ICSI as it is presently performed is far from an ideal solution because the selection of sperm is based on the judgement of an embryologist, who is looking for the most normal appearing sperm available.
who laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and sperm-cervical m...netopenscienart
This document is the fourth edition of the WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and Sperm-Cervical Mucus Interaction. It provides standardized procedures for examining human semen to assist clinicians and researchers worldwide. The introduction notes new developments in male fertility regulation, genetic understanding of male infertility, and assisted reproductive technologies. It also discusses concerns about declining sperm counts and potential environmental impacts on semen quality in some regions. Further research is still needed to better understand changing semen quality patterns globally.
This study investigated the antioxidant effects of nebivolol in protecting against testicular damage caused by torsion-detorsion injury in rats. Forty rats were divided into four groups: a control group, a torsion group, a torsion/detorsion group, and a torsion/detorsion+nebivolol group. Biochemical assays and histopathological examination found that torsion-detorsion injury increased oxidative stress markers and apoptosis in testicular tissue, while administration of nebivolol before detorsion decreased oxidative stress and apoptosis. The study suggests that nebivolol has a protective effect against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the testes caused by torsion-
This document provides an introduction to histopathology and the process of tissue fixation. It defines histopathology as the microscopic examination of tissue to study disease. The key steps in tissue fixation are described as collection and transport of biopsy specimens, followed by processing including fixation, dehydration, clearing, embedding, cutting and staining of tissues. Critical factors that ensure proper fixation include freshness of tissues, penetration of fixatives, duration of fixation, and choice of fixative based on the tissue and intended analysis. Formalin is the most commonly used fixative but others including glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide are also described.
This document provides an overview of practical pathology, including histopathology and cytopathology techniques. It discusses different types of biopsies like incisional, excisional, punch and needle biopsies. It also describes the general principles of gross examination and the histopathological techniques of fixation, dehydration, embedding, sectioning and staining tissue samples, most commonly hematoxylin and eosin or special stains. The document concludes with an overview of cytology techniques like exfoliative, abrasive and fine needle aspiration cytology as well as their indications and limitations.
Practical Histopathology and cytopathology
Histopathological examination is used to provide diagnostic information that is important for timely diagnosis of disease to determine treatment plan. Fresh tissue is extremely fragile & subject to autolysis.
This document provides information on general histopathology techniques. It defines histology and histopathology, and describes the process of collecting biopsy specimens including fixation, storage, and labeling. It discusses different types of biopsies like core needle, fine needle, excisional, and incisional biopsies. Common histological techniques are also outlined, such as frozen section, fine needle aspiration, and exfoliative cytology. Immunohistochemistry is also briefly described.
This document provides an overview of histology and microscopy. It discusses the four basic tissue types studied in histology, as well as techniques for tissue collection, processing, fixation, embedding and section cutting to prepare samples for microscopic examination. It also describes the principles of light microscopy and electron microscopy, and different types of microscopes used including bright field, dark field, phase contrast and fluorescence microscopes. The importance of histology for understanding the relationship between tissue structure and function is emphasized.
ICSI as it is presently performed is far from an ideal solution because the selection of sperm is based on the judgement of an embryologist, who is looking for the most normal appearing sperm available.
who laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and sperm-cervical m...netopenscienart
This document is the fourth edition of the WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and Sperm-Cervical Mucus Interaction. It provides standardized procedures for examining human semen to assist clinicians and researchers worldwide. The introduction notes new developments in male fertility regulation, genetic understanding of male infertility, and assisted reproductive technologies. It also discusses concerns about declining sperm counts and potential environmental impacts on semen quality in some regions. Further research is still needed to better understand changing semen quality patterns globally.
This study investigated the antioxidant effects of nebivolol in protecting against testicular damage caused by torsion-detorsion injury in rats. Forty rats were divided into four groups: a control group, a torsion group, a torsion/detorsion group, and a torsion/detorsion+nebivolol group. Biochemical assays and histopathological examination found that torsion-detorsion injury increased oxidative stress markers and apoptosis in testicular tissue, while administration of nebivolol before detorsion decreased oxidative stress and apoptosis. The study suggests that nebivolol has a protective effect against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the testes caused by torsion-
This document provides an introduction to histopathology and the process of tissue fixation. It defines histopathology as the microscopic examination of tissue to study disease. The key steps in tissue fixation are described as collection and transport of biopsy specimens, followed by processing including fixation, dehydration, clearing, embedding, cutting and staining of tissues. Critical factors that ensure proper fixation include freshness of tissues, penetration of fixatives, duration of fixation, and choice of fixative based on the tissue and intended analysis. Formalin is the most commonly used fixative but others including glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide are also described.
