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Introduction to c language
- 1. C - Programming Unit 1 Introduction to ‘C’ Language
- 2. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE 1.1 History 1.2 Basic Structure of ‘C’ Program 1.3 Language Fundamentals 1.3.1 Character Set, Tokens 1.3.2 Keywords and Identifiers 1.3.3 Variables and Data Types 1.4 Operators 1.4.1 Types of operators 1.4.2 Precedence and associativity 1.4.3 Expression
- 3. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE Developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at AT&T (American Telephone & Telegraph) bell laboratories, U.S.A.
- 5. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE https://developerinsider.co/download-turbo-c-for-windows-7-8- 8-1-and-windows-10-32-64-bit-full-screen/ OR Any other link from google
- 23. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE Practical Explanation
- 25. Assignment No 1 (Date- 08 Dec. 2020) Q. 1. Write a short note on History of C Language Q. 2. Write full form of following a. BCPL b. ANSIc. ISO Q. 3. Write a c program to display Hello World. Q. 4. Write a c program to display addition of two numbers Note: 1. Write this assignment in C Programing notebook 2. Take a sequential photos of your assignment & create pdf file and send it on email bbaca2020.21@gmail.com 3. Last date of submission 10 Dec. 2020 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE
- 26. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE - Character set - Tokens - Keywords and identifiers - Variables and data types
- 27. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE Character Set Source Character Set Capital Alphabets Small Alphabets 0-9 Digits Special Symbols White Space Character Execution Character Set Backslash or Escape Sequence Character A-Z a-z 0-9 30 Symbol 11
- 28. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE Alphabets ASSCI Value A 65 B 66 C 67 D 68 E 69 F 70 G 71 H 72 I 73 Alphabets ASSCI Value J 74 K 75 L 76 M 77 N 78 O 79 P 80 Q 81 R 82 Alphabets ASSCI Value S 83 T 84 U 85 V 86 W 87 X 88 Y 89 Z 90 Capital Alphabets- A-Z
- 29. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE Alphabets ASSCI Value a 97 b 98 c 99 d 100 e 101 f 102 g 103 h 104 i 105 Alphabets ASSCI Value j 106 k 107 l 108 m 109 n 110 o 111 p 112 q 113 r 114 Alphabets ASSCI Value s 115 t 116 u 117 v 118 w 119 x 120 y 121 z 122 Small Alphabets- a-z
- 30. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE Alphabets ASSCI Value 0 48 1 49 2 50 3 51 4 52 5 53 Alphabets ASSCI Value 6 54 7 55 8 56 9 57 Digits 0-9
- 31. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE Alphab ets ASSCI Value Represents ! 32 Exclamation mark “ 34 Quotation mark # 35 Number sign $ 36 Dollar Sign % 37 Percent sign $ 38 Ampersand Alpha bets ASSCI Value Represents ( 40 Left parenthesis ) 41 Right parenthesis * 42 Asterisk + 43 Plus sign Special Characters -
- 32. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE Alphab ets ASSCI Value Represents ‘ 44 Comma - 45 Minus sign . 46 Period / 47 Slash : 58 Colon ; 59 Semicolon < 60 less then sign = 61 Equal sign > 62 Greater than sign Alpha bets ASSCI Value Represents ? 63 Question mark @ 64 at symbol [ 91 Left bracket 92 Black slash ] 93 Right bracket ^ 94 Caret _ 95 Under score { 123 Left brace | 124 Vertical bar
- 33. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE Alphab ets ASSCI Value Represents } 125 Right brace ~ 126 Tilde
- 34. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE Constant Represents b Blank space Back slash n New line f Form feed 0 Null v Vertical tab t Horizontal tab ’ Single quote r Carriage return Constant Represents a Alarm(bell) ? Question mark
- 35. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE 1. Certain ASCII character are unprintable which means they are not displayed on the screen or printer. 2. Those character performed other function aside from displaying text. 3. Examples are - backspacing , moving to a newline or , ringing a bell this are used in output statements. 4. Execution character set are always represented by a combination of backslash() followed by a character. 5. These characters combination are called as Escape sequence.
