelin Figure; Oligodendrocyte; Purkinje cells
This presentation provides an overview of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), including its structure, functions, and regulation. Key points include: the ER is a network of tubules and sacs that synthesizes proteins and lipids, stores calcium, and aids protein folding; its shape is maintained by membrane-shaping proteins and interactions with other organelles; and the ER adapts in response to stresses through signaling pathways like the unfolded protein response. The presentation was given to undergraduate students to provide foundational knowledge about this important intracellular organelle.
Plant responses to oxidative stress can cause physiological damage at the lipid, protein, and DNA levels. Physiologically, lipid peroxidation disrupts cell membranes, protein oxidation alters structure and function, and DNA oxidation causes mutations. Biochemically, plants have developed defense mechanisms including superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione to neutralize reactive oxygen species. Glutathione functions in redox reactions and membrane stabilization. Plants also produce antioxidants like carotenoids to counteract oxidative stress and protect cellular components from free radical damage.
The document discusses protein aggregation diseases, known as amyloidoses, which occur when certain proteins abnormally aggregate within or surrounding cells. These diseases range from systemic amyloidoses that can affect any part of the body to those that affect a single organ. Many neurodegenerative diseases are also protein aggregation disorders. The formation of protein aggregates depends on factors like protein concentration, interactions with other proteins, and the cellular environment. A better understanding of what influences the equilibrium between soluble and insoluble protein states is important for developing therapies for these diseases.
The electrosomes, a novel surface-display system based on the specific
interaction between the cellulosomal scaffoldin protein and a cascade of
redox enzymes that allows multiple electron-release by fuel oxidation. The
electrosomes is composed of two compartment:(i) a hybrid anode, which
consists of dockerin-containing enzymes attached specifically to cohesin sites
in the scaffoldin to assemble an ethanol oxidation cascade, and (ii) a hybrid
cathode, which consists of a dockerin-containing oxygen-reducing enzyme
attached in multiple copies to the cohesin-bearing scaffoldin.
The document discusses using proteomics to develop vaccines. It describes how proteomics can help understand protein interactions for vaccine development. The document then focuses on developing a vaccine for Lassa fever. It outlines computational methods used to analyze the Lassa virus glycoprotein, including determining its structure, domains, and interactions within cells. The goal is to use this analysis to develop a stabilized vaccine candidate against Lassa virus that can protect humans.
Biomolecules and the cell MEMBRANE, TRANSPORT SYSTEMAreeba Ghayas
The document provides information about cells and cell organelles. It discusses the key components of cells, including the nucleus that houses DNA, mitochondria which generate energy, the endoplasmic reticulum that modifies proteins, Golgi apparatus that packages proteins, lysosomes for digestion, peroxisomes that break down hydrogen peroxide, and the plasma membrane that encloses the cell. It describes the structures and functions of these organelles and compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The document also discusses the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane and its role in transport.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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This document discusses peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), a family of enzymes involved in post-translational protein modification through citrullination. There are five isozymes of PADs in humans (PAD1-4, PAD6) with varying tissue distribution and substrates. PADs play roles in apoptosis, structural support of tissues, and immune responses through citrullination of proteins like histones and keratins. Abnormal PAD activity can lead to diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and some cancers. Several inhibitors of PADs have been studied as potential therapeutics for these diseases, including CI-amidine and threonine-aspartate-F-
This document discusses amyloid and its relationship to Alzheimer's disease (AD) in three parts:
1. Amyloid plaques are a hallmark of AD and the "amyloid hypothesis" proposes amyloid is the cause of AD symptoms. However, the mechanism by which amyloid forms fibrils from unstructured proteins is still unclear and challenging to study.
2. Amyloid formation involves a complex process with polymorphisms and multiple cellular pathways are also involved in APP processing and Aβ production/clearance.