This document provides an overview of practical pathology, including histopathology and cytopathology techniques. It discusses different types of biopsies like incisional, excisional, punch and needle biopsies. It also describes the general principles of gross examination and the histopathological techniques of fixation, dehydration, embedding, sectioning and staining tissue samples, most commonly hematoxylin and eosin or special stains. The document concludes with an overview of cytology techniques like exfoliative, abrasive and fine needle aspiration cytology as well as their indications and limitations.
Practical Histopathology and cytopathology
Histopathological examination is used to provide diagnostic information that is important for timely diagnosis of disease to determine treatment plan. Fresh tissue is extremely fragile & subject to autolysis.
This document provides information on general histopathology techniques. It defines histology and histopathology, and describes the process of collecting biopsy specimens including fixation, storage, and labeling. It discusses different types of biopsies like core needle, fine needle, excisional, and incisional biopsies. Common histological techniques are also outlined, such as frozen section, fine needle aspiration, and exfoliative cytology. Immunohistochemistry is also briefly described.
This document provides an overview of histology and microscopy. It discusses the four basic tissue types studied in histology, as well as techniques for tissue collection, processing, fixation, embedding and section cutting to prepare samples for microscopic examination. It also describes the principles of light microscopy and electron microscopy, and different types of microscopes used including bright field, dark field, phase contrast and fluorescence microscopes. The importance of histology for understanding the relationship between tissue structure and function is emphasized.
This document provides an introduction to pathology, covering key topics like the definition of pathology, the core aspects of disease studied in pathology including etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and functional derangements. It discusses diagnostic techniques used in pathology like histopathology, cytopathology, hematopathology, and more. It also covers the various categories of disease causes like genetic factors and environmental factors.
introduction to pathology, tissue processing. Histopathology and cytopatholog...Government Medical College
This document provides an overview of histopathology and cytopathology procedures. It discusses the key steps in tissue processing which include fixation, dehydration, clearing, embedding, sectioning and staining. Common stains used are hematoxylin and eosin. The document also describes different biopsy and cytology techniques as well as the use of immunohistochemistry, frozen sections and microtomes.
Genotoxicity Evaluation of Polystyrene Membrane with Collagen and Norbixin by...inventionjournals
The biocompatible membranes are widely applied in the medical field in order to stimulate tissue repair. The biological principle of this type of treatment is the repair and guided regeneration. In the literature, there are few reports of studies evaluating the effects and biological properties of norbixin in animal tissues. Thus, the present study was to evaluate the effect of polystyrene membrane with collagen and norbixin, through the micronucleus test and comet assay in rats, as part of the recommended test battery to evaluate the mutagenic potential. The research project was approved by CEP / FACID Protocol 069/2014. For this study, 15 rats were divided into 3 groups were used: A - the membrane was introduced into the peritoneum of the animals through a laparotomy; B - received cyclophosphamide at a dose of 50mg / kg intraperitoneally; C - were performed only one laparotomy. A peripheral blood sample was collected from the animals for conducting Comet assay and 72 hours after the start of the experiment were euthanized. It was collected bone marrow material of each rat to perform the micronucleus test. In conclusion, through the tests, the membrane is not genotoxic
Genotoxicity Evaluation of Polystyrene Membrane with Collagen and Norbixin by...inventionjournals
The biocompatible membranes are widely applied in the medical field in order to stimulate tissue repair. The biological principle of this type of treatment is the repair and guided regeneration. In the literature, there are few reports of studies evaluating the effects and biological properties of norbixin in animal tissues. Thus, the present study was to evaluate the effect of polystyrene membrane with collagen and norbixin, through the micronucleus test and comet assay in rats, as part of the recommended test battery to evaluate the mutagenic potential. The research project was approved by CEP / FACID Protocol 069/2014. For this study, 15 rats were divided into 3 groups were used: A - the membrane was introduced into the peritoneum of the animals through a laparotomy; B - received cyclophosphamide at a dose of 50mg / kg intraperitoneally; C - were performed only one laparotomy. A peripheral blood sample was collected from the animals for conducting Comet assay and 72 hours after the start of the experiment were euthanized. It was collected bone marrow material of each rat to perform the micronucleus test. In conclusion, through the tests, the membrane is not genotoxic.
