The document provides an introduction to statistics, defining it as the science of collecting, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data. It outlines the historical development of statistical theory, characteristics, functions, and techniques of data collection, along with types of data classification and tabulation. It emphasizes the importance of simplifying complex data for easier understanding and comparison, and lists methods for organizing data efficiently.

1. Introduction to statistics
Rakshita .I.Padesur

2. Introduction to statistics
 The world statistics is derived from Latin world ‘status’
Italy world statistic Germany world statistic French world
Statistique, which mean a person well-versed with state
affairs /a political state
 ‘Ronald A Fisher’ is known as father of statistics
 According to ‘croxtal & cowden’ Statistic mean “Statistic is
sign of collection , Presentation , Analysis & Interpretation
of numerical data.
 According to ‘Bowley’ statistic is “Science of Counting
Science of Average”
 According to ‘Lord Boddington’ Statistics means “ science
of estimate & probabilities”

3. Names of statistics who developed theory of statistic
1. Karl Pearson
2. Bowley
3. Spearman
4. Croxtal & cowden
5. Ronald A Fisher
Names of Indian Statistician who made counterion in develop
of statistics
1. R. C. Bose
2. S.N.Roy
3. B.R.Bhatt
4. B.K.Kale
5. P.C. Mahalanobies

4.  Charterstic of Statistic
1. Statistic is aggregate of facts
2. Statistic is a marked to an extended by multiplicity of causes
3. Statistic is a numerically expressed
4. Statistics is a enumerated & estimated
5. Statistics collects data in systematic manner for a predetermined purpose
6. Statistic is placed in relation to each other
Function Of Statistic
1. It’s Simplified complex data & makes data easy to understand
2. It’s facilitated easy come comparison
3. It’s help for framing suitable ,General , economic, Political & Social policies
4. It’s help in forecasting about future by studying present & past data

5.  Techniques of data collection
1. Census techniques
2. Sample techniques
A.Census Techniques :
these census techniques is complete enumeration of each & every unit of
population
B. Sample Techniques :
sample technique is collection of data from the part of population

6.  Sources of data
1. Primary data
2. Secondary data
A. Primary data :
` The data which are collected originally for they purpose investigation by
investigator himself for the first time is called primary data
B. Secondary data :
the data which are not collected originally by they investigator but it’s collected by
someone else.

7.  Classification & tabulation
INTRODUCTION :
we have discuss different method of data collection in statistical investigation
the data so collected are usually were large quantity & as search there are not fit for
presentation, Analysis & interpretation of data analysis it’s arrange & presented in
simplified form. The data are therefore sorted out according to similar charterstic &
than presented in the form of table.
Definition:
Classification means grouping of related items into classes .
or
Classification is a process of sorting of similar & dissimilar characteristic which are
presented in the data
Objectives of classification :
1. To reduce quantity of data & simplifies the collected facts
2. To facilities comparison
3. To highlights significant factor

8.  Types of classification
1. Geographical {Spacial}
2. Chronological { Temporal}
3. Qualitative
4. Quanlitative
1) Geographical :
In these type of data are classifieds into on the bases of geographical area/
places
Ex: In order to show production of rice in south India.
STATES RICE PRODUCTION (Tons)
Karnataka 200
Andar Pradesh 300
Tamil Nadu 400
Kerala 150
PRODUCTION OF RICE IN SOUTH IN INDIAN

9.  Chronological classification:
Chrono means time in these type of classification of data are
classified on the bases different point of time
Ex: If a company wants to known trend of sales over number of year is
has follow
YEAR SALES IN TURNOVER
2022 200
2021 100
2020 70
SALES OF COMPANY

10.  Qualitative classification :
In these type data are classified on the base of quality or attributes like such as
gender, literacy , employ, marital status , knowledge etc.…. Here data classified into two
groups namely the group processing quality & other group not processive quality
Ex: Classification of population is has follow.
Population
male female
Literate
employee
unemployee
Illitrate
empolyee
unemployee
literate
employee
unemployee
illitrate
employee
unemployee

11.  Quanlitative :
It’s type of classification data are classified according to some quanlitative
such as height, weight , marks ,age , sales, salary etc.,..
Ex:
NUMBER OF MARKS OBTAINED BY STUDENTS
MARKS TOTAL NUMBER OF STUDENT
0-30 2
30-40 5
40-50 6

12.  TABULATION:
Tabulation is one of the most important method of presenting classified data a
meaningful & systematically manner.
Definition :
Tabulation a process of laical listing of classified data in the form of table,
containing horizontal rows vertical with all necessary discrimination.
PART OF GOOD TABLES
1. Table Number
2. Table content
3. Sub tittle
4. Caption
5. Stubes
6. Body of the table
7. Foot note
8. sources

13.  FORMAT OF GOOD TABLE :
Table no: 1234
TITTLE : POPULATION OF TOWN
Sub tittle: {Accordng to religion &gender}
*_________________(Foot Note)
Sources :According to 2021 Census.
R religon Hindu Muslim Christian Total
Male 50 50 50 150
female 50* 50 50 150
total 100 100 100 300
gender

14. Thank You