This document contains information about heat exchangers including a list of student names and course details. It discusses what heat exchangers are used for such as transferring energy between fluid streams, condensing or evaporating liquids, and rejecting or recovering heat. It describes different types of heat exchangers like shell and tube, plate fin, double pipe, and recuperators/regenerators. It also covers heat transfer considerations involving the overall heat transfer coefficient and fouling factors.
Tube Wall Temperature Measurement On Steam Reformers - Best PracticesGerard B. Hawkins
Tube Wall Temperature Measurement On Steam Reformers - Best Practices
Temperature Measurement Techniques
Top – Fired Reformer
- Tube Temperature Measurement
- Background Temperature Measurement
Side – Fired and Terrace Wall Reformer
- Tube Temperature Measurement
- Background Temperature Measurement
Safety Considerations
Introduction High temperature shift Catalysts
Low temperature shift catalysts
Catalyst storage, handling, charging and discharging
Health and safety precautions
Reduction and start-up of high temperature shift catalysts
Operation of high temperature shift catalysts
Reduction and start-up of low temperature shift catalysts
Operation of low temperature shift catalysts
Tube Wall Temperature Measurement On Steam Reformers - Best PracticesGerard B. Hawkins
Tube Wall Temperature Measurement On Steam Reformers - Best Practices
Temperature Measurement Techniques
Top – Fired Reformer
- Tube Temperature Measurement
- Background Temperature Measurement
Side – Fired and Terrace Wall Reformer
- Tube Temperature Measurement
- Background Temperature Measurement
Safety Considerations
Introduction High temperature shift Catalysts
Low temperature shift catalysts
Catalyst storage, handling, charging and discharging
Health and safety precautions
Reduction and start-up of high temperature shift catalysts
Operation of high temperature shift catalysts
Reduction and start-up of low temperature shift catalysts
Operation of low temperature shift catalysts
Purpose
Key to good performance
Problem Areas
Catalysts, heat shields and plant up-rates
Burner Guns
Development of High Intensity Ring Burner
Case Studies
Conclusions
Steam Reformer Surveys - Techniques for Optimization of Primary Reformer Oper...Gerard B. Hawkins
Introduction
Background Radiation and Temperature Measurement
Reformer Survey Inputs
Other Troubleshooting Tools
Safety
Preparation
Onsite Data Collection
TWT Survey
Observation/Troubleshooting
Modelling and Analysis
Results/Outputs
Case Studies
Conclusions
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Conclusions
Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2
Causes of Relief Situations
This Volume 2 is a guide to the qualitative identification of common causes of overpressure in process equipment. It cannot be exhaustive; the process engineer and relief systems team should look for any credible situation in addition to those given in this Part which could lead to a need for pressure relief (a relief situation).
Steam Turbine Lube Oil System Protections Using SCADA & PLCNilesh Jha
Steam Turbine Protection System is designed with today technology to operate the thermal power plants in safe and reliable manner. The protection system operates only when any of the control system set point parameter is exceeded, and the steam turbine will damaged if it continues to operate. This paper presents overview of the steam turbine protection logics of lube of system and implementation for smooth automatic operation by using SIMATIC S7 PLC programming along with monitoring SCADA SYSTEM by using WinCC software.
Demand for high quality, greater efficiency and an automated machine has increased day by day in the industrial sector as well as power plants [1]. Power plants require continuous monitoring and inspection at frequent intervals. There are possibilities of errors at measuring and various stages involved with human workers and also the lack of few features of microcontrollers. Thus this paper takes a sincere attempt to explain the advantages that will be obtained by implementing automation system. The turbine lube oil system control which is the most important part of any power plant, and its automation is the precise effort of this paper. In order to automate a power plant and minimize human intervention, there is a need to develop PLC based system along with monitoring SCADA system that monitors the plant and helps reduce the errors caused by humans [2]. The internal storage of instruction of PLC is used for implementing function to control various types of machines and processes through digital or analog input/output modules. PLC systems are used to monitor and control a plant or equipment in industries such as power plants, energy, oil and gas refining and transportation.
Most modern ammonia processes are based on steam-reforming of natural gas or naphtha.
The 3 main technology suppliers are Uhde (Uhde/JM Partnership), Topsoe & KBR.
The process steps are very similar in all cases.
Other suppliers are Linde (LAC) & Ammonia Casale.
