Heat transfer is the fundamental process by which thermal energy is exchanged between different materials or systems. This introduction explores the key concepts that govern the movement of heat, setting the stage for a deeper understanding of thermal systems and their applications. Modes of Heat Transfer Conduction :Atomic Vibrations In conduction, heat is transferred through the vibration of atoms and molecules within a material Temperature Gradient Conduction occurs due to a temperature gradient, where heat flows from the hotter region to the cooler region. Thermal Conductivity The rate of conduction depends on the material's thermal conductivity, which varies based on the atomic structure. Convection:Fluid Motion Heat is transferred by the movement of a fluid, such as air or water, over a surface Natural Convection Heat is transferred by the movement of a fluid, such as air or water, over a surface. Forced Convection Fluid motion is driven by an external force, such as a fan or pump Radiation: Electromagnetic Waves Heat is transferred through the emission and absorption of electromagnetic waves, even in a vacuum. No Medium Required Radiation can transfer heat even in a vacuum, unlike conduction and convection. Emissive Power The rate of radiation heat transfer depends on the emissive power of the surface. Fourier's Law Heat conduction is proportional to the temperature gradient and the material's thermal conductivity. Newton's Law of Cooling The rate of convective heat transfer is proportional to the temperature difference between the surface and the fluid. Stefan-Boltzmann Law The rate of radiative heat transfer is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature. Thermal contact resistance is the resistance to heat flow at the interface between two materials in contact. It arises due to surface irregularities and imperfect mating of the surfaces. Accounting for thermal contact resistance is crucial in the design of efficient heat transfer systems, such as heat exchangers and electronic cooling applications Contact pressure, surface roughness, and the presence of interfacial materials (e.g., thermal grease) can all influence the thermal contact resistance. The critical radius of insulation is the thickness of insulation at which the heat loss from an insulated pipe or cylinder is minimized. Knowing the critical radius is important for optimizing the insulation design to achieve maximum efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The critical radius depends on the thermal conductivity of the insulation and the surrounding medium. Heat transfer can be analogous to electrical circuits, with temperatures and heat fluxes corresponding to voltages and currents, respectively. This analogy helps in the analysis and design of thermal systems. The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) is a measure of the overall effectiveness of heat transfer between a fluid and a solid surface. It accounts for various modes of heat transfer, such as conduction, c

1. Heat Transfer
PREPARED BY MRS SOUMYA HUBLIKAR

2. Introduction
Heat transfer is the fundamental process by which thermal energy is
exchanged between different materials or systems. This introduction
explores the key concepts that govern the movement of heat, setting
the stage for a deeper understanding of thermal systems and their
applications.

3. Modes of Heat Transfer
•Conduction
•Convection
•Radiation

4. Conduction
Atomic Vibrations
In conduction, heat is transferred through the vibration of atoms and molecules within a
material
Temperature Gradient
Conduction occurs due to a temperature gradient, where heat flows from the hotter region
to the cooler region.
Thermal Conductivity
The rate of conduction depends on the material's thermal conductivity, which varies
based on the atomic structure.

5. Convection
•Fluid Motion
Heat is transferred by the movement of a fluid, such as air or water, over a surface
•Natural Convection
Heat is transferred by the movement of a fluid, such as air or water, over a surface.
•Forced Convection
Fluid motion is driven by an external force, such as a fan or pump.

6. Radiation
•Electromagnetic Waves
Heat is transferred through the emission and absorption of electromagnetic waves, even
in a vacuum.
•No Medium Required
Radiation can transfer heat even in a vacuum, unlike conduction and convection.
•Emissive Power
The rate of radiation heat transfer depends on the emissive power of the surface.

7. Laws of Heat Transfer
Fourier's Law
Heat conduction is proportional to the temperature gradient and the material's thermal
conductivity.
Newton's Law of Cooling
The rate of convective heat transfer is proportional to the temperature difference
between the surface and the fluid.
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
The rate of radiative heat transfer is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute
temperature.

8. Thermal Contact Resistance
•Thermal contact resistance is the resistance to heat flow at the interface
between two materials in contact. It arises due to surface irregularities
and imperfect mating of the surfaces.
•Accounting for thermal contact resistance is crucial in the design of
efficient heat transfer systems, such as heat exchangers and electronic
cooling applications
•Contact pressure, surface roughness, and the presence of interfacial
materials (e.g., thermal grease) can all influence the thermal contact
resistance.

9. Critical Radius of Insulation
•The critical radius of insulation is the thickness of insulation at
which the heat loss from an insulated pipe or cylinder is
minimized.
•Knowing the critical radius is important for optimizing the
insulation design to achieve maximum efficiency and cost-
effectiveness.
•The critical radius depends on the thermal conductivity of the
insulation and the surrounding medium.

10. Electrical Analogy and Overall Heat
Transfer Coefficient
•Heat transfer can be analogous to electrical circuits, with
temperatures and heat fluxes corresponding to voltages and
currents, respectively. This analogy helps in the analysis and
design of thermal systems.
•The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) is a measure of the
overall effectiveness of heat transfer between a fluid and a
solid surface. It accounts for various modes of heat transfer,
such as conduction, convection, and radiation.

11. Applications of Heat Transfer
•HVAC Systems
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning rely on heat transfer principles to regulate indoor
temperatures
•Power Generation
Heat transfer is crucial in power plants, where thermal energy is converted into electricity
•Electronics Cooling
Efficient heat dissipation is necessary to prevent overheating in electronic devices and
components.

12. THANK YOU