3. Despite decades of research, the role and mechanisms of amyloid in AD remain controversial. While amyloid is a major therapeutic target, no disease-modifying treatments have been successful, highlighting the continued difficulties in fully
This document summarizes the production of human insulin using microorganisms. It discusses how recombinant DNA techniques are used to synthesize the human insulin gene and insert it into bacteria, such as E. coli. The bacteria are then fermented to produce human insulin, which undergoes downstream processing and purification. The manufacturing process involves 10 major steps, including plasmid construction, bacterial transformation, fermentation, product isolation, purification via chromatography, and synthesis of active insulin.
1. Recombinant DNA technology involves isolating a gene of interest, inserting it into a vector like a plasmid, introducing the vector into a host cell like E. coli, and allowing the host cell to multiply and express the gene.
2. Key tools that enable this process are restriction enzymes, which cut DNA at specific sequences, and DNA ligase, which joins DNA fragments back together. Vectors like plasmids contain origins of replication and selectable markers.
3. Important applications of recombinant DNA technology include producing human insulin in bacteria to treat diabetes and engineering plants for insect resistance. This technology has generated significant scientific and medical advances.
This document discusses tracing the evolution of the human body through analyzing the chemical evolution of proteins and other molecules in the body over time. It notes that tracking changes in conserved proteins that control fundamental processes, like the Pax6 gene which regulates eye development, can reveal how closely related different organisms are. It recommends using the human arrestin protein sequence as an example, performing BLAST searches to find the arrestin sequence in the human genome and other organism genomes, then aligning the protein sequences to compare percentages and determine evolutionary relationships.
This document describes research into developing new treatments for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by inhibiting mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)-dependent protein aggregation. Researchers identified pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione (PYT) derivatives as promising compounds through high-throughput screening. Structure-activity relationship studies led to the optimization of PYT analogs, with certain modifications showing improved potency and properties. The most potent analogs contained electron-withdrawing groups and an aromatic ring at the R3 position. X-ray crystallography revealed the PYT core adopts a flat, benzene-like conformation that may contribute to biological activity. Overall, PYTs represent
In Vitro Cell Tests for Functional FoodInstitut Kurz
The relationship between the food we eat and our health is
clear. In the constant search for healthier foods rich in
bioactive compounds that promote health and healthy
ageing, a wide variety of functional foods have appeared on
the market.
To know the real function of these functional foods
in our body, it is necessary to carry out different types of in
vitro cell tests.
Institut Kurz specializes in conducting in vitro cell tests for functional foods.
Contact us for more information:
info@institut-kurz.com
https://www.institut-kurz.com/
Published Ahead of Print 1 July 2013. 2013, 81(10)3527. D.docxjoyjonna282
This study examines IvyEt, a lysozyme inhibitor identified in the pathogenic bacterium Edwardsiella tarda. The authors:
1) Characterized the activity and function of IvyEt through in vitro and in vivo experiments.
2) Created an isogenic E. tarda mutant lacking ivyEt to study its role in virulence.
3) Expressed recombinant IvyEt and mutant variants to investigate the importance of conserved residues.
The results indicate that IvyEt is a virulence factor that inhibits lysozyme's lytic effect and depends on a conserved cysteine residue for its biological activity during host infection.
The document describes the process of purifying the elongation factor LepA/EF4 protein from E. coli. The gene for EF4 was transformed into E. coli cells using a plasmid. The cells were then lysed using sonication and the EF4 protein was purified from the cell lysate using affinity chromatography and its hexahistidine tag. The concentration of the purified EF4 protein was determined to be 0.57 μg/μL using a Bradford assay and its molecular weight was found to be ~69 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Secondary and tertiary structural analysis using circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy yielded thermodynamic values for EF4 protein denaturation.
In silico characterization of industrial important cellulases using computati...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used computational tools to characterize cellulase enzymes from different Pseudomonas species. The researchers analyzed physicochemical properties, secondary structure, multiple sequence alignments, phylogenetic relationships, and 3D structures of the cellulases. Key findings include:
- Molecular weights ranged from 40,927 to 100,058 Daltons and isoelectric points were acidic.
