INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC
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The document discusses the purpose and methods of logic. Logic aims to attain clarity in thought, distinguish good and bad reasoning, and determine the correctness of arguments. Logicians perform three activities: analysis, classification of arguments, and assessment of arguments. Logic is important for problem-solving in daily life by helping develop critical thinking skills to analyze problems. Solving logic puzzles involves constructing tables to systematically track information as more details are learned about relationships between variables. The example puzzle provided is solved step-by-step using logical reasoning and deduction to determine which individuals hold which leadership positions at a company.
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Introduction to Logic
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1.2 Classification of Propositions.pptx
This document defines propositions and their classification in symbolic logic. A proposition is a statement that is either true or false, but not both. Propositions can be simple, which have the most basic sentence structure, or compound, which are the union of two or more simple propositions joined by connectors like "and" or "or". The document provides examples of simple and compound propositions and explains how to identify whether a statement is a proposition or not based on if it can be proven true or false.
Logic arguments and_fallacies
This document defines and discusses different types of arguments and logical fallacies. It begins by defining deductive and inductive arguments, and explaining how to identify them based on language used. Common types of deductive and inductive arguments are then outlined. The document also discusses the concepts of validity, soundness, and strength as they relate to arguments. Finally, it provides detailed descriptions and examples of many common logical fallacies, categorizing them as fallacies of relevance, weak induction, ambiguity, analogy, or formal fallacies.
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The document discusses different principles of distributive justice:
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- Capitalist justice argues benefits should be distributed based on individual contributions. But this can promote competition over cooperation.
- Socialism argues benefits should be distributed based on needs and work assigned based on abilities. However, critics say this removes incentives to work hard and individual freedom.
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Environmental philosophy examines humanity's relationship with the natural world. It considers humanity's role in environmental changes and its responsibility to respond to challenges. Views range from anthropocentrism, which sees humans as the central cause of changes, to deep ecology, which emphasizes humanity's interdependence with all living things. Environmental ethics emerged to advocate humanity's moral duty to preserve nature for its intrinsic value and humanity's long term survival. Philosophical perspectives influence environmental action, policy, and international cooperation to address issues like climate change and pollution.
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Virtue ethics is an approach to ethics which emphasizes the character of the moral agent, rather than rules or consequences, as the key element of ethical thinking.
Logic introduction
This document provides an introduction to logic. It outlines the objectives of studying logic as sharpening intellect, developing learning ability, strengthening understanding, and promoting clear thinking. Key benefits include supporting reasoning powers, distinguishing good from bad arguments, and learning principles of clear thinking. Logic is defined as the study of correct versus incorrect reasoning. Important concepts discussed include premises, propositions, arguments, sound versus unsound arguments, and laws of logic. The overall aim is to learn how to evaluate arguments.
Srength ethics
Normative ethics aims to discover the moral standards supported by the best reasons. There are four main approaches: teleological theory assesses acts based on their consequences; deontological theory evaluates acts based on adherence to duty; ethical egoism holds an act is good if it benefits oneself; and virtue ethics focuses on developing good character traits. Utilitarianism is a form of teleological theory that considers an act right if it maximizes overall happiness. Kantianism is a deontological theory that deems an act right only if motivated by duty.
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1.2 Classification of Propositions.pptx
This document defines propositions and their classification in symbolic logic. A proposition is a statement that is either true or false, but not both. Propositions can be simple, which have the most basic sentence structure, or compound, which are the union of two or more simple propositions joined by connectors like "and" or "or". The document provides examples of simple and compound propositions and explains how to identify whether a statement is a proposition or not based on if it can be proven true or false.
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This document defines and discusses different types of arguments and logical fallacies. It begins by defining deductive and inductive arguments, and explaining how to identify them based on language used. Common types of deductive and inductive arguments are then outlined. The document also discusses the concepts of validity, soundness, and strength as they relate to arguments. Finally, it provides detailed descriptions and examples of many common logical fallacies, categorizing them as fallacies of relevance, weak induction, ambiguity, analogy, or formal fallacies.
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- Egalitarianism argues benefits and burdens should be distributed equally. However, critics say this removes incentives for hard work.
- Capitalist justice argues benefits should be distributed based on individual contributions. But this can promote competition over cooperation.
- Socialism argues benefits should be distributed based on needs and work assigned based on abilities. However, critics say this removes incentives to work hard and individual freedom.
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Virtue ethics is an approach to ethics which emphasizes the character of the moral agent, rather than rules or consequences, as the key element of ethical thinking.