Genotoxicity Evaluation of Polystyrene Membrane with Collagen and Norbixin by...inventionjournals
The biocompatible membranes are widely applied in the medical field in order to stimulate tissue repair. The biological principle of this type of treatment is the repair and guided regeneration. In the literature, there are few reports of studies evaluating the effects and biological properties of norbixin in animal tissues. Thus, the present study was to evaluate the effect of polystyrene membrane with collagen and norbixin, through the micronucleus test and comet assay in rats, as part of the recommended test battery to evaluate the mutagenic potential. The research project was approved by CEP / FACID Protocol 069/2014. For this study, 15 rats were divided into 3 groups were used: A - the membrane was introduced into the peritoneum of the animals through a laparotomy; B - received cyclophosphamide at a dose of 50mg / kg intraperitoneally; C - were performed only one laparotomy. A peripheral blood sample was collected from the animals for conducting Comet assay and 72 hours after the start of the experiment were euthanized. It was collected bone marrow material of each rat to perform the micronucleus test. In conclusion, through the tests, the membrane is not genotoxic
Histopathology refers to the microscopic examination of tissue samples to study disease manifestations. A biopsy or surgical sample is processed by fixing, embedding, sectioning, and staining tissue before a pathologist examines it under a microscope. Key tools used in histopathology include microtomes, cryostats, and paraffin embedding systems to prepare thin tissue sections for analysis. The field of histopathology has advanced medical understanding of diseases since the 19th century through microscopic study of cells and tissues.
Cytology and histology are branches of biology that examine cells and tissues under a microscope. Cytology involves examining individual cells from bodily fluids or tissues to diagnose conditions like cancer, while histology examines the microscopic anatomy of entire tissues and their preparation is more complex. Both are important diagnostic tools, with cytology providing quicker but sometimes less accurate results than histology.
The document describes the key steps in the histopathology laboratory workflow. Specimens are received and labeled with patient information. In grossing, samples are selected and inspected. Tissue processing involves dehydration, clearing, impregnation and embedding to prepare samples for microtomy, where thin sections are cut. Sections are stained, usually with H&E, and examined microscopically. Preparation methods include fresh cells/tissues, smears and sectional techniques, with sectional being the standard method used in histopathology.
Analytical study of Human tissues by Biopsysrihasa177
1) The document discusses a project analyzing human tissues through biopsy samples in a clinical pathology department. It describes the different types of tissues in the body and the biopsy process.
2) Key equipment used includes microscopes and microtomes to examine thin tissue slices. The methodology discusses staining tissue samples and examining under a microscope.
3) On average, 5 out of 80 monthly specimens show cancer results. Biopsy helps determine cancer grade and aggressiveness to guide treatment planning. While biopsies don't confirm specific conditions, they provide diagnostic information to healthcare providers.
Proteins have many important functions in living organisms. The document discusses protein extraction and purification methods. It describes how proteins are first extracted from tissues or cells using mechanical or chemical techniques like homogenization and centrifugation. Several common purification techniques are also explained, including salting out, dialysis, differential centrifugation, and column chromatography. The goal of purification is to isolate a single protein from a complex mixture to study its structure, function, and interactions.
Histopathology examines minute tissue alterations from disease. Samples come from cadavers, autopsies, animal tissues, or biopsies. Histopathological examination is useful for establishing disease pathogenesis and diagnosing diseases that are difficult to diagnose by other means. It typically begins with surgery or biopsy to collect tissue samples, which are then fixed, processed, and examined microscopically. Common fixatives include formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, which cross-link proteins to preserve tissue morphology and prevent autolysis.
BASIC STEPS IN IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF)Wasiu Adeseji
The document summarizes the basic steps in in vitro fertilization (IVF). It begins with pituitary suppression and ovarian hyperstimulation to develop multiple follicles. Mature eggs are then retrieved from the ovaries through transvaginal ultrasound-guided needle aspiration. Sperm is collected and prepared for fertilization through sperm washing. The eggs and sperm are then fertilized through either insemination or intracytoplasmic sperm injection. The fertilized eggs are cultured for 2-6 days until embryo transfer into the uterus. Success rates vary based on factors like maternal age but average live birth rates in the US range from about 30-40% per cycle for women under 35.
