introduction to citation and reference methods

1. Citations and Bibliography
 Proper citation and bibliography
information is necessary in research papers
and other written assignments. It is
required that you use proper references
whenever necessary, i.e., when you use the
ideas of other people.

2. Plagiarism
 Failure to properly give credit to your
source of information comprises plagiarism
i.e., taking the ideas of another person and
using them as if they were your own ideas.
Plagiarizing can subject you to
administrative action or disciplinary
penalty.

3. You must cite your source:
 (1) When you use the 3 or more exact words of
other authors. Indicate the direct quote “by the use
of quotation marks” (Messinger, 2003, p. 12).
– Do not use direct quotes as a crutch.
 (2) When you paraphrase the words of someone
else, i.e., when you use the idea, but not the exact
words, of another person (Messinger, 2003).

4. Mention articles by citing them
 Z &Y (2005) found
 A, B, & C (2004) found)
 etc

5. How to cite the source.
 After a quotation or a paraphrase, place in
parentheses the author's name and date of
publication. If you are citing an exact quotation,
include the page number after the date.
– “seven-year-olds, with their newly developed sense of
individuality and independence, view death as a remote
possibility, at least as far as they themselves are
concerned” (Bluebond-Langer, 1977, p. 61).
 How to fail
– seven-year-olds, with their newly developed sense of
individuality and independence, don’t view death as
real (Bluebond-Langer, 1977).

6. Bibliography:
 While citations are listed in the order in
which they occur, entries in the
bibliography are alphabetized. The form of
the bibliography entry is also different from
the citation.

7. References
– Arnold, L.E. (1977). The significance of life
events as etiologic factors in the diseases of
children. Journal of Psychosomatic Research,
16, 7-18.
– Fogel, A., Melson, G.F., & Mistry, J. (1985).
Conceptualizing the determinants of
nurturance. In A. Fogel & G. F. Melson (Eds.),
Origins of nurturance (pp. 53-68). Hillsdale,
NJ: Erlbaum.

8. Your title
 E.g.
– A Summary and Critique of “Patterns of Brain
Electrical Activity During Facial Signs of
Emotion in 10 Month Old Infants” (Fox &
Davidson, 1988)
 Bibliography has full citation:
– Fox, N. & Davidson, R. J. (1988). Patterns of brain
electrical activity during facial signs of emotion in 10
month old infants. Developmental Psychology, 24(2),
230-236.

9. APA
 This style of citations and bibliography is
the one used by the American Psychological
Association (APA), and it is the style
adopted by most of the journals in the field
of child development.
– Only in journal titles are all words capitalized.
– Book titles and titles of articles are lower case
except for the first word.
– In some cases, your bibliography will have one
source, the article that you are reviewing.