The document discusses classes and objects in C++. It begins with an overview of structures and how classes are similar but allow for data abstraction and hiding implementation details. It then discusses the key differences between classes and structures, such as members being private by default in classes versus public in structures. The document also covers defining classes with data members and member functions, creating objects of a class, accessing class members, defining member functions inside and outside classes, and other concepts like static members, arrays within classes, and passing objects as function arguments.

1. CLASSES AND OBJECTS

2. Structure overview
• A structure is collection of simple variable, the variable in
a structure can be of different type.
• Ex:
struct student{
int roll_no;
char name[20];
float marks;
};
• C++ support all features of structure in c, but c++
attempts to bring user-defined types as close as possible
the built-in data type and also provide a facility to hide
data.
C++ Lecture note by hansa halai

3. Difference Between Structure and
Class in C++
• In C++, a structure works the same way as a
class, except for just two small differences. The
most important of them is hiding
implementation details. A structure will by
default not hide its implementation details from
whoever uses it in code, while a class by default
hides all its implementation details and will
therefore by default prevent the programmer
from accessing them. The following table
summarizes all of the fundamental differences.
C++ Lecture note by
hansa halai

4. Class Structure
1. Members of a class are private by
default.
1. Members of a structure are public
by default.
2. An instance of a class is called an
‘object’.
2. An instance of structure is called the
‘structure variable’.
3. Member classes/structures of a
class are private by default but not all
programming languages have this
default behavior eg Java etc.
3. Member classes/structures of a
structure are public by default.
C++ Lecture i

5. It is declared using
the class keyword.
4. It is declared using
the struct keyword.
5. It is normally used for
data abstraction and further
inheritance.
5. It is normally used for the
grouping of data
6. NULL values are possible
in Class.
6. NULL values are not possible.
7. Syntax:
class class_name{
data_member;
member_function;
};
7. Syntax:
struct structure_name{
type structure_member1;
type structure_member2;
};
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6. Class
• A class is a way to bind data and associated function together.
• A class is an expanded concept of a data structure, instead of
holding only data , it can hold both data and function.
• The data is to be hidden from external use.
• Classes are generally declared using the keyword class, with
the following format:
class class_name
{
private:
variable declaration;
public:
function declaration;
…
};
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7. • The body of the declaration can contain members that can
be either data or function declaration, and optionally
access specifier.
• The variable declared inside the class is known as data
member and function are known as member
functions.
• Access specifier are keyword in object oriented language
that set the accessibility of classes, method and other
member.
• Access specifier is one of the following keyword: public,
private, protected.
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8. • These specifier modify the access rights that the member following
them acquire:
 private members of class are accessible only from within other
member of same class or from their friends.
 protected members are accessible form members of their
same class and from their friends but also from members of their
derived classes.
 public members are accessible from anywhere the object is
visible.
• Only member function can have access to private data member and
private function of that data.
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9. • #include <iostream>
• class Addition {
• private:
• int num1, num2, sum;
• public:
• void input() {
• cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
• cin >> num1 >> num2;
• }
• void calculate() {
• sum = num1 + num2;
• }
• void output() {
• cout << "The sum of " << num1 << " and " << num2 << " is " << sum << std::endl;
• }
• };
•
• int main() {
• Addition add;
• add.input();
• add.calculate();
• add.output();
• return 0;
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10. Object
• Once a class has been created, we can create variable of
that type(class type) by using following syntax which is
called object.
• Syntax:
class_name variable_name;
Ex:
student s;
• we can create any number of objects belonging to that
class by declaring more than one object in one statement.
This statement are written in main().
• The objects can also be defined by placing their name
immediately after the closing brace of the class.
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11. • Syntax:
class class_name
{
….
}object1,object2,…;
• Ex:
class student
{
…
}s1,s2;
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12. • Accessing class member:
A object can be declared in the main(),and member
functions are declared in class in public section so always a
member function can be called by using object.
• Syntax:
object_name.member_function(arguments);
Ex:
s.getdata();
• A data member can also be access by using object only , if
data member is declared as public.
• If data member is declared private then you can not access
it by using object directly in object.
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13. Defining member function
• A member function can be defined in two places in the class:
1. inside the class definition
2. outside the class definition
1) Inside the class definition:
To write a member function inside the class instead of only
declaration(prototype).
Ex:
class item
{
int num;
float cost;
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14. public:
void getdata(int a,float b)
void putdata(void)
{
cout<<number;
cout<<cost;
}
};
….
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15. 2) Outside the class definition:
• To write function we need to declare function inside
the class and definition(function body) is written
outside the class.
• The general form of a member function definition:
return_type class_name::function_name(arument)
{
function body
}
• The membership label class_name :: tells the
compiler that the function function_Name belongs
to the class class_name.
• :: is scope resolution operator.
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16. Ex:
….
void item::getdata(int a, float b)
{
number=a;
coat=b;
}
void item::putdata(void)
{
cout<<“number “<<number;
cout<< “cost ”<<cost;
}
…
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17. Making an outside function inline
• We can define a member function outside and still make it
inline by just using the qualifier inline in the header line
of function definition.
• Ex:
class item
{
….
public:
void getdata(int a,float b);
};
inline void item :: getdata(int a,float b)
{
number = a;
cost = b;
}
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18. Nesting Member Function
• A member function can be called by using its name inside another
member function the same class is called nesting member
function.
• Ex:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class number
{
private:
int a,b,s1,s2;
public:
int getdata(int m,int n);
int sum();
int sub();
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19. C++ Lecture note by hansa halai
int show()
{
cout<<"n Enter number1: ";
cin>>a;
cout<<"n Enter number2: ";
cin>>b;
cout<<"n Answer of Addition:"<<sum()<<endl;
cout<<"n Answer of Addition:"<<sub()<<endl;
}
};
int number::getdata(int m,int n)
{
a=m;
b=n;
}