This document defines pathology and outlines the key steps and tools involved in pathological examination. Pathology is the study of disease through investigation of causes, mechanisms, and tissue changes. The main sources are tissues and organs, and sometimes whole bodies. Examination begins with naked-eye assessment and uses microscopes to analyze tissue samples on a microscopic level, known as histopathology. Specimens can be small biopsies or entire organs. Staining, such as hematoxylin and eosin, helps classify conditions under the microscope. Pathology archives include paraffin blocks, slides, and reports. Autopsies are performed to determine cause and manner of death through external and internal examination of deceased individuals.
This document discusses core aspects of pathology including etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and functional derangements. It defines pathology as the scientific study of disease and outlines diagnostic techniques used in pathology such as histopathology, cytopathology, hematology, immunohistochemistry, microbiology, biochemistry, cytogenetics, molecular techniques, and autopsy. These diagnostic methods are used to understand disease causes, mechanisms, structural changes, clinical manifestations, and make diagnoses. Understanding pathology allows for better patient care and treatment.
TISSUE COLLECTION AND FIXATION final.pptxmwalunuym
1. The document describes techniques for collecting, fixing, and processing tissue specimens. It discusses biopsy methods, fixation using formaldehyde and other chemicals, and cytopathology techniques like exfoliative cytology and fine needle aspiration.
2. Tissue collection aims to provide adequate material for diagnosis while minimizing trauma. Specimens are placed in fixatives like 10% buffered formaldehyde within minutes of collection.
3. Cytopathology techniques include exfoliative methods using exfoliated cells and abrasive sampling using brushes or lavage. Fine needle aspiration is used for superficial and deep organs under imaging guidance.
August 2012
You will hear about a patented LLNL optical diagnostic microscope design that can provide real-time imaging for tissue pathology and many other market applications.
This document contains 7 multiple choice questions about investigative procedures in pathology. The questions cover topics like identifying cell types in histopathology samples, labeling structures in an operative specimen, indicating features in microscopy images, and naming diagnostic techniques.
George Papanicolaou is considered the father of cytopathology. He developed the Pap test in the 1920s as a screening method for cervical cancer. The Pap test involves collecting cells from the cervix and examining them under a microscope. It allows for early detection of precancerous and cancerous cells. Though initially met with skepticism, the Pap smear became widely accepted in the 1940s and has significantly reduced cervical cancer mortality rates. The test involves collecting a cell sample, processing and staining the cells, then examining them under a microscope to look for abnormalities. It is a simple yet effective screening tool.
This document discusses recent changes in transfusion medicine regarding the use of blood components instead of whole blood. It notes that high income countries now process 97% of donated blood into components, while low income countries only process 28% into components. Component therapy allows one blood donation to help multiple patients. The document then provides details on the coagulation cascade and factors, describing the intrinsic, extrinsic, and common pathways. It also briefly discusses the fibrinolytic system and the historical naming of coagulation factors.
This document provides an introduction to pathology, covering key topics like the definition of pathology, the core aspects of disease studied in pathology including etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and functional derangements. It discusses diagnostic techniques used in pathology like histopathology, cytopathology, hematopathology, and more. It also covers the various categories of disease causes like genetic factors and environmental factors.
introduction to pathology, tissue processing. Histopathology and cytopatholog...Government Medical College
This document provides an overview of histopathology and cytopathology procedures. It discusses the key steps in tissue processing which include fixation, dehydration, clearing, embedding, sectioning and staining. Common stains used are hematoxylin and eosin. The document also describes different biopsy and cytology techniques as well as the use of immunohistochemistry, frozen sections and microtomes.
