This is a lecture PowerPoint slide for the students of universities worldwide who desire to learn and advance his or her knowledge and expertise on Computer systems architecture.
A+ certification (Core hardware) Pc Maintenance muhammadishrat11
What does A+ Certification mean?
The A+ certification is a basic certification that demonstrates proficiency with computer hardware and operating systems (OS). It is governed by nonprofit trade association CompTIA. The A+ certification helps prove the recipient's proficiency with the use of computers and related devices.
Techopedia explains A+ Certification
Core elements of A+ certification criteria include knowledge of computer anatomy, which is why many experts suggest that those pursuing this credential practice assembling and disassembling a physical computer. Other areas involve operating systems (OS) and knowledge of Microsoft products. Those seeking A+ certification also should be knowledgeable about certain tasks, like booting up a computer with various installed operating systems (OS).
In addition to hardware configuration aspects, the A+ test also covers computer data usage elements, such as the basic structure of binary data and various aspects of file input/output (I/O). Test prep materials and other resources showing specific A+ certification test topics are available.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
A+ certification (Core hardware) Pc Maintenance muhammadishrat11
What does A+ Certification mean?
The A+ certification is a basic certification that demonstrates proficiency with computer hardware and operating systems (OS). It is governed by nonprofit trade association CompTIA. The A+ certification helps prove the recipient's proficiency with the use of computers and related devices.
Techopedia explains A+ Certification
Core elements of A+ certification criteria include knowledge of computer anatomy, which is why many experts suggest that those pursuing this credential practice assembling and disassembling a physical computer. Other areas involve operating systems (OS) and knowledge of Microsoft products. Those seeking A+ certification also should be knowledgeable about certain tasks, like booting up a computer with various installed operating systems (OS).
In addition to hardware configuration aspects, the A+ test also covers computer data usage elements, such as the basic structure of binary data and various aspects of file input/output (I/O). Test prep materials and other resources showing specific A+ certification test topics are available.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
2. Plan of Lecture:
1. The development of computer architecture.
Von Neumann architecture.
2. Types of computers.
3. The basic components of a computer.
4. The memory chips. Microchips processors
and tires.
5. Presentation of data in computer memory.
3. Technology
The technology is moving very quickly
19th century: attempts to build
mechanical computers
Early 20th century: mechanical counting
systems (cash registers, etc.)
Mid 20th century: vacuum tubes as
switches
Since: transistors, integrated circuits
3
4. 4
Charles Babbage
In the early 1800’s Charles Babbage
designed two machines: first the Difference
Engine and then the Analytical Engine
that were mechanical machines capable of
performing calculations.
The Difference Engine, most (but not all) of
which was built in Babbage’s time, was a
special-purpose machine (i.e. it could only
do particular calculations).
The Analytical Engine, which was designed
but not built in Babbage’s time, was more
ambitious in that it was programmable. which
5. Fast forward a hundred
years
In the 1940’s the Electronic Numerical
Integrator And Computer (ENIAC) was built at
the Moore School of the University of Pennsylvania.
It was completed in 1946 at the Moore School of the
University of Pennsylvania.
The two driving forces behind it were John W.
Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert.
There were other computers built during WWII
notably the one developed at Bletchley Park, UK to
aid in their code breaking mission.
6. ENIAC
The ENIAC consisted of 17,480 vacuum tubes operating
at 100,000 pulses per second.
Vacuum tubes play the same role that transistors do
in modern computers (one can use them to “realize”
logic gates (вентили))
The switch from vacuum tubes to transistors marked a dramatic
shift in computer size and speed.
The Pentium 4 processor introduced in 2000 had 42,000,000
transistors. The Itanium 2 in 2004 had 592,000,000 transistors.
The more recent Core i7 processor has a transistor count is 731
Million.
8. Von Neumann Architecture
John von Neumann was a consultant to the ENIAC
project. The team discussed changing the way
computers were programmed. Von Neumann
publicized these ideas.
The instructions could be converted into numbers
and placed in memory along with the data. This is
known as the stored program concept.