20. C++ Lecture note by hansa halai
int number::sum()
{
s1=a+b;
return(s1);
}
int number :: sub()
{
s2=a-b;
return(s2);
}
int main()
{
number x;
x.getdata(10,20);
x.show();
return 0;
}

21. Private Member Function
• Generally we declare , data members are in private section
and member function in public section, that’s why we call
a member function from main() through object.
• But if we declare a member function in private section
then we can not call directly from the main(), because it’s
private function.
• To call private function , we have to create public function
of that class and we call this private function inside that
public function , then the public function called by object
from main().
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22. C++ Lecture note by hansa halai
Ex:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class value
{
private:
int a,b;
void getdata();
public:
void show();
};
void value::getdata()
{
cout<<"Enter number1: ";
cin>>a;
cout<<"Enter number2: ";
cin>>b;
}

23. C++ Lecture note by hansa halai
void value::show()
{
getdata();
cout<<"Two numbers are "<<a <<"n"<<b;
}
int main()
{
value v;
v.show();
return 0;
}

24. Array within class:
• The arrays can be used as member variable in a class.
• An array is collection of same data type or group of data
item that store in a common name.
• Syntax:
data_type name[size]={list of value};
Like
int number[4]={1,2,3,4};
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25. Ex:
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#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class average
{
private:
int n,A[20];
public:
void getdata()
{
cout<<"Number of element: ";
cin>>n;
cout<<"Enter the data in array:n ";
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
cout<<"A["<<i<<"]";
cin>>A[i];
}
}

26. C++ Lecture note by hansa halai
float avg()
{
float sum=0,ans;
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
sum=sum+A[i];
ans=sum/n;
cout<<"Average is: "<<ans;
}
};
int main()
{
average a;
a.getdata();
a.avg();
return 0;
}

27. Memory allocation for object
• The memory space for objects are allocated when they are
declared , not when the class is specified.
• For member function , when member function are created
, it will occupy the memory space only once when they are
defining in a class.
• So all objects created for that class can use same member
functions , so no separate space is allocated for member
functions when the object are created.
• For data member , only space for data members is
allocated separately for each object when is created.
C++ Lecture note by hansa halai

28. • The separate space allocation for data member is essential
because the data member will hold different data values for
different objects.
• For example, a class student have three data members such
as reg_no, age, per and two member functions
getdata() and show().
• If we create three object S1 ,S2, S3 then,
object S1 takes up space for: reg_no , age , per
object S2 takes up space for: reg_no , age , per
object S3 takes up space for: reg_no , age , per
But it will access common member function getdata()
and show(), so it will take up space only one time when
class is created.
C++ Lecture note by hansa halai