Genotoxicity Evaluation of Polystyrene Membrane with Collagen and Norbixin by...inventionjournals
The biocompatible membranes are widely applied in the medical field in order to stimulate tissue repair. The biological principle of this type of treatment is the repair and guided regeneration. In the literature, there are few reports of studies evaluating the effects and biological properties of norbixin in animal tissues. Thus, the present study was to evaluate the effect of polystyrene membrane with collagen and norbixin, through the micronucleus test and comet assay in rats, as part of the recommended test battery to evaluate the mutagenic potential. The research project was approved by CEP / FACID Protocol 069/2014. For this study, 15 rats were divided into 3 groups were used: A - the membrane was introduced into the peritoneum of the animals through a laparotomy; B - received cyclophosphamide at a dose of 50mg / kg intraperitoneally; C - were performed only one laparotomy. A peripheral blood sample was collected from the animals for conducting Comet assay and 72 hours after the start of the experiment were euthanized. It was collected bone marrow material of each rat to perform the micronucleus test. In conclusion, through the tests, the membrane is not genotoxic
Genotoxicity Evaluation of Polystyrene Membrane with Collagen and Norbixin by...inventionjournals
The biocompatible membranes are widely applied in the medical field in order to stimulate tissue repair. The biological principle of this type of treatment is the repair and guided regeneration. In the literature, there are few reports of studies evaluating the effects and biological properties of norbixin in animal tissues. Thus, the present study was to evaluate the effect of polystyrene membrane with collagen and norbixin, through the micronucleus test and comet assay in rats, as part of the recommended test battery to evaluate the mutagenic potential. The research project was approved by CEP / FACID Protocol 069/2014. For this study, 15 rats were divided into 3 groups were used: A - the membrane was introduced into the peritoneum of the animals through a laparotomy; B - received cyclophosphamide at a dose of 50mg / kg intraperitoneally; C - were performed only one laparotomy. A peripheral blood sample was collected from the animals for conducting Comet assay and 72 hours after the start of the experiment were euthanized. It was collected bone marrow material of each rat to perform the micronucleus test. In conclusion, through the tests, the membrane is not genotoxic.
Genotoxicity Evaluation of Polystyrene Membrane with Collagen and Norbixin by...inventionjournals
The biocompatible membranes are widely applied in the medical field in order to stimulate tissue repair. The biological principle of this type of treatment is the repair and guided regeneration. In the literature, there are few reports of studies evaluating the effects and biological properties of norbixin in animal tissues. Thus, the present study was to evaluate the effect of polystyrene membrane with collagen and norbixin, through the micronucleus test and comet assay in rats, as part of the recommended test battery to evaluate the mutagenic potential. The research project was approved by CEP / FACID Protocol 069/2014. For this study, 15 rats were divided into 3 groups were used: A - the membrane was introduced into the peritoneum of the animals through a laparotomy; B - received cyclophosphamide at a dose of 50mg / kg intraperitoneally; C - were performed only one laparotomy. A peripheral blood sample was collected from the animals for conducting Comet assay and 72 hours after the start of the experiment were euthanized. It was collected bone marrow material of each rat to perform the micronucleus test. In conclusion, through the tests, the membrane is not genotoxic
Histopathology refers to the microscopic examination of tissue samples to study disease manifestations. A biopsy or surgical sample is processed by fixing, embedding, sectioning, and staining tissue before a pathologist examines it under a microscope. Key tools used in histopathology include microtomes, cryostats, and paraffin embedding systems to prepare thin tissue sections for analysis. The field of histopathology has advanced medical understanding of diseases since the 19th century through microscopic study of cells and tissues.
Cytology and histology are branches of biology that examine cells and tissues under a microscope. Cytology involves examining individual cells from bodily fluids or tissues to diagnose conditions like cancer, while histology examines the microscopic anatomy of entire tissues and their preparation is more complex. Both are important diagnostic tools, with cytology providing quicker but sometimes less accurate results than histology.
The document describes the key steps in the histopathology laboratory workflow. Specimens are received and labeled with patient information. In grossing, samples are selected and inspected. Tissue processing involves dehydration, clearing, impregnation and embedding to prepare samples for microtomy, where thin sections are cut. Sections are stained, usually with H&E, and examined microscopically. Preparation methods include fresh cells/tissues, smears and sectional techniques, with sectional being the standard method used in histopathology.
Analytical study of Human tissues by Biopsysrihasa177
1) The document discusses a project analyzing human tissues through biopsy samples in a clinical pathology department. It describes the different types of tissues in the body and the biopsy process.
2) Key equipment used includes microscopes and microtomes to examine thin tissue slices. The methodology discusses staining tissue samples and examining under a microscope.
3) On average, 5 out of 80 monthly specimens show cancer results. Biopsy helps determine cancer grade and aggressiveness to guide treatment planning. While biopsies don't confirm specific conditions, they provide diagnostic information to healthcare providers.
Proteins have many important functions in living organisms. The document discusses protein extraction and purification methods. It describes how proteins are first extracted from tissues or cells using mechanical or chemical techniques like homogenization and centrifugation. Several common purification techniques are also explained, including salting out, dialysis, differential centrifugation, and column chromatography. The goal of purification is to isolate a single protein from a complex mixture to study its structure, function, and interactions.