- Secondary structure prediction showed random coils dominated over other structures.
- Phylogenetic analysis using neighbor joining showed relationships between the cellulases.
- Homology modeling was used to predict 3D structures, providing insight into function.
Does allicin combined with vitamin B-complex have superior potentials than al...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
BACKGROUND:
The current article aims to explore the protective potentials of α-tocopherol alone and the combination of allicin and vitamin B-complex against lead-acetate neurotoxicity on the cerebellar cortex.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Forty rats were divided into four groups (n=10). Group 1 was the control group. Group 2 received 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) of lead acetate. Group 3 was exposed to 10 mg/kg BW of lead acetate plus a combination of allicin (100 mg/kg BW) and vit. B-complex (40 mg/kg BW). Group 4 was administered lead acetate (10 mg/kg BW) and α-tocopherol (100 mg/kg BW). The animals received treatment for sixty days by oral gavage. All the groups were studied ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).
RESULTS:
The affected groups revealed shrunken and degenerated Purkinje cells with irregular nuclei. The cytoplasm comprised several lysosomes, unhealthy mitochondria, and dilated Golgi saccules. The myelinated nerve fibers demonstrated breaking of the myelin sheaths, apparent vacuoles, and broad axonal spaces. Immunohistochemically, there was a tremendous surge in GFAP-positive astrocytes in the lead acetate-treated group. These histological and ultrastructural variations were ameliorated by the administration of α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B complex. Moreover, an apparent decrease in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes was obvious in the protected groups.
CONCLUSIONS:
Although both α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B-complex can be used as possible adjuvant therapies to ameliorate nervous system ailments attributable to lead acetate, α-tocopherol showed more protective potential.
KEYWORDS:
Allicin; Astrocytes; GFAP; Myelin Figure; Oligodendrocyte; Purkinje cells
This presentation provides an overview of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), including its structure, functions, and regulation. Key points include: the ER is a network of tubules and sacs that synthesizes proteins and lipids, stores calcium, and aids protein folding; its shape is maintained by membrane-shaping proteins and interactions with other organelles; and the ER adapts in response to stresses through signaling pathways like the unfolded protein response. The presentation was given to undergraduate students to provide foundational knowledge about this important intracellular organelle.
Plant responses to oxidative stress can cause physiological damage at the lipid, protein, and DNA levels. Physiologically, lipid peroxidation disrupts cell membranes, protein oxidation alters structure and function, and DNA oxidation causes mutations. Biochemically, plants have developed defense mechanisms including superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione to neutralize reactive oxygen species. Glutathione functions in redox reactions and membrane stabilization. Plants also produce antioxidants like carotenoids to counteract oxidative stress and protect cellular components from free radical damage.
The document discusses protein aggregation diseases, known as amyloidoses, which occur when certain proteins abnormally aggregate within or surrounding cells. These diseases range from systemic amyloidoses that can affect any part of the body to those that affect a single organ. Many neurodegenerative diseases are also protein aggregation disorders. The formation of protein aggregates depends on factors like protein concentration, interactions with other proteins, and the cellular environment. A better understanding of what influences the equilibrium between soluble and insoluble protein states is important for developing therapies for these diseases.
The electrosomes, a novel surface-display system based on the specific
interaction between the cellulosomal scaffoldin protein and a cascade of
redox enzymes that allows multiple electron-release by fuel oxidation. The
electrosomes is composed of two compartment:(i) a hybrid anode, which
consists of dockerin-containing enzymes attached specifically to cohesin sites
in the scaffoldin to assemble an ethanol oxidation cascade, and (ii) a hybrid
cathode, which consists of a dockerin-containing oxygen-reducing enzyme
attached in multiple copies to the cohesin-bearing scaffoldin.