29. Static data member
• Static variable are normally used to maintain values
common to the entire class.
• For example, a static data member can be used as a
counter that record occurrences of all the objects.
• A static member variable has certain characteristic:
1. It automatically initialized zero when the first object is
created , no other initialization is permitted. Where a
simple variable have initially garbage value.
2. Only one copy of that member is created for entire class
and shared by all objects of that class, no matter how
many objects are created.
3. It is visible only within a class, but its life time is the
entire program.
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30. Ex:
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#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class student{
int roll_no;
char name[15];
static char course[15];
public:
void getdata() {
cout<<" Enter roll number:";
cin>>roll_no;
cout<<" Enter Name:";
cin>>name;
}
void putdata() {
cout<<"Student Roll Number: "<<roll_no<<"n";
cout<<"Student Name: " <<name<<"n";
cout<<"Student Class: " <<course<<"n";
}
};

31. C++ Lecture note by hansa halai
char student::course[15]="BCA";
int main()
{
int n;
cout<<"Enter number of student you want...";
cin>>n;
student s[n]; // array of object
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
cout<<"Detail of student"<<i+1<<"n";
s[i].getdata();
}
cout<<"n";
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
cout<<"nnStudent"<<i+1<<"n";
cout<<"--------n";
s[i].putdata();
}
return 0;
}

32. Static member function:
• A member function that is declared static has the
following properties:
 A static function can have access to only other static
members(function or variable) declared in the same class.
 A static member function can be called using the class
name.
like, class_name :: Function_name();
test :: getdata();
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33. Ex:
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#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class stat_fun
{
int obj;
static int count;
public:
void stat()
{
obj=++count;
}
void showObject()
{
cout<<"n object number is: "<<obj;
}
static void showcount()
{
cout<<"ncount object is:"<<count;
}
};

34. C++ Lecture note by hansa halai
int stat_fun::count;
int main()
{
stat_fun o1,o2;
o1.stat();
o1.stat();
stat_fun::showcount();
stat_fun o3;
o3.stat();
stat_fun::showcount();
return 0;
}

35. Arrays of object:
• As an array can be of any data type including struct. Similarly,
we can also have arrays of variable that are of the type class.
Such variables are called array of objects.
• For example:
class student {
private: float per;
public: int regno,age;
void getdata();
void show();
};
For this class if we required 100 student , then we are not
declare different s1,s2,…,s100 object because it’s very critical
task. For this problem we use array of object.
C++ Lecture note by hansa halai

36. Ex:
C++ Lecture note by hansa halai
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class student{
char name[15];
float age;
public:
void getdata();
void putdata();
};
void student :: getdata()
{
cout<<"Enter Name: ";
cin>>name;
cout<<"Enter Age: ";
cin>>age;
}
void student :: putdata()
{
cout<<"Name: "<<name<<"n";
cout<<"Age: "<<age <<"n";
}

37. C++ Lecture note by hansa halai
const int size=2;
int main()
{
student s[size]; // array of object
for(int i=0;i<size;i++)
{
cout<<"Detail of student"<<i+1<<"n";
s[i].getdata();
}
cout<<"n";
for(int i=0;i<size;i++)
{
cout<<"nnStudent"<<i+1<<"n";
cout<<"--------n";
s[i].putdata();
}
return 0;
}

38. Object as function argument:
• Like any other data type, an object may be used as a
function argument. This can be done in two way:
1. A copy of the entire object is passed to the function,
which is called call by value.
2. Only the address of the object is transferred to the
function, which is called call/pass by reference.
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39. EX:
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#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Square{
int x;
public:
void getdata(int m)
{
x=m;
}
int answer(Square s)
{
x=s.x*s.x;
}
void show()
{
cout<<"Answer is:"<<x;
}
};

40. C++ Lecture note by hansa halai
int main()
{
Square s1,s2;
s1.getdata(6);
s2.answer(s1);
s2.show();
return 0;
}

41. Returning objects:
• A function can not only receive objects as
arguments but also can return them.
• Like:
C++ Lecture note by hansa halai
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class SUM
{
int x;
public:
void getdata(int m)
{
x=m;
}