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This document provides an introduction to logic. It outlines the objectives of studying logic as sharpening intellect, developing learning ability, strengthening understanding, and promoting clear thinking. Key benefits include supporting reasoning powers, distinguishing good from bad arguments, and learning principles of clear thinking. Logic is defined as the study of correct versus incorrect reasoning. Important concepts discussed include premises, propositions, arguments, sound versus unsound arguments, and laws of logic. The overall aim is to learn how to evaluate arguments.
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Normative ethics aims to discover the moral standards supported by the best reasons. There are four main approaches: teleological theory assesses acts based on their consequences; deontological theory evaluates acts based on adherence to duty; ethical egoism holds an act is good if it benefits oneself; and virtue ethics focuses on developing good character traits. Utilitarianism is a form of teleological theory that considers an act right if it maximizes overall happiness. Kantianism is a deontological theory that deems an act right only if motivated by duty.
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This document provides an overview of basic concepts in logic, including:
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- Reasoning involves making inferences by drawing conclusions from premises. Arguments consist of statements where one is the conclusion and the others are premises intended to support the conclusion.
- Logic divides into deductive logic and inductive logic. Deductive logic examines necessarily truth-preserving arguments, while inductive logic examines arguments where the premises make the conclusion probable but not certain.
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CHAPTER 1B SOURCES OF AUTHORITY.pptx
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1.2 Recognizing Arguments
This document discusses how to identify and analyze arguments. An argument must have at least one premise and a conclusion. It also discusses different types of statements that are not arguments, such as warnings, advice, opinions, and reports. Conditional statements on their own are not arguments, but can be used as part of an argument. Necessary conditions are required for something to occur, while sufficient conditions alone are enough to trigger something.
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This document provides an overview of basic concepts in logic, including:
- Logic is defined as the science of reasoning, concerned with determining correct vs incorrect reasoning.
- Reasoning involves making inferences by drawing conclusions from premises. Arguments consist of statements where one is the conclusion and the others are premises intended to support the conclusion.
- Logic divides into deductive logic and inductive logic. Deductive logic examines necessarily truth-preserving arguments, while inductive logic examines arguments where the premises make the conclusion probable but not certain.
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Logic is the study of correct reasoning and thinking. It involves identifying good arguments and making good arguments through formal logic about forms and structures, and material logic concerning subject matter and content. There are two main types of logical processes - deductive reasoning which goes from general to specific, and inductive reasoning which goes from specific to general. Reasoning involves advancing from premises to a conclusion to prove something, and considerations include understanding ideas, comparing ideas, and expressing judgments as propositions based on inferences.
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This document provides an overview of categorical syllogisms including:
- The definition and standard form of categorical syllogisms.
- Explanations of mood, figure, valid and invalid forms.
- Rules for determining validity, including the distribution of terms and fallacies that can occur when rules are violated.
- Historical context on Aristotle's original formulation of rules for validity and a poem used by medieval students to memorize valid forms.
Lecture 1 introduction to logic
This document defines and explains key concepts in logic and reasoning. It discusses logic as the study of distinguishing correct from incorrect reasoning. It then defines reasoning as using a systematic process of steps and given statements to arrive at a conclusion. It discusses the difference between sentences and propositions, and types of propositions like compound, conjunctive, disjunctive, and conditional propositions. The document also defines deductive and inductive arguments, and how to indicate the type of argument being made.
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This document discusses arguments and how to identify their key components. An argument consists of premises that provide reasons or evidence to support a conclusion. Common words that indicate premises include "because" and "since," while conclusion indicators are words like "therefore" and "thus." To identify an argument's conclusion, determine what claim the author is trying to prove or see which statement fits best after "therefore." A passage only qualifies as an argument if it contains at least two statements and one is intended to support another as true or more probable. The document also differentiates arguments from reports, unsupported opinions, illustrations, conditional statements, and explanations.
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What should we consider when looking at arguments or opinions?
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This document provides an overview of logic, including its definition, methods of reasoning, divisions, and key concepts. Logic is concerned with correct thinking and reasoning. It can be considered both an art that guides reason and a science that investigates and explains laws of thought. There are two main methods of reasoning - inductive, which obtains universal knowledge from particular cases, and deductive, which proceeds from universal to particular. Logic is divided into formal logic, which focuses on correct thinking, and material logic, which studies main philosophical problems in logic. Key concepts explained include terms, propositions, and inference.
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This document discusses how to identify and analyze arguments. An argument must have at least one premise and a conclusion. It also discusses different types of statements that are not arguments, such as warnings, advice, opinions, and reports. Conditional statements on their own are not arguments, but can be used as part of an argument. Necessary conditions are required for something to occur, while sufficient conditions alone are enough to trigger something.