Purpose
Key to good performance
Problem Areas
Catalysts, heat shields and plant up-rates
Burner Guns
Development of High Intensity Ring Burner
Case Studies
Conclusions
Steam Reformer Surveys - Techniques for Optimization of Primary Reformer Oper...Gerard B. Hawkins
Introduction
Background Radiation and Temperature Measurement
Reformer Survey Inputs
Other Troubleshooting Tools
Safety
Preparation
Onsite Data Collection
TWT Survey
Observation/Troubleshooting
Modelling and Analysis
Results/Outputs
Case Studies
Conclusions
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Conclusions
Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2
Causes of Relief Situations
This Volume 2 is a guide to the qualitative identification of common causes of overpressure in process equipment. It cannot be exhaustive; the process engineer and relief systems team should look for any credible situation in addition to those given in this Part which could lead to a need for pressure relief (a relief situation).
Steam Turbine Lube Oil System Protections Using SCADA & PLCNilesh Jha
Steam Turbine Protection System is designed with today technology to operate the thermal power plants in safe and reliable manner. The protection system operates only when any of the control system set point parameter is exceeded, and the steam turbine will damaged if it continues to operate. This paper presents overview of the steam turbine protection logics of lube of system and implementation for smooth automatic operation by using SIMATIC S7 PLC programming along with monitoring SCADA SYSTEM by using WinCC software.
Demand for high quality, greater efficiency and an automated machine has increased day by day in the industrial sector as well as power plants [1]. Power plants require continuous monitoring and inspection at frequent intervals. There are possibilities of errors at measuring and various stages involved with human workers and also the lack of few features of microcontrollers. Thus this paper takes a sincere attempt to explain the advantages that will be obtained by implementing automation system. The turbine lube oil system control which is the most important part of any power plant, and its automation is the precise effort of this paper. In order to automate a power plant and minimize human intervention, there is a need to develop PLC based system along with monitoring SCADA system that monitors the plant and helps reduce the errors caused by humans [2]. The internal storage of instruction of PLC is used for implementing function to control various types of machines and processes through digital or analog input/output modules. PLC systems are used to monitor and control a plant or equipment in industries such as power plants, energy, oil and gas refining and transportation.
Most modern ammonia processes are based on steam-reforming of natural gas or naphtha.
The 3 main technology suppliers are Uhde (Uhde/JM Partnership), Topsoe & KBR.
The process steps are very similar in all cases.
Other suppliers are Linde (LAC) & Ammonia Casale.
Derive the relationship between the effectiveness and the number of transfer ...AmitKVerma3
1. what is the difference between heat transfer and Thermodynamics?
2. Derive the relationship between the effectiveness and the number of transfer units
for a counter flow heat exchanger.
3.Explain the following : Capacity ratio, Heat exchanger effectiveness, Number of
transfer units
Recognize numerous types of heat exchangers, and classify them.
Develop an awareness of fouling on surfaces, and determine the overall heat transfer coefficient for a heat exchanger.
Perform a general energy analysis on heat exchangers.
Obtain a relation for the logarithmic mean temperature difference for use in the LMTD method, and modify it for different types of heat exchangers using the correction factor.
Develop relations for effectiveness, and analyze heat exchangers when outlet temperatures are not known using the effectiveness-NTU method.
Know the primary considerations in the selection of heat exchangers.
heat exchanger is a device that transfers heat between two or more fluids. The fluids may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in direct contact. Heat exchangers are widely used in a variety of applications, including:
Heating and cooling systems
Power plants
Chemical processing
Food processing
Refrigeration
Air conditioning
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...
Introduction To Heat Exchanger
1. NAME ENROLLMENT NO.
FOFARIA JAY 180013119015
HARIA RAJ 180013119021
ZALA HARSHDEEPSINH 180013119022
JAKHARIYA SMEET 180013119023
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICSENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
(2131905)(2131905)
2. What are heat exchangers for?
Heat exchangers are practical devices used to transfer
energy from one fluid to another
To get fluid streams to the right temperature for the next
process
reactions often require feeds at high temp.
To condense vapours
To evaporate liquids
To recover heat to use elsewhere
To reject low-grade heat
To drive a power cycle
4. Main Categories Of Exchanger
Most heat exchangers have two streams, hot and cold, but
some have more than two
Heat exchangers
Recuperators Regenerators
Wall separating streamsWall separating streams
Direct contact
5. Recuperators/Regenerators
Recuperative:Recuperative:
Has separate flow paths for each
fluid which flow simultaneously
through the exchanger transferring
heat between the streams
RegenerativeRegenerative
Has a single flow path which the
hot and cold fluids alternately pass
through.
