RELATED TO SUBJECT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. AGENDA
INTRODUCTION
HARDWARE
TYPES OF HARDWARE
SOFTWARE
TYPES OF SOFTWARE

3. INTRODUCTION
• A COMPUTER is an electronic device that accept data
and process data arithmetically and logically, produce
information.
• It is divided into two main categories
Hardware
Software

4. HARDWARE
Hardware is the physical aspect of computers,
telecommunications and other devices.
It includes not only the computer but also cables,
connectors, power supply units, and peripheral
devices such as keyboards, mouse, audio speakers
and printers.

5. INTERNAL HARDWARE
• Internal hardware is also called components .It includes
CPU
Motherboard
RAM
ROM

6. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
It is brain of computer.
Most of calculations take place here
Two components of CPU are:
Arithmetic logic unit
Control unit

7. Motherboard
• It is the main circuit board of microcomputer,
• It contains the CPU, Memory, expansion slots and
all the controllers required to control standard
hardware device

8. RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY(RAM)
• Random access memory (RAM) is the hardware in a
computing device that provides temporary storage for the
operating system (OS), software programs and any other
data.
• RAM is often referred to as a computer's main memory.
• It is also referred to as primary memory.

9. Cont..
• RAM is faster to read and write than secondary storage.

10. Cont..
• The term random access or direct access as it
applies to RAM is based on the facts that any
storage location can be accessed directly via its
memory address and that access can be random.
• RAM is physically small and stored in microchips
which plug into slots in computer’s motherboard.

11. Cont..
• RAM are non-volatile. They don't require constant
power and won't lose data if the power is turned
off.
• Random access memory can hold only a limited
amount of data, much less than secondary storage
such as an SSD or HDD

12. • If RAM fills up and additional data is needed, the system must
free up space in RAM for the new data. This process might
involve moving data temporarily to secondary storage, often
by swapping or paging.

13. Types of RAM
• RAM comes in two primary forms:
DRAM
SRAM
• DRAM
DRAM is typically used for a computer's main memory. needs continuous power to
retain stored data. DRAM is cheaper than SRAM and offers a higher density, but it
produces more heat, consumes more power and is not as fast as SRAM.

14. SRAM
• This type of RAM is typically used for the system's high
speed cache, such as L1 or L2. Like DRAM, SRAM also
needs constant power to hold on to data, but it doesn't
need to be continually refreshed the way DRAM does.
SRAM is more expensive than DRAM and has a lower
density, but it produces less heat, consumes less power
and offers better performance.

15. RAM vs. virtual memory
RAM vs. virtual memory

16. RAM vs. flash memory

17. RAM vs. ROM

20. Procedure Oriented Programming
• COBOL, FORTRAN & C are known as
procedure oriented programming.
• In POP problem is viewed as sequence of things
like reading, calculating etc
• A number of functions are written to accomplish
these task.

21. • Emphasis is on doing things(algorithms).
• Large programs are divided into smaller programs known as functions.
• Most of the functions share global data.
• Data move openly around the system from function to function.
• Functions transform data from one form to another.
• Employs top down down approach in program design

23. OOP
• Emphasis is on data rather than procedure.
• Programs are divided into objects
• Functions that operate on data of an object are tied together in data structure.
• Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions.
• Objects may communicate with each other through functions.
• New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary.
• Follows bottom up approach.

25. Introduction to C++
• C++ is one of the most popular programming languages. It used to create high-
performance applications like YouTube, Google, MySql,Spotify.
• C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustup, an extension to C language.
• C++ invented in 1979 but its first version released to public at 1983.
• C++ is an object-oriented programming language

26. Elements of OOPs
• Object
• Classes
• Encapsulation
• Data Abstraction
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Dynamic Binding
• Message Passing

27. Features of OOPs

28. Objects
• Oops uses objects as its fundamental building blocks.
• Objects are the basic run time entities
• Object is associated with data and function which define
meaningful operations in that object.
• Object is a real world entity
• Object is an instance of a particular class.
• Object take up space in memory and have associated address.

29. Object

30. Object

31. Class

32. Classes
• It is similar to structure in C
• Classes is a user defined data type.
• It holds own data members and member function.
• Classes can be accessed and used only by instance of that
class.
• It is basically blueprint for object.

33. Encapsulation
• The wrapping up of data and function into a single unit called class and
keeps them safe from external interference and misuse.
• It helps in hiding implementational details.
• Access specifiers like private, public ,protected are used to control visibility
of class members.

34. Abstraction
• It is most essential feature of OOPs.
• Abstraction means displaying only essential information and hiding details.
• It enables code reuse by avoiding code duplication.
• It enhances software security by making only necessary information available
to the users.

35. Inheritance
• The capability of a class to derive properties and characterstic
from another class is called inheritance.
• Sub Class: The class that inherits properties from another class is
called Sub Class or Derived Class.
• Super Class : The class whose properties are inherited by a sub-
class is called Base Class or Superclass.
• Inheritance support the concept of “Reusability”.

36. Example

38. Difference between C& C++
C
1. C is a POP
2. Top down Approach is used in
programming
3. In C, no concept of Polymorphism
4. Operator overloading is not possible.
5.
C++
1 C++ is an OOP
2 Bottom up approach is used here.
3 In C++ concept of Polymorphism
is important.
4. Operator overloading is not
possible