The document discusses using proteomics to develop vaccines. It describes how proteomics can help understand protein interactions for vaccine development. The document then focuses on developing a vaccine for Lassa fever. It outlines computational methods used to analyze the Lassa virus glycoprotein, including determining its structure, domains, and interactions within cells. The goal is to use this analysis to develop a stabilized vaccine candidate against Lassa virus that can protect humans.
Biomolecules and the cell MEMBRANE, TRANSPORT SYSTEMAreeba Ghayas
The document provides information about cells and cell organelles. It discusses the key components of cells, including the nucleus that houses DNA, mitochondria which generate energy, the endoplasmic reticulum that modifies proteins, Golgi apparatus that packages proteins, lysosomes for digestion, peroxisomes that break down hydrogen peroxide, and the plasma membrane that encloses the cell. It describes the structures and functions of these organelles and compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The document also discusses the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane and its role in transport.
Similar to Investigating the Link Between Alzheimers Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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side chains. IDE-N and IDE-C have large connections
and form a space that is sufficient to accommodate a
target with the size of a folded insulin molecule.
Structure elucidation by X-ray crystallography of
human IDE crystal, suggests that the IDE selects its
substrate on the basis of size and charge distribution.
The catalytic chamber of an enzyme is big enough to
fit only relatively short peptides (most likely to be of
IDE, IDEo can bind substrates and IDEc cannot,
however, IDEc is able to degraded substrate after
substrates are captured within the catalytic cavity.
The crystal structure of a substrate free IDE by Im et
al., in 2007, shows the “closed” state is a more stable
structure. The substrate inside catalytic chamber
undergoes structural changes to form β- pleats with
two distinct areas of IDE for its degradation. IDE cuts
insulin B chain, Aß, amylin, and glucagon at several
locations. Shen, et al., IDE–substrate structures reveal
that the C termini of insulin B chain, Aß and amylin
make large connections with the inner cavity of IDE,
which is extremely positively charged. Additionally,
Glucagon, ANPs, and IGF-II, which at their C termini
lacks positive charges, are excellent IDE targets,
therefore substrates which in their C terminus
sequence lakes substantial positive charges and avoid
the charge repulsion from IDE-C are better IDE
targets. IDE, is a highly conserved thiol-metalloendo
peptidase, with a thiol group required for activity, it is
categorized as member of M16A family of
metallopeptidases described by an inversion sequence
at the catalytic site (HxxEH) which identified by site-
directed mutagenesis study and as compared to the
usual sequence His-Glu-Xaa-Xaa-His (HExxH) seen
in neprilysin (NEP) (M13 family) and other members
of the family. Due to this inverted arrangement of
catalytic site residue, IDE has been attributed to a
new super family of metalloprotease,. The MEROPS
database of peptide places this enzyme in the M16
class, the family is identified by a letter "M"
representing the catalytic type of the proteolytic
enzymes i.e., metalloprotease along with a unique
number 16. The M16 family is further subdivided into
three sub families namely M16A, M16B, and M16C.
IDE is included in the M16A subfamily along with
pitrilysin, M16B includes mitochondrial processing
peptidase beta subunit (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
and M16C includes eupitrilysin (Homo sapiens).
Optimum pH for IDE action is at neutral pH (7.0-
8.0)1
.
IDE Sub cellular Localizations
50-95 % of IDE activity was found to be cytoplasmic.
Authier et al., 1995 and Rabkin et al., 1992 found
small amounts of IDE on the plasma membrane,
endosomes, and peroxisomes. Peroxisomes contain
the highest relative IDE levels (i.e., enzyme per mg
protein), which is not shocking because IDE has a
peroxisomal targeting sequence. Even with this
targeting sequence, peroxisomes organelles have a
tiny part (1-2%) of the total cellular IDE.
IDE Expression, Biochemistry
In Human, IDE enzyme is produced as a single
polypeptide with 1019 amino acids residues coded by
a gene mapped to chromosome 10q. It discovered in
nearly every tissue and cell type tested and almost
ubiquitously distributed in all sub cellular location.