42. C++ Lecture note by hansa halai
SUM sum(SUM s)
{
SUM temp;
temp.x=x+s.x;
return(temp);
}
void show()
{
cout<<"Answer is: "<<x;
}
};
int main()
{
SUM s1 ,s2,s3;
s1.getdata(4);
s2.getdata(10);
s3=s1.sum(s2);
s3.show();
return 0;
}

43. Friendly functions:
• Due to ‘data hiding ’ feature of c++, the private data
members of class can not be access outside the class. So a
function which are not member of the class, they can not
be access the private data of that class.
• In c++, there is facility available to access private data of
class even if it is not member function of that class. It is
possible bye using friend function.
• As the name suggests, the function acts as a friend to a
class. As a friend of a class, it can access its private and
protected members.
C++ Lecture note by hansa halai

44. • To make an outside function “friendly” to class, declare the
function as friend of that class.
• The friend functions are declared by using friend keyword.
• Syntax:
friend return_type function_name(arg_list);
• Generally arguments in friend functions are object type.
because of outside the class a data member can not directly
access, so a object can access it.
• A function can be declared as friend for any number of class.
It can not be member function of any class. It have full rights
to access private data of the class.
C++ Lecture note by hansa halai

45. • Advantage of having friend function:
1. We can able to access the other class members in our
class, if we use friend keyword.
2. We can access the members without inheriting the
class.
• Disadvantage:
1. Maximum size of memory will occupied by object
according to the size of friend member.
2. Break the concept of ‘data hiding’ in oop.
C++ Lecture note by hansa halai

46. • Characteristic of friend function:
1. It is not in the scope of the class which it has been
declared as friend.
2. It can not be called using the object of that class. It can
be invoked like a normal function without the help of
object.
3. It can not access data member directly, it must be use
object with dot(.) operator and data member.
4. Normally it has object as argument.
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47. Ex:
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#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class MEAN{
int n1,n2;
public:
void getdata()
{
cout<<"Enter num1: ";
cin>>n1;
cout<<"Enter num2: ";
cin>>n2;
}
friend float ans(MEAN m);
};

48. C++ Lecture note by hansa halai
float ans(MEAN m)
{
return float(m.n1+m.n2)/2;
}
int main()
{
MEAN m1;
m1.getdata();
cout<<"Answer is: "<<ans(m1);
return 0;
}

49. Const member function:
• Function member can made constant by writing word
const keyword between header of the function and
body.
• Constant member function means it can not modify the
object.
• normally function member which are not supposed to
modify the object should be made constant so that there
are no chance that accidently function member modifies
the object.
• void mul(int , int) const; // constant function
{
Body statement..
}
C++ Lecture note by hansa halai

50. Pointer to member:
• Just like pointer to normal variable and function , we can
have pointer to class member function and member
variable.
• Syntax for declare pointer data member:
data_type class_name::*pointer_name;
• Ex
int A ::* p;
• You can initialize p like this also:
• syntax:
data_type class_name::*pointer_name=&class_name::data_member
• Ex:
int A::*p=&A::m;
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51. • Likewise, you can access the data member through a
pointer to a class.
• Ex:
A *p1 =new A;
int n =p1->*p; // assign to n the value of p1->m
p1->*p=5; // assign the value of 5 to p1->m
• Pointer to member functions are one of the c++’s
rarely used features, while they do not have widely
applicability, some time member function pointer are
useful to solve certain problems.
• Member function pointer can not be dereferenced directly
by themselves .they must be called on behalf of some
object.
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52. • To declare a pointer to member function you give the
prototype of function it can point to,as before but the name
of this function is replaced by a construction that scopes the
pointer – you give it the name of the class whose member
function it can point to.
• Syntax:
return_type (class_name::*pointer_name)(argument_list)
• You dereference a member function pointer by using .* or
->*, supplying a reference or pointer to an object on the left,
as appropriate , and the function pointer on the right.
• Note that member function does not have the same data type
as nonmember function that has the same number and type
of argument and the same return type.
C++ Lecture note by hansa halai

53. Ex:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class test{
public:
int a;
void fun(int b)
{
cout<<"The value of b is: "<<b<<endl;
}
};
int main()
{
int test::*p=&test::a; // pointer to data member declaration
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54. void(test::*p1)(int)=&test::fun; // pointer to function declaration
test T;
T.*p=10;
cout<<"The value of a is:"<<T.*p<<endl;
(T.*p1)(20);
}
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