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- The is-ought problem questions whether moral claims ("ought" statements) can be derived from factual claims ("is" statements).
- Ethical naturalism defines moral goodness using non-moral terms like happiness, but is challenged by Moore's naturalistic fallacy.
- Intuitionism holds that we intuitively know basic moral truths, while emotivism views ethics as expressing attitudes rather than facts.
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The document discusses the philosophical enterprise and defines philosophy. It outlines that philosophy begins with questioning and the desire to understand one's identity. The document then presents the three disciplines of philosophy: 1) the discipline of questioning, which initiates philosophy through asking questions about oneself, 2) the discipline of liberation, which frees one from unquestioned conformity, and 3) the discipline of personhood, where each individual must philosophize to know and improve themselves. The goal of these disciplines is to philosophize through diversity rather than conformity and live a more meaningful life through questioning and liberation from ignorance.
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Here are the specific kinds of supposition for the terms in each proposition:
1. "Tamarao" - Essential supposition
2. "Tamarao" - Material supposition
3. "Pag-asa" - Logical supposition
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This document provides an introduction to logic and critical thinking. It defines logic as the study of correct reasoning and fallacies as incorrect arguments. It discusses the history of logic according to various philosophers like Aristotle. It also defines key logical terms like quality, quantity, and immediate inference. Immediate inferences include conversion, obversion, and contraposition. The document provides examples of each. It also discusses different types of fallacies including fallacies of relevance, presumption, and ambiguity. Fallacies of relevance aim to appear relevant but are not, such as appeals to emotion.
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The document discusses the divisions of logic. There are two main divisions - traditional logic and symbolic logic. Traditional, or Aristotelian logic, uses deductive syllogisms to attain demonstrated knowledge. Symbolic logic uses symbols to analyze arguments and determine their validity. Logic can also be divided into formal logic, which examines argument structure and validity, and material logic, which considers the meaning and truth of concepts in arguments. Language has three basic functions - informative, which communicates information; expressive, which expresses emotions; and directive, which causes or prevents actions through commands, requests, and recommendations.
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Logic is the study of reasoning and correct thinking. It involves analyzing concepts, establishing general laws of
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INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC
- 1. LOGIC - Defined as the science and art which helps our mind to ditinguish between the correct from the incorrect.
- 2. PURPOSE OF LOGIC • TO ATTAIN CLARITY IN OUR THOUGHTS AND VALIDITY IN OUR PROCESSES OF INFERENCE. • DISTINGUISH BETWEEN GOOD AND BAD REASONING AND BETWEEN CORRECT AND INCORRECT ARGUMENTS. • TO ATTAIN TRUTH AND VALIDITY IN REASONING.
- 3. THREE DISTINCT ACTIVITIES OF LOGICIANS: 1. ANALYSIS THE DETERMINATION BETWEEN AN ARGUMENT AND NON- ARGUMENT. 2. CLASSIFICATION IT INCLUDES THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS. 3. ASSESSMENT TO DETERMINE THE CORRECTNESS AND INCORRECTNESS OF CERTAIN ARGUMENTS.
- 4. PROBLEM- SOLVING ONE IMPORTANCE OF LOGIC IN OUR DAILY LIFE IS THAT IT HELPS US SOLVE PROBLEMS THAT MAY OCCUR IN OUR DAY TO DAY LIVING. INASMUCH AS LOGIC HELPS US DEVELOP CRITICAL THINKING. IT, THEREFORE, HELPS US IN ANALYZING PROBLEMS THAT MAY ARISE FROM A CONFLICT DUE TO THE COLLISION BETWEEN SITUATIONS AND OUR BELIEFS.
- 5. PROBLEM- SOLVING IN TRYING TO SOLVE PROBLEM, IT IS IMPERATIVE TO APPLY REASON IN A PROBLEMATIC SITUATION IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEM AND IDENTIFY THE PROPER METHOD TO BE USED IN ORDER TO OBTAIN THE SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM.
- 6. • REASON CAN ONLY BE APPLIED WHEN THERE IS A SITUATION THAT HAS TO BE THOUGHT ABOUT. – ACCORDING TO JOHN DEWEY “MEN DO NOT, IN THEIR NATURAL STATE, THINK WHEN THEY HAVE NOT TROUBLE TO COPE WITH,NO DIFFICULTIES TO OVERCOME. A LIFE OF EASE, OF SUCCESS WITHOUT EFFORT, WOULD BE THOUGHTLESS LIFE, AND SO WOULD A LIFE OF READY OMNIPOTENCE.”