The combination of the basic units (ALU, control,
memory, input and output) and the stored program
concept give one the “von Neumann
architecture.”
9. Types of computers:
9
personal computer: a small, single-user computer
based on a microprocessor. In addition to the
microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard
for entering data, a monitor for displaying
information, and a storage device for saving data.
workstation: a powerful, single-user computer. A
workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a
more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality
monitor.
10. Types of computers:
10
minicomputer: a multi-user computer capable of
supporting from 10 to hundreds of users at the same
time.
mainframe: a powerful multi-user computer capable
of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users
at the same time.
supercomputer: an extremely fast computer that
can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per
second.
12. Servers
Computers connected in a network
environment.
Manage network resources
Holds and delivers an organization’s web pages
Stores and retrieves tasks for all of an
organization’s files
A printer server handles all print requests.
13. First computers, introduced in 1950s
Used by large businesses
Typically supported hundreds or thousands of users
Very expensive
Used for very large processing tasks
Main Frame
15. Typically supported hundreds of users
No longer a product line
Smaller and less expensive than mainframes
The real difference is relative in terms of price, power, marketing.
Known as midrange computers
Minicomputers
17. Motherboard
A motherboard is the central printed
circuit board (PCB) in many modern
computers and holds many of the crucial
components of the system, while
providing connectors for other
peripherals. The motherboard can be
easily compared to the human body’s
nervous system. The wires (nerves) on it
transfer data between all of the other
components.
18. Main Components of a
Computer System
Processor (CPU)
Runs program instructions
Main Memory
Storage for running programs and current data
Secondary Storage
Long-term program & data storage (hard disk, CD, etc)
Input Devices
Communication from the user to the computer(e.g.
keyboard, mouse)
Output Devices
Communication from the computer to the user (e.g.
monitor, printer, speakers)
19. The Processor
The processor is the "brain" of the computer system.
Main processor is called the Central Processing Unit (CPU).
A particular computer will have a particular type of
processor, such as a Pentium or a SPARC chip.
Co-processors assist the CPU with some of the processing
functions. Examples:
Math co-processors handle heavy duty math processing
Graphics coprocessors speed up the display of graphics
onto the monitor
21. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Arithmetic / Logic Unit
Registers
Control Unit
Small, fast
storage areas for
instructions and
data
Performs calculations
and decisions
Coordinates
processing steps
22. Registers
Registers are small, fast memory within the CPU
Different registers hold different things
instructions and addresses of instructions
data (operands)
results of operations
23. CHARACTERISTICS of Processor
Counts - word size, equal to the number at the same time
processed bits. The higher the bit processor, the
more information it can handle per unit time, the
above its effectiveness.
Clock frequency - the number of operations performed per unit time.
Address space - the maximum amount of memory, which can
serve processor. Represents set of addresses used in this computer
system. (максимальное количество памяти, которое может
обслужить процессор. Представляет собой совокупность адресов,
используемых в данной вычислительной
системе.
24. Memory
Computer Memory
- millions/billions of on/off charges
Divided into:
Bits 0 or 1
Bytes Groups of 8 bits
A byte is the smallest unit of storage.
(Can hold one text character)
Words Groups of bits/bytes (8, 16, 32, 64-bits)
25. Memory
Storage is usually too large to be expressed in bytes or
words. Instead we use:
Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes (210 bytes)
Megabyte (MB) = 1024 x 1024 bytes or
one million bytes (220 bytes)
Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes or
one trillion bytes (230 bytes)
Terabyte (TB) = 1024 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes
one quadrillion bytes (240 bytes)
26. Main Memory
5248
5249
5250
5251
5252
5253
5254
5255
5256
A word is stored in
consecutive
memory bytes.
10011010
Each memory cell stores a
set number of bits (some
computers use 8 bits/one
byte, others use words)
Each memory cell
has a numeric
address, which
uniquely identifies
its location
27. Main Memory Characteristics
Very closely connected to the CPU.
Contents are quickly and easily changed.
Holds the programs and data that the
processor is actively working with.
Interacts with the processor millions of times
per second.