Several line of evidence with in vitro studies, cell
transfection, inhibition with monoclonal antibodies
and IDE-deficient mice, suggested IDE as a major
protease in insulin catabolism2
. Despite its function in
insulin degradation, information about how IDE
expression is controlled is limited. Multiple IDE
mRNA ranges have been found, that can be
categorized into those with a long 3'UTR (~2 to 6 kb)
and those with a very short 3'UTR (~300 b).
Biochemical characters of IDE have been widely
analyzed using purified enzyme from various sources
and have proven that IDE accumulates as a stable
homo dimer.
IDE Function
IDE is a highly conserved multifunctional protein. It
appears some of its roles are associated with its
catalytic action, whereas other roles seem to be
independent of proteolysis.
IDE regulates the levels of insulin, Ab in vivo
Two IDE substrates, insulin and Ab, are central keys
in the T2DM and AD pathogenesis, respectively.
Additionally, to its role in insulin degradation, IDE
also destroy Ab in neuronal and microglial cell
cultures. Kurochkin in 1994 shown IDE hydrolyses A
b. Farris, et al., 2003 reported that IDE deficiency
caused by a >50% reduction in Aβ degradation and a
similar deficit in insulin degradation in the liver. The
IDE −/− mice indicated increased cerebral
accumulation of endogenous Ab, a hallmark of AD,
and had hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance,
hallmarks of T2DM. Altogether Farris, et al., reports
suggest that IDE hypo function may participate to AD
and T2DM. Morelli, results showed that recombinant
rat IDE (rIDE) was capable of destroying all of the
synthetic Ab variations related to human disease. In
2004, Farris showed that missense mutations which
naturally happening within IDE gene in a GK rat
model of T2DM reduced 15 to 30% catalytic
efficiency of IDE enzyme in the degradation of both
insulin and Ab.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)
Multiple lines of evidence from biochemical and
genetic study point to the possibility that IDE is
participated in the T2DM pathogenesis. In T2DM
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Goto-Kakizaki rat model, missense mutations causing
switches in two amino acids (H18R and A890V) were
these changes are related to hyperglycemia.
Additionally, cell transfection studies revealed that
these two mutations were essential to decrease IDE
function by 30%. In another animal model
experiments, IDE-null mice indicated a ~3-fold rise in
insulin concentrations and significant hyperglycemia
as compared to wild-type animals. Concerning IDE
concentrations in human's with T2DM, an mRNA
expression, and proteomic study revealed that IDE,
amongst other factors of the insulin pathway, was
considerably decreased in T-cells and muscle tissue
of T2DM patients as compared to controls. It appears
that the biological function of IDE in insulin
homeostasis is disturbed in the insulin resistance
situations. If, in neurons, as it has been shown, IDE
expression is under insulin signaling in peripheral
tissues, insulin resistance results in lower IDE levels
and slower insulin degradation. It is known that
persistent insulin stimulation eventually results in
insulin resistance that may sustain the reduction in
IDE expression. Additionally, an indirect way by
which IDE may influence T2DM is the breakdown of
amylin, another amyloidogenic peptide that
accumulates in the islets and participates to pancreatic
cell damage.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
There is convincing data for the contribution of IDE
in the course of Aß deposition in the brain. The
expression and action of IDE have been reported to
be decreased in the hippocampus and cortex in the
brain of AD patients. As showed by Morelli et al. in
2004 with the use of sandwich ELISA in cortical
micro vessels from AD brains affected with broad
cerebrovascular Aß accumulation, IDE levels were
raised, and still, its action was highly decreased,
indicating inhibition or inactivation of the protease.
