Programming involves the study of computer languages like Visual Basic (VB), which is a tool created by Microsoft to build graphical user interface (GUI) applications. VB uses flowcharts, algorithms, variables, operators, and loops. Basic VB methods include activate, click, and load. Common data types are integers and strings. Variable functions include inputbox, messagebox, msgbox, DIM, print, and Val. Basic VB operations can be demonstrated using an example that activates a form, gets input using inputbox, performs addition, and prints the result.