The document provides a comprehensive overview of computer systems, detailing the main components: input, system unit, and output. It explains the functions of the system unit's parts, including the CPU, memory, and various input and output devices. Additionally, it covers storage media types and their functionalities, highlighting advancements in memory technology.

1. Introduction to Computing
Computer System Components
3

2. 2
3 Main Parts of
Computers
 Input
 System unit
 Output

3. The System Unit
3
 Electronic components a computer uses
to process data

4. Data Representation
4
 Analog vs. Digital
 Digital
 Two states
 (1) on
 (0) off

5. Data Representation
5
 Binary number system
 Combination of ones and zeroes
represent characters
Bit
Byte

6. 6

7. The Components of the
System Unit
7
1- The Motherboard
Contains many of the electronic components
2- Chip (Processor)
A small piece of semiconducting material usually no
bigger than one-half-inch square and is made up of
many layers of circuits and microscopic components
that carry electronic signals

8. 8

9. 9

10. The Components of the
System Unit
1
0
The Control Unit (CU)
A component of the CPU that
directs and coordinates most
of the operations in the
computer
 Fetch - get the next
instruction from memory
 Decode - translate the
instruction
 Execute - carry out the
command
 Store the result - write
the result to memory
 Machine cycle

11. The Components of the
System Unit
1
1
The Arithmetic/Logic Unit
(ALU)
 Performs the execution
part of the machine
cycle
 Arithmetic (addition,
subtraction,
multiplication, division)
 Comparison (greater
than, equal to, less
than)
 Logical (AND, OR,
NOT)

12. 1
2

13. The Components of the
System Unit
1
3
The System Clock
 Synchronizes all
computer operations
 Each tick is called a clock
cycle
 Faster clock means more
instructions the CPU can
execute each second
 Speed measured in
gigahertz (GHz)
What is the Speed of your
computer?

14. The Components of the
System Unit
1
4
Memory (ROM)
 Used to store data and
instructions
 The operating
system and other
system software
 Application
software
 Data being
processed by
application
programs
 Bytes are stored at
specific locations or
addresses

15. The Components of the
System Unit
1
5
 Memory (ROM)
 Size of memory is measured by the number
of bytes available

16. The Components of the
System Unit
1
6
Random Access Memory (RAM)
 The memory chips in the system unit
 When the computer starts, certain operating
system files are loaded from a storage device
into RAM

17. The Components of the
System Unit
1
7
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Configuring RAM
 The more RAM, the more programs and files a
computer can work on at once
 Software usually tells you how much RAM is required

18. The Components of the
System Unit
1
8
 Read-Only Memory
(ROM)
 Cannot be modified
 Contents not lost
when the computer is
turned off

19. The Components of the
System Unit
1
9
Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards
 Expansion slot
 A socket on the motherboard that can hold an
expansion card
 Add new devices or capabilities to the computer
 Expansion card
 Circuit board that enhances functions of a system
component and/or provides connections to peripherals

20. The Components of the
System Unit
2
0
Removable Memory
Devices
 Flash memory cards
 USB flash drives
 PC Cards
 ExpressCard
modules

21. The Components of the
System Unit
2
1
Ports and Connectors
 Port
 Point of attachment
to the system unit
 Usually on the back
and front of the
system unit
 Connectors (wires)
 Used to plug into
ports
 Male connectors
 Female
connectors

22. The Components of the
System Unit
2
2

23. The Components of the
System Unit
2
3
 Ports and
Connectors
 USB
 USB 2.0
 USB 3.0
 FireWire
 Bluetooth

24. What is Input?
2
4
 Any data or instructions you enter
into the memory of a computer
 Data – unprocessed items
 Programs - series of
instructions that tells the
computer how to perform a task
 Commands - an instruction
given to a computer program
 User responses - responses to
questions or messages from the
software

25. 2
5

26. What are Input Devices?
2
6
 Any hardware component that allows you to enter data,
programs, commands, and user responses into a computer
1. Mouse
 One or two button
mouse
 Scroll wheel
 Moving the mouse
pointer
 Clicking
 Dragging
 Double-clicking
 Optical mouse
 Wireless mouse

27. What are Input Devices?
2
7
2. Touchpad and Pointing
Stick
 Touchpad – small, flat,
rectangular pointing
device that is sensitive
to pressure and
motion
 Pointing Stick –
pressure-sensitive
pointing device
shaped like a pencil
eraser

28. What are Input Devices?
2
8
3. Trackball
 Like a mouse, but the
ball mechanism is on
top
 Requires frequent
cleaning
 Good when you have
limited desk space

29. What are Input Devices?
2
9
4. Joystick
 Uses the movement of a vertical lever
 Often used with games
5. Wheel
 Steering-wheel type input device
 Used to simulate driving a car or other vehicle

30. What are Input Devices?
3
0
6. Touch and multi-touch
screens
 Monitor has a touch
sensitive panel
 Used to issue simple
commands or choose
from a list of options
 Some models of desktop
and notebook
computers, all tablet
computers, and many
mobile devices have
touch screens
 Kiosks

31. What are Input Devices?
3
1
7. Optical Scanners
 Captures an entire page of text or images such as
photographs or artwork electronically
 Converts the text or image on the original document
into digital data that can be stored on a storage
medium and processed by the computer

32. What are Input Devices?
3
2
8. Pen Input
 Users write, draw, and
tap on a flat surface to
enter input
 Stylus – small metal or
plastic device that looks
like a tiny ink pen but
uses pressure instead of
ink
 Digital pen – slightly
larger than a stylus and
provides more
functionality