As Caccamo et al., 2005 and Shinall et al., 2005,
suggested that part of the loss of IDE action in AD
brain is due to posttranslational alterations such as
oxidative damage in susceptible areas of the CNS, to
which IDE is very sensitive. However, it is
remarkable to note that in three different transgenic
mice models of familial AD, IDE raises its expression
and activity in reaction to Aß deposition and in the
link to astroglial activation around the plaques. These
data indicate that the anomalies in IDE expression,
processing or action found in AD are not the results
of Aβ accumulation and could rather happen as part
of upstream mechanisms in the AD pathogenesis
IDE: A link between Alzheimer’s and type 2
diabetes mellitus
In both diseases, a locally expressed protein is
accumulated in amyloid deposits with a gradual
decline in the number of cells of the respective
proteins. One of the links between T2DM and AD are
reported by Janson et al., in 2004, which is Amyloid
deposition in islet and brain cells, they stated there is
more islet amyloid in AD patients than controls. In
T2DM patients with brain amyloid, the level of
amyloid raised with longer duration of T2DM.
Accumulation of amyloid in the brain and pancreatic
islet cells signifies a pathogenic relationship among
AD and T2DM. A study of transgenic mice
establishes that extra deposition of pancreatic amyloid
cause to β-cell dysfunction, trouble in glucose
homeostasis and T2DM. A study in humans by
Miklossy et al., in 2010 reported on autopsy, islet
amyloid polypeptide and hyper phosphorylated tau
were discovered in pancreatic islet cells of subjects
with T2DM. Additionally, study by Peila et al., in
2002 revealed that a raised amount of amyloid
plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the
hippocampus have been discovered on autopsy in
diabetes patients. A community-based study shows
islet amyloid was more frequent in AD subjects than
in non-AD controls, but there was no raised
frequency of brain amyloid in T2DM subjects
compared with no diabetic controls. Although, Janson
et al., in 2004 reported when cerebral amyloid was
present, the degree of deposition linked with the
duration of T2DM. T2DM and AD are illustrated by
similar pathological descriptions in the islet and brain
(Aß polypeptide in the brain of AD patients and islet
amyloid originated from islet amyloid polypeptide
(IAPP) in the pancreas in T2DM. Aß and IAPP can
naturally form into amyloid aggregates. Small
amyloid aggregates of either of these two
polypeptides are cytotoxic. In the case of IAPP,
evidence reports by O’Brien et al., 1995 which
propose that abnormal accumulation happens
originally intracellularly, and after cell death, these
fibrils accumulate intracellularly. Likewise, a parallel
procedure is happening in AD. Schwartz et al., in
1965 suggested that there might be an association
between amyloid deposits in the brain and islets of
pancreatic. The frequency of Islet amyloid was more
in AD patients than in control subjects. Although,
brain amyloid was not increased in patients with
T2DM compared with control subjects, however the
concentration of diffuse and neuritic plaques, when
present, was related to the duration of T2DM. Ott
1999 and Arvanitakis 2004 suggested T2DM as a risk
factor for AD, based on their frequent co-occurrence.
A study by Watson in 2003 revealed that rising
insulin concentration in human rises Aß concentration
in CSF, signifying that chronically high insulin
concentration may enhance the deposition of Aß in
the brain as amyloid plaques. It has been suggested
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that there might be competition among insulin and Aß
for degradation by the IDE enzyme. According to Qiu
1998; Vekrellis 2000, IDE degrades both extracellular
Aß -protein and the intracellular domain of APP.
Animal models studies by Farris and Miller in 2003,
have also revealed that absence of IDE rises Aß
accumulation in mouse brain. Kurochkin and Goto
(1994) reported the initial evidence that IDE involved
in Aß 42 degradation, they established that rat IDE in
purified form, efficiently degrades synthetic Ab 42 in
vitro. Consequently, McDermott, Gibson 1997, and
Perez et al., 2000 showed that an IDE-like action
from soluble and synaptic membrane fractions of
post-mortem human brain both degrade Aß 42
peptides; furthermore, Qiu et al., 1998 stated that IDE
doesn't differentiate between endogenous and
synthetic Aß 42 as substrate in vitro. Insulin as a
substrate with low Km (Km =∼0.1 μM) competes
with another substrate of IDE, Aß (Km >2 μM), thus,
if the insulin concentration rises in the brain, it would
prevent IDE to cuts Aß efficiently, and subsequently
cause Aß neurotoxicity, and then AD. In agreement
with this, it has been suggested by Cook 2003, Craft
2000 and Ling 2002, that Aß deposition in AD can be
raised by excessive concentration of insulin.