Nothing permanent is kept in main memory.
28. Program Instructions
Programs instructions are stored in secondary storage
(hard disks, CD-ROM, DVD).
To process data, the CPU requires a working area
Uses Main Memory
Also called: RAM (random access memory),
primary storage, and internal memory.
Before a program is run, instructions must first be copied
from the slow secondary storage into fast main memory
Provides the CPU with fast access to instructions to
execute.
29. Instructions
An instruction is a sequence of bits.
A simple instruction format may consist of an
operation code (op code) and an address or
operands.
Op Code Operands / Address
Instructions tell the computer’s CPU what to do.
30. Instructions
The operation code specifies the operation the
computer is to carry out (add, compare, etc)
The operand/address area can store an operand or an
address
An operand is a specific value or a register number
An address allows the instruction to refer to a
location in main memory
The CPU runs each instruction in the program,
starting with instruction 0, using the fetch-decode-
execute (выборки-декодирования-выполнение ) cycle.
31. Fetch-Decode-Execute
Diagram
Program Counter (PC)
3023
Instruction Register
General Purpose Registers
Fetch
Get instruction and
increment PC
CPU
…
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
…
Main Memory
add r3, r1, r2
33
45
add r3, r1, r2
r1
r2
r3
78
3024
Execute
In this case add r1 and
r2 and put result in r3.
Decode
Determine what the
instruction is (add)
Then begin again by Fetching the instruction in 3024….
32. The main device of PC
ROM RAM Processor
Data bus
HIGHWAY address bus
control bus
controller
controller
controller
controller
Keyboard Printer Display Drive
33. System bus
1. The processor sets the address bus memory address, which wants to read;
(Процессор устанавливает на шине адреса адрес ячейки памяти, которую хочет
прочитать);
2. On the control bus puts the processor ready signal and the read signal; (На шине
управления процессор выставляет сигнал готовности и сигнал чтения);
3. Noticing the ready signal, check all devices, whether or not on the bus addresses of
their address; (Заметив сигнал готовности, все устройства проверяют, не стоит
ли на шине адреса их адрес);
4. RAM, noting that exposed her address, reads the control signal; Memory read
address; (Оперативная память, заметив, что выставлен ее адрес, считывает
управляющий сигнал. Память читает адрес);
5. Memory Bus exposes the requested information data; (Память выставляет на шине
данных требуемую информацию);
The memory puts the control ready signal bus;(Память выставляет на шине
управления сигнал готовности);
6. A processor reads data from the data bus; (Процессор читает данные с шины
данных).
34. The internal memory of the computer
RAM (Random Access Memory)
Located on the motherboard
It is used for temporary storage of data during the immediate PC
Provides recording modes, read, store information
ROM (Read Only Memory)
Used for permanent storage of data that do not require intervention
user (Используется для постоянного хранения данных, не требующих вмешательств
пользователя) (program start and stop the computer, Testing devices,
the control operation of the processor, display, keyboard, printer, external memory)
It is intended for reading information
A cache memory (buffer memory unit)
Internal memory cache located inside the processor
External cache memory located on the motherboard
It used to increase the performance of your computer, matching
operation of devices with different speeds, the exchange of data between
Processor and memory
35. Cache Memory
When an instruction or data is accessed from main memory, it is placed in
the cache. Second and subsequent use of the same instruction/data will
then be faster, since it is accessed directly from the cache.
36. Decodes the signal received from processor (Декодирует сигнал,
поступающий от процессора)
Sends the processed signal to the performance of its device
(Посылает обработанный сигнал для выполнения его устройством)
The resulting signal is converted into a binary form of user-friendly
(Полученный двоичный сигнал преобразует в вид понятный
пользователю)
Are inserted into the slots (slots) on the motherboard, and to their
ports connect additional devices (Вставляются в разъемы (слоты)
на материнской плате, а к их портам подключаются
дополнительные устройства)
Controllers
37. TEST
Open Internet site Socrative.com
Press button Student login
Write Room Name
YERMAGANBETOVA
Write your group and full name
Answer 20 questions