- 7. LET US TRY TO SOLVE THIS PROBLEM: • THE HIGHEST POSITION IN THE LARGE COMPANY, THE PRESIDENT, THE VICE PRESIDENT, AND THE CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, ARE HELD BY MR. LACSAMANA, MR MALABANAN, AND MR. NUNEZ, THOUGHT NOT NECESSARILY IN THAT ORDER. HOWEVER, WE DO NOT KNOW WHO HOLDS EACH POSITION EXCEPT THAT WE WERE ONLY GIVEN TWO DATA THAT WILL HELP US IDENTIFY THE POSITION BEING HELD BY THE THREE PERSON:
- 8. LET US TRY TO SOLVE THIS PROBLEM: THE VICE PRESIDENT, WHO IS A BACHELOR, EARNS THE LEAST. MR. NUNEZ, WHOM MARIED THE SISTER OF MR. LACSAMANA'S WIFE, EARNS MORE THAT THE PRESIDENT. “WHAT POSITIONS DOES EACH OF THE THREE PERSONS HOLD?”
- 9. • IN DEALING WITH THIS LOGIC PUZZLE, IT IS NECESSAY THAT WE CONSTRUCT A TABLE WHICH WE WILL FILL IN AS WE ACCUMULATE INFORMATION BASED FROM OUT ANALYSIS. FOR INSTANCE, • OF MR. LACSAMANA'S WIFE CHAIRMAN PRESIDENT VICE PRESIDENT MR. LACSAMANA MR. MALABANAN MR. NUNEZ IN ANALYZING THE GIVEN DATA IN THE PROBLEM, WE ARE GIVEN THE FACT THAT MR. NUNEZ MARRIED THE SISTER OF MR LACSAMANA'S WIFE. FROM THIS, WE CAN SAY THAT BOTH MR. NUNEZ AND MR. LACSAMANA ARE MARRIED. THEREFORE, THIS SUGGEST THAT THEY CANNOT BE THE VICE PRESIDENT BECAUSE AS MENTIONED, THE VICE PRESIDENT IS A BACHELOR. AS SO, GOING BACK TO THE TABLE, WE HAVE TO PUT AN “N” MARK (NOT APPLICABLE) TO MARK THAT MR. LACSAMANA AND MR NUNEZ CANNOT BE THE VICE PRESIDENT. HENCE, CHAIRMAN PRESIDENT VICE PRESIDENT MR. LACSAMANA N MR. MALABANAN MR. NUNEZ N
- 10. – IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE TABLE PRESENTED, THERE'S NO DOUBT ANYMORE THAT MR. MALABANAN IS THE VICE PRSIDENT OF THE CORPORATION. THEREFORE, WE HAVE TO PUT AN “A” MARK (APPLICABLE) TO INDICATE THAT MR. MALABANAN IS THE VICE PRESIDENT; AND PUT AN “N” MARK TO POSSIBILITY OF MR. MALABANAN AS BEING THE PRESIDENT OF THE CHAIRMAN.THEREFORE, THE ENTRIES THAT WE HAVE MADE SO FAR WILL BE THIS: CHAIRMAN PRESIDENT VICE PRESIDENT MR. LACSAMANA N MR. MALABANAN N N A MR. NUNEZ N
- 11. – GOING BACK TO THE DATA GIVEN, IT WAS MENTIONED THAT MR. NUNEZ EARNS MORE THAN THE PRESIDENT . WE CAN, THEREFORE, CONCLUDE FORM THIS THAT MR. NUNEZ CANNOT BE THE PRESIDENT. IN THIS REGARD, THE ONLY POSSIBLE THING IS THAT MR. NUNEZ IS THE CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES. AS THE CHAIRMAN IS NORMALLY EARNING MORE THAN THE PRESIDENT. THUS, THE TABLE WILL APPEAR AS. CHAIRMAN PRESIDENT VICE PRESIDENT MR. LACSAMANA N A N MR. MALABANAN N N A MR. NUNEZ A N N
- 12. – REASONING PROBLEM OF THIS KIND ARE INDEEED OF GREAT INTEREST AND PROVIDE GREATER EXCITEMENT BECAUSE THEY MIRROR SOME WAYS THE LOGICAL CHALLENGE OFTEN PRESENTED BY SITUATION IN REAL LIFE. IN THIS CASE, THE STUDY OF LOGIC IS ALL THE MORE JUSTIFIED BECAUSE IT IS DEEM TO BE VERY MUCH USEFUL IN SOLVING THE REAL PROBLEMS IN LIFE.