Histopathology examines minute tissue alterations from disease. Samples come from cadavers, autopsies, animal tissues, or biopsies. Histopathological examination is useful for establishing disease pathogenesis and diagnosing diseases that are difficult to diagnose by other means. It typically begins with surgery or biopsy to collect tissue samples, which are then fixed, processed, and examined microscopically. Common fixatives include formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, which cross-link proteins to preserve tissue morphology and prevent autolysis.
BASIC STEPS IN IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF)Wasiu Adeseji
The document summarizes the basic steps in in vitro fertilization (IVF). It begins with pituitary suppression and ovarian hyperstimulation to develop multiple follicles. Mature eggs are then retrieved from the ovaries through transvaginal ultrasound-guided needle aspiration. Sperm is collected and prepared for fertilization through sperm washing. The eggs and sperm are then fertilized through either insemination or intracytoplasmic sperm injection. The fertilized eggs are cultured for 2-6 days until embryo transfer into the uterus. Success rates vary based on factors like maternal age but average live birth rates in the US range from about 30-40% per cycle for women under 35.
This document defines pathology and outlines the key steps and tools involved in pathological examination. Pathology is the study of disease through investigation of causes, mechanisms, and tissue changes. The main sources are tissues and organs, and sometimes whole bodies. Examination begins with naked-eye assessment and uses microscopes to analyze tissue samples on a microscopic level, known as histopathology. Specimens can be small biopsies or entire organs. Staining, such as hematoxylin and eosin, helps classify conditions under the microscope. Pathology archives include paraffin blocks, slides, and reports. Autopsies are performed to determine cause and manner of death through external and internal examination of deceased individuals.
This document discusses core aspects of pathology including etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and functional derangements. It defines pathology as the scientific study of disease and outlines diagnostic techniques used in pathology such as histopathology, cytopathology, hematology, immunohistochemistry, microbiology, biochemistry, cytogenetics, molecular techniques, and autopsy. These diagnostic methods are used to understand disease causes, mechanisms, structural changes, clinical manifestations, and make diagnoses. Understanding pathology allows for better patient care and treatment.
TISSUE COLLECTION AND FIXATION final.pptxmwalunuym
1. The document describes techniques for collecting, fixing, and processing tissue specimens. It discusses biopsy methods, fixation using formaldehyde and other chemicals, and cytopathology techniques like exfoliative cytology and fine needle aspiration.
2. Tissue collection aims to provide adequate material for diagnosis while minimizing trauma. Specimens are placed in fixatives like 10% buffered formaldehyde within minutes of collection.
3. Cytopathology techniques include exfoliative methods using exfoliated cells and abrasive sampling using brushes or lavage. Fine needle aspiration is used for superficial and deep organs under imaging guidance.
August 2012
You will hear about a patented LLNL optical diagnostic microscope design that can provide real-time imaging for tissue pathology and many other market applications.
This document contains 7 multiple choice questions about investigative procedures in pathology. The questions cover topics like identifying cell types in histopathology samples, labeling structures in an operative specimen, indicating features in microscopy images, and naming diagnostic techniques.
George Papanicolaou is considered the father of cytopathology. He developed the Pap test in the 1920s as a screening method for cervical cancer. The Pap test involves collecting cells from the cervix and examining them under a microscope. It allows for early detection of precancerous and cancerous cells. Though initially met with skepticism, the Pap smear became widely accepted in the 1940s and has significantly reduced cervical cancer mortality rates. The test involves collecting a cell sample, processing and staining the cells, then examining them under a microscope to look for abnormalities. It is a simple yet effective screening tool.
This document discusses recent changes in transfusion medicine regarding the use of blood components instead of whole blood. It notes that high income countries now process 97% of donated blood into components, while low income countries only process 28% into components. Component therapy allows one blood donation to help multiple patients. The document then provides details on the coagulation cascade and factors, describing the intrinsic, extrinsic, and common pathways. It also briefly discusses the fibrinolytic system and the historical naming of coagulation factors.
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6. Biobsy
Operative procedure performed by the surgeon
or physician to obtain either a part (Incision
Biopsy) or the whole of tissue (Excision Biopsy).
6
1
7. Initiation of Fixation
Process of preserving the tissue in “as life-like”
state as possible.
The most frequently used chemical is “Formalin”
7
2
8. Registration of Specimens
An important clerical step of issuing “a unique”
number to the specimen.
This step prevent “mix-up” of specimens in later
stages8
3