According to Gasparini in 2001, Insulin is believed to
help decrease Ab toxicity by raising its cellular
release and stimulating tissue clearance. In cell
cultures, it was revealed that insulin reduces
intracellular levels of Ab 42. A study by Shiiki et al.,
2004, revealed that Ab 40 removal from the brain was
reduced by 30% in old rats, while inhibitors of
neprilysin and IDE reduced Ab efflux by 25% to
30%. In the same report, the co-administration of
insulin with Ab 40 decreased the removal rate of Ab
40 and raised the level of unbroken Ab 40 in the
brain. The outcomes of this report match those found
in humans by Watson et al., 2003, in which systemic
insulin infusions led to a rise in CSF Ab 42. One
option is that insulin competes with Ab 40 for
transcytosis transport using the insulin receptor at the
BBB. Though, insulin receptor kinase inhibitor failed
to affect Ab clearance rate. Decreased in insulin
signaling correlated with reduced IDE levels and
increased Aß levels. In the STZ model, reduced
insulin signaling due to lack of insulin may lead to
down regulation of IDE concentration, likewise
causing to increased deposition of Aß and raised AD
risk. Insulin signaling participates in several brain
functions involving cognition and memory that are
reduced in AD. Actually, insulin resistance raised
inflammation and reduced metabolism is key
pathological features of both AD and diabetes.
Furthermore, pharmacological blocked of IDE
decreases insulin degradation, amylin, and Aß, The
link between Aß metabolism and insulin is getting
increasing attention. As the report by Solano 2000
and Gasparini 2001 showed insulin treatment raised
sAPPα secretion and also decreased the Aß deposition
in neuronal cells. It has been showed by Mattson, in
1997, that insulin can defend neurons from Aß -
induced neurotoxicity. Thus, sAPPα may role in
modulation of synaptic plasticity, neurite outgrowth,
synaptogenesis, and cell survival. Insulin also control
the extracellular degradation of Aß through IDE.
Insulin concentration can regulate IDE expression.
According to Zhao 2004 report, Insulin by
phosphatidylinositol3-kinase (PI3K) pathway rises
IDE protein levels. In this regards, IDE knockout
mice showed raised cerebral Aß levels. In contrast,
over expression of IDE in the APP double transgenic
mice reduced their brain Aß concentration, and
stopped Aß plaque formation. Additional support for
this connection was offered by the results that lacking
insulin signaling (decreased PI3K subunit P85) was
linked with decreased IDE in AD brains and in
transgenic mice as mentioned by Zhao in 2004. Aß
degrading action of IDE was revealed to be lower in
AD brains compared to controls. On the other hand,
Aß oligomers cause rapid and major interruption of
signaling by brain cell IRs. It has been established by
Zhao 2008; de Felice 2009, treatment with Aß
oligomer to hippocampus produced a rapid and
extensive loss of neuronal surface IRs explicitly on
dendrites bound. Aß oligomer-treated neurons
revealed raised levels of IRs in their cell bodies,
signifying redistribution of IRs. This leads to reduced
reaction to insulin. Consistent with this hypothesis De
Felice, indicated that Aß oligomer caused major down
regulation of membrane surface IRs. Aß oligomer-
induced loss of membrane IRs might represent an
important early mechanism underlying memory
impairment and other pathological features of AD.
Additional study in this field by de Felice has shown
that Aß oligomers-induced neuronal oxidative stress.