6. Compactness
Can be measured by the heat-transfer area per
unit volume or by channel size
Conventional exchangers (shell and tube) have
channel size of 10 to 30 mm giving about
100m2
/m3
Plate-type exchangers have typically 5mm
channel size with more than 200m2
/m3
More compact types available
7. Double Pipe
Simplest type has one tube inside another - inner
tube may have longitudinal fins on the outside
However, most have a number of tubes
in the outer tube - can have very many
tubes thus becoming a shell-and-tube
8. Shell and Tube
Typical shell and tube exchanger as used in the
process industry
10. Plate-Fin Exchanger
Made up of flat plates (parting sheets) and
corrugated sheets which form fins
Brazed by heating in vacuum furnace
11. Heat Transfer Considerations:Heat Transfer Considerations:
Overall heat transfer coefficient
Internal and external thermal resistances in
series
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )ho
h,f
ho
w
co
c,f
co
hc
A
R
Ah
1
R
A
R
Ah
1
UA
1
UA
1
UA
1
UA
1
η
′′
+
η
++
η
′′
+
η
=
==
A is wall total surface area on hot or cold
side
R”f is fouling factor (m2
K/W)
ηo is overall surface efficiency (if finned)
Rw
wall
Fin
12. Fouling factor
Material deposits on the surfaces of the heat exchanger
tube may add further resistance to heat transfer in addition
to those listed above. Such deposits are termed fouling
and may significantly affect heat exchanger performance.
Scaling is the most common form of fouling and is
associated with inverse solubility salts. Examples of such
salts are CaCO3, CaSO4, Ca3(PO4)2, CaSiO3, Ca(OH)2,
Mg(OH)2, MgSiO3, Na2SO4, LiSO4, and Li2CO3.
Corrosion fouling is classified as a chemical reaction
which involves the heat exchanger tubes. Many metals,
copper and aluminum being specific examples, form
adherent oxide coatings which serve to passivity the surface
and prevent further corrosion.
Heat Transfer Considerations
(contd…):
13. Chemical reaction fouling involves chemical reactions in
the process stream which results in deposition of material on
the heat exchanger tubes. When food products are involved
this may be termed scorching but a wide range of organic
materials are subject to similar problems.
Freezing fouling is said to occur when a portion of the hot
stream is cooled to near the freezing point for one of its
components. This is most notable in refineries where
paraffin frequently solidifies from petroleum products at
various stages in the refining process, obstructing both flow
and heat transfer.
Biological fouling is common where untreated water is
used as a coolant stream. Problems range from algae or
other microbes to barnacles.
Heat Transfer Considerations
(contd…):
14. Fluid R”,
m2
K/Watt
Seawater and treated boiler feedwater (below 50o
C) 0.0001
Seawater and treated boiler feedwater (above 50o
C) 0.0002
River water (below 50o
C) 0.0002-0.001
Fuel Oil 0.0009
Regrigerating liquids 0.0002
Steam (non-oil bearing) 0.0001
Heat Transfer Considerations
(contd…):
22. Multipass HX FlowMultipass HX Flow
ArrangementsArrangements
In order to increase the surface area for convection
relative to the fluid volume, it is common to design for
multiple tubes within a single heat exchanger.
With multiple tubes it is possible to arrange to flow so that
one region will be in parallel and another portion in counter
flow.
1-2 pass heat exchanger,
indicating that the shell side
fluid passes through the unit
once, the tube side twice. By
convention the number of shell
side passes is always listed
first.
23. The LMTD formulas developed earlier are no longer adequate for
multipass heat exchangers. Normal practice is to calculate the
LMTD for counter flow, LMTDcf, and to apply a correction factor,
FT, such that
CFTeff LMTDF ⋅=∆θ
The correction factors, FT, can be found theoretically and
presented in analytical form. The equation given below has been
shown to be accurate for any arrangement having 2, 4, 6, .....,2n
tube passes per shell pass to within 2%.
Multipass HX FlowMultipass HX Flow
Arrangements (contd…)Arrangements (contd…)
24. ( ) ( )
( )
+++−
+−+−
−
⋅−
−
+
=
1R1RP2
1R1RP2
ln1R
PR1
P1
ln1R
F
2
2
2
T
12
21
ratioCapacity
tt
TT
R
−
−
=
1Rfor,
1
:essEffectiven /1
/1
≠
−
−
= shell
shell
N
N
XR
X
P
( )
1Rfor,
1NPN
P
P
shelloshell
o
=
−⋅−
=
11
12
o
tT
tt
P
−
−
= 1
1
−
−⋅
=
o
o
P
RP
X
T,t = Shell / tube side; 1, 2 = inlet / outlet
Multipass HX FlowMultipass HX Flow
Arrangements (contd…)Arrangements (contd…)