Sociology is the scientific study of human society and social interaction. Sociologists study how people relate to one another and influence each other's behaviors, focusing on groups rather than individuals. The sociological perspective examines social phenomena to understand how social factors influence human actions and to see the world through others' eyes. Sociology developed in the 19th century due to industrialization and urbanization, with early theorists including Comte, Spencer, Marx, Durkheim, and Weber establishing functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives.

2. What is Sociology?
 Sociology is a social science that studies human society
and behavior.
 Sociologists are mainly interested in social interactions –
how people relate to one another and how they influence
each others decisions.
 Sociologists focus on the group, rather than the
individual.
 Sociologists examine social phenomena or observable
facts or events involving human interaction to make
predictions about future trends and behaviors.

3. Why Study Sociology?
 Sociology can give you a new perspective on yourself and the world
around you.
 Its called the sociological perspective.
 By adopting the sociological perspective you can look beyond commonly
held beliefs to determine hidden meanings behind human actions.
 The sociological perspective helps us understand that peoples behavior is
influenced by social factors and learned behaviors from those around us.
 The sociological perspective can help us view the world through the eyes
of others.
 By developing this perspective we can begin to use the sociological
imagination; the ability to see a connection between the larger world and
one’s personal life.

4. Social Sciences
 Social Sciences are the related disciplines (fields) that
study various aspects of human social behavior.
 The other social sciences include: history, anthropology,
psychology, economics and political science.
 Anthropology: the study of past and present cultures. It’s
the most similar to sociology. Anthropologists focus /
concentrate on the past cultures and present simple
cultures or less advanced societies.
 While sociologists are more interested in group behavior
in complex more advanced societies.

5. Social Sciences
 Psychology: deals with the behavior and thinking of organisms. Psychology
focuses more on individual behavior. While sociology is focused on group
behavior.
 Economics: is the study of the choices people make in an effort to satisfy
their needs and wants. Economists focus on the process in which goods
and services are produced, distributed and consumed.
 Political Science: is the examination of the organization and operation of
governments. Some areas of political science and sociology overlap, such
as the formation of political parties and with voting patterns.
 History: is the study of past events. Sociologists are also interested in the
past. Like many social historians, sociologists study past events in an effort
to explain current social behaviors and attitudes.

6. Other Social Sciences
 Despite the different focus’ of the fields they are all
related in terms of their study of human beings and
their interactions; whether past or present.
 Many sociologists now borrow freely from the
various social sciences in an effort to better
understand the social forces that help shape our
lives.

7. How did Sociology
Develop?
 Throughout history scholars have always been interested in the
social life and interactions of people.
 Despite this Sociology did not develop as a field of study until
the 1800’s.
 Several factors led to its development:
 1. The rapid political and social changes that took place in
Europe as a result of the Industrial Revolution.
 2. The rapid growth of cities and their problems as a result of
Industrial Revolution.
 3. The questioning of traditional beliefs. People across Europe
began to question traditional roles and expectations.

8. Who were the early
Sociologists?
 Sociology took root in the 1800’s primarily in England,
France, and Germany. These countries were the most
affected by the Industrial Revolution.
 Like today, the early sociologists believed that through
the collection of data, observations and scientific
research you could predict future social trends and
behaviors to improve society.
 The early European leaders included; Auguste Comte,
Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max
Weber.
 Some of the early leaders of sociology in the United
States included W.E.B. Dubois and Jane Addams.

9. Sociological Perspectives
 Today there are three approaches to the study of
sociology.
 1. The Functionalist Perspective: They view society as a set
of interrelated parts that work together to produce a
stable environment. ( Comte, Spencer, Durkheim)
 2. Conflict Perspective: They focus on the forces in society
that promote competition and change. ( Karl Marx)
 3. Interactionist Perspective: They focus on how
individuals interact with each other and there outcomes.

10. Sociological Perspectives
 The interactionists also focus on the role that symbols
play in our daily lives.
 A symbol is anything that represents something else.
 In order for something to be a symbol, everyone in a
society must agree on what it means/stands for.
 Examples of symbols: American flag, Bald Eagle, Uncle
Sam are all symbols of America.
 Interactionists also focus on how people use symbols
when they interact. Its called Symbolic Interaction.