33. What are Input Devices?
3
3
9. Digital Cameras
 Allows you to take pictures and store the photographed
images digitally
 Download, or transfer, pictures to your computer

34. What are Input Devices?
3
4
10. Audio and Video Input
 Audio input
 Entering speech, music,
or sound effects
 Sound card
 Speech Recognition
 Computer’s capability
of distinguishing
spoken words
 Video input
 Capturing a full-motion
recording onto a
computer and storing the
video on a computer’s
storage medium

35. What is Output?
3
5
 Text
 Graphics
 Audio
 Video

36. What are Output Devices?
3
6
 Any computer component capable of
conveying information to the user
 Commonly used output devices
1. Display devices
2. Printers
3. Data projectors
4. Facsimile machines
5. Multifunction devices
6. Interactive whiteboards
7. Speakers, headphones, and earphones

37. What are Output Devices?
3
7
1. Display devices
 Cathode ray tube (CRT)
 LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors
 Plasma monitors

38. What are Output Devices?
3
8

39. What are Output Devices?
3
9
 Monitor Quality
 Resolution (sharpness and clarity)
 Expressed as number of columns and rows
 1600 x 1200

40. What are Output Devices?
4
0
2. Printers
An output device that produces text and
graphics on a physical medium such as paper
or transparency film.

41. What are Output Devices?
4
1

42. What are Output Devices?
4
2
Nonimpact Printers
Do not strike paper
Much quieter
A- Ink-jet printers
 Spray tiny drops of ink
onto the paper
 Both black-and-white
and color
B- Photo printers
 Produce photo lab
quality pictures
 Many use ink-jet
technology

43. What are Output Devices?
4
3
C- Laser printers
 High-speed, high-quality nonimpact
printer
 Very high quality resolution

44. What are Output Devices?
4
4
3. Data Projectors
 Allows an audience
to view output
 LCD projectors
 Digital light
processing (DLP)
projector
 Most LCD
projectors are five
pounds and up.
 LCD has
historically better
color saturation
but less clear
picture

45. What are Output Devices?
4
5
4. Facsimile (Fax) Machine
 Used to transmit and receive an image of a
document over a telephone line

46. What are Output Devices?
4
6
5. Multifunction Devices
 Can print, scan, copy and fax
 Less space
 Lower cost than separate units

47. What are Output Devices?
4
7
6. Interactive whiteboards
 Touch-sensitive device, resembling a dry-erase board.

48. What are Output Devices?
4
8
7. Speakers, Headphones, and Earphones
 Voice output
 Audio output device
 Internal speaker

49. What is a storage?
◦ The devices that
record and retrieve
data, instructions,
and information
4
9

50. Storage Media and Devices
5
0
 Storage device or Short term memory or RAM or
Random Access memory (active files, active
memory)
 Storage Medium or secondary storage or ROM
(Read Only Memory) such as Disk, CD, DVD,

51. Storage Media and Devices
5
1
1. Magnetic Disk (Floppy or ZIP)
 Uses magnetic patterns to store data, instructions, and
information on the disk’s surface
 Formatting is the process of preparing a disk for reading
and writing by organizing the disk into storage locations
called tracks and sectors

52. Storage Media and Devices
5
2
2. Hard Disks
 Provide large storage capacity
 Sizes range from 320 GB to 1.5 TB
 Consists of several inflexible, circular disks, called
platters

53. Storage Media and Devices
5
3
3. Miniature and Portable Hard Disks
 Miniature hard disks are found in mobile
devices and consumer electronics and have
greater storage capacities than flash memory

54. Storage Media and Devices
5
4
4- Portable Hard Disks (External Hard
Discs) Up to 4 TB

55. Storage Media and Devices
5
5
5. Solid State Drives
 A storage device that typically uses flash
memory to store data, instructions, and
information and contains no moving parts
 Range in size from 16 GB to 512 GB
 Used in all types of computers

56. Storage Media and Devices
5
6
6- Optical discs (CDs and DVDs)
 Type of storage medium that consists
of a flat, round, portable disc made of
metal, plastic, and lacquer that is
written to and read from using a laser

57. Storage Media and Devices
5
7
 CD-ROM
 Compact disc read-
only memory
 Can contain text,
graphics, video, as
well as sound
 Can hold up to 1 GB
 Used to distribute
software

58. Storage Media and Devices
5
8
 CD-R and CD-RW
 Compact disc-
recordable
 Can write on
each part of the
disc only one
time
 Cannot be erased
 Compact disc-
rewriteable
 Can write on
multiple times
 Erasable disc

59. Storage Media and Devices
5
9
 DVD and BD
 Digital video disc
read-only memory
(DVD-ROM)
 Can store from
4.7 GB to 17 GB
 High quality
 DVD-ROM drives
 BD (Blu-ray Disc)
has storage
capacities of
100GB, with
expectations of
exceeding 200 GB

60. Storage Media and Devices
6
0
7. Miniature Mobile Storage Media (memory cards)

61. Miniature Mobile Storage
Media
6
1

62. Storage Media and Devices
6
2
8. USB Flash Drive
Storage device that plugs
into a USB port on a
computer or mobile device
9. Smart Card
Similar in size to a credit
card
Stores data on a thin
microprocessor
embedded in the card
10. Cloud Storage
Rapidly growing Internet
service that provides
storage to computer users
Apple’s iCloud, Google’s
Drive