The document provides an overview of operating systems, defining them as system software that manages computer resources and enables user interactions. It discusses key functions like process, memory, file system, and device management, as well as various classifications of operating systems including batch, time-sharing, single-user, multi-user, single-tasking, multi-tasking, distributed, and real-time systems. Additionally, it highlights specific operating systems for desktops, laptops, and mobile phones, emphasizing their features and usability.

1. OPERATING SYSTEM
NAME – MAHIMA

2. INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEMS
• Definition : System software that manages computer hardware and software resources.
Provides services for computer programs.
• Purpose : Facilitates user interaction with the computer. Manages hardware resources
efficiently. Ensures system stability and security.

3. KEY FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM
• Process Management: Manages running processes and tasks.
• Memory Management: Allocates and tracks memory usage.
• File System Management: Organizes and manages files on storage devices.
• Device Management: Controls and interacts with hardware devices.

4. BASICS OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
OS ARCHITECTURE
• Hardware: Physical components (CPU, memory, storage).
• Kernel: Core of the OS that manages system resources.
• System Libraries: Collections of functions for applications.
• User Interface: Interface for user interaction (CLI or GUI).

5. CLASSIFICATION OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
• Batch Operating Systems: Execute jobs in batches without user interaction (e.g., early
IBM mainframes).
• Time-Sharing Systems: Allow multiple users to share system resources (e.g., UNIX).
• Single-user OS: Supports one user at a time (e.g., MS-DOS).
• Multi-user OS: Supports multiple users concurrently (e.g., UNIX, Linux).

6. CLASSIFICATION OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
• Single-tasking OS: Executes one task at a time (e.g., early MS-DOS).
• Multi-tasking OS: Handles multiple tasks simultaneously (e.g., Windows, Linux).
• Distributed OS: Manages a network of computers as a single system (e.g., distributed
versions of UNIX).
• Real-Time OS: Provides immediate processing for time-critical applications (e.g.,
embedded systems).

7. OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR DESKTOPAND
LAPTOP
• MS-DOS - Early command-line OS for IBM PCs.
Features: Text-based interface, limited multitasking, batch processing.
• Windows Operating System - GUI-based OS developed by Microsoft. Evolution: From
Windows 1.0 to Windows 11.
Features: User-friendly interface, extensive application support.
• Linux Operating System - Open-source OS with various distributions. Distributions:
Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian.
Features: Customizable, secure, community-driven.

8. OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR MOBILE PHONES
• Android OS Overview: Open-source OS developed by Google.
Features: Customizable, supports a wide range of hardware.
• iOS Overview: Developed by Apple for iPhones and iPads.
Features: Secure, optimized for Apple hardware, seamless integration.

9. USER INTERFACE FOR DESKTOP AND LAPTOP
• CLI:Text-based, suited for scripting and
advanced users
• .GUI:Visual, user-friendly, suitable for
general use.