Additionally, it has been established by Bomfim 2012
that Aß oligomerinduces increase in pro inflammatory
tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels and it
causes unusual activation of a c-Jun N-terminal
kinase (JNK) in neurons, which eventually leads to
serine phosphorylation of IRS-1. IRS-1 serine
phosphorylation blocks the downstream insulin
signaling, which activates, in turn, peripheral insulin
resistance as showed by de Felice, (2013).
IDE polymorphism
The IDE gene is mapped on chromosome 10q and
coding area and non-coding area, of this gene during
evolution are highly conserved. Genetic studies in
humans are still controversial about the possible
relationship of polymorphisms or haplotypes in the
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IDE gene and the risk for T2DM and AD. Yet,
population background may play a part in these
divergent results. For instance, associations of IDE
polymorphisms with T2DM in Finnish and Korean
populations have been reported4
. Identification of
characterization of genetics risk factors is one of the
great interest in studies of diseases. Several different
lines of evidence suggest a role for the gene coding
the IDE in AD and T2DM, concluding IDE gene as a
promising candidate for analysis:
1. Studies have recognized a possible role that IDE
plays in the degradation and clearance of Ab from
microglial cells and neurons;
2. The gene coding IDE is found on chromosome
10q23–q25, in an area which is a susceptibility
locus for AD, has been mapped via several
independent linkage studies by Bertram, et al.,
Myers, et al. and Pericak-Vance, et al., in 2000
and Li 2002. These Linkage reports have
highlighted there is a susceptibility gene for AD
in a wide genomic area of almost 460 Mb of
chromosome 10, within which many genes are
located.
3. Additionally, other linkage studies also have
found a susceptibility gene for T2DM in the
almost same area as AD susceptibility gene
mapped to chromosome 10. IDE is a candidate
gene in this area, which is in the Goto-Kakizaki
rat model, has been linked with non-obese T2DM.
IDE activity is reduced by 30% in the diabetic
GK rat model.
4. A report by Cook 2003 revealed that the levels of
IDE mRNA in the hippocampus of AD patients in
present of ApoE ε4 allele were considerably
lesser than AD and control subjects without the
ApoE ε4 allele. The output of these results
indicates that decrease IDE expression is related
with the high-risk factor for AD and suggests that
IDE may cooperate with ApoE to affect Aβ
metabolism.
5. According to a study of Ertekin-Taner, in 2000, a
risk for AD and plasma Aß levels, show linkage
to chromosome 10q.
6. According to a study of Farris et al., 2003, IDE-
null mice model of T2DM show high levels of
insulin and glucose intolerance.
Therefore, IDE gene is a functional and positional
candidate for both diseases. Consequently, scientist
tries by studies of different IDE polymorphism, find
some connection between these two diseases and IDE
gene, I will review some of this publication in below:
In 2001, Abraham, et al., analyzed all of the axons,
untranslated areas plus 1000 bp of the 5ʹflanking
sequence of IDE gene, they detected eight SNPs, five
in the coding sequence and three in the 5ʹ flanking
sequence. None of them altered the amino acid
sequence and no major connection was found with
any SNP independently in any of the subjects or with
any haplotypes. In 2000, Bertram et al. in an Original
report by studies familiar AD subjects, indicate
genetic marker, the microsatellite D10S583 have a
maximum LOD score for AD, which is actually
mapped at 36 kb 5ʹ to axon 1 of the IDE gene (in
KNSL1) (Figure 2.7), as a linkage between IDE and
AD, but study of the same marker by Cardiff in a
case-control study and also by Abraham, Myers et al.
2001 was clearly negative (Abraham, Myers et al.
2001). Boussahaa, et al., 2002 studied ten SNPs in
IDE gene, but they report does not reveal any
important connection between SNPs of the IDE gene
and AD. Karamohamed, Demissie et al. in 2003
report that rs1887922 SNPs in 3' termination of IDE
shown association with HbA1c levels, fasting plasma
glucose (FPG), and mean fasting plasma glucose
(mFPG).
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