- 36. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE Escape sequence Represents ASCII Value 0 Null 00 a Alarm (Beep Bell) 07 b Back space 08 t Horizontal tab 09 n New line 10 v Vertical tab 11 f Form feed 12 r Carriage return 13 ” Double quote 34 Escape sequence Represents ASCII Value ’ Single quote 39 ? Question mark 63 Black slash 92
- 37. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE Keywords •32 keywords •If, else, int, float…. Identifiers •Name of Variables, Functions, Arrays •int num; Constants •Integer Constants •Character Constants Strings •Array of characters •Ended with ‘0’ Special Symbols •Brackets •Parenthesis •Other Operators •Arithmetic •Assignment •Logical •Bitwise •Conditional •Increment Decrement •Special Tokens are the smallest elements of a program, which are meaningful to the compiler.
- 38. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE A keyword is a reserved predefined word. It cannot use it as a variable name, constant name etc. All characters are write in lowercase always There are 32 reserved keywords in c language. auto break case char const continue default do double else enum extern float for goto if int long register return short signed sizeof static struct switch typedef union unsigned void volatile while
- 39. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVINDRA SALUNKE Identifier is a name to identify variable, function, structure, other user defined object Rules for constructing C identifiers 1. Identifier must be unique. 2. Keywords cannot be represented as an identifier. 3. Identifier is composed of letters such as uppercase, lowercase letters, underscore, digits, but the starting letter should be either an alphabet or an underscore. 4. It should not begin with any numerical digit. 5. identifiers are case sensitive. 6. Commas or blank spaces cannot be specified within an identifier. 7. The length of the identifiers should not be more than 31 characters. 8. Identifiers should be written in such a way that it is meaningful, short, and easy to read.
- 40. Keyword Identifier Keyword is a pre-defined reserved word. The identifier is a user-defined word It must be written in a lowercase letter. It can be written in both lowercase and uppercase letters. Its meaning is pre-defined in the c compiler. Its meaning is not defined in the c compiler. It is a combination of alphabetical characters. It is a combination of alphanumeric characters. It does not contain the underscore character. It can contain the underscore character. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE
- 41. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE Data Types Primary Int Float Char Void User Define Enum Typedef Structure Derived Array Pointer
- 42. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE 1. A variable is nothing but a name given to a storage area 2. Each variable in C has a specific type, which determines the size and layout of the variable's memory and value. 3. The name of a variable can be composed of letters, digits, and the underscore character 4. It must begin with either a letter or an underscore 5. Upper and lowercase letters are distinct because C is case-sensitive char Typically a single octet(one byte). It is an integer type. int The most natural size of integer for the machine. float A single-precision floating point value. double A double-precision floating point value. void Represents the absence of type. int i, j, k; char c, ch; float f, salary; double d;
- 43. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE 1. Constants refer to fixed values that the program may not alter during its execution. These fixed values are also called literals. 2. Constants can be of any of the basic data types like an integer constant, a floating constant, a character constant, or a string literal. 3. Constants are treated just like regular variables except that their values cannot be modified after their definition. Defining Constants There are two simple ways in C to define constants − Using #define preprocessor. Using const keyword. #define LENGTH 10 const int LENGTH = 10;
- 44. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical functions. Types of operators − 1.Arithmetic Operators 2.Relational Operators 3.Logical Operators 4.Bitwise Operators 5.Assignment Operators 6.Misc Operators
- 45. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE Arithmetic Operators The following table shows all the arithmetic operators supported by the C language. Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then − Operator Description Example + Adds two operands. A + B = 30 − Subtracts second operand from the first. A − B = -10 * Multiplies both operands. A * B = 200 / Divides numerator by de-numerator. B / A = 2 % Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer division. B % A = 0 ++ Increment operator increases the integer value by one. A++ = 11 -- Decrement operator decreases the integer value by one. A-- = 9
- 46. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE Relational Operators The following table shows all the relational operators supported by C. Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then − Opera tor Description Example == Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If yes, then the condition becomes true. (A == B) is not true. != Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If the values are not equal, then the condition becomes true. (A != B) is true. > Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true. (A > B) is not true. < Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true. (A < B) is true. >= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true. (A >= B) is not true. <= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true. (A <= B) is true.
- 47. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE Logical Operators Following table shows all the logical operators supported by C language. Assume variable A holds 1 and variable B holds 0, then − Operat or Description Example && Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true. (A && B) is false. || Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non-zero, then the condition becomes true. (A || B) is true. ! Called Logical NOT Operator. It is used to reverse the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then Logical NOT operator will make it false. !(A && B) is true.
- 48. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE Bitwise Operators Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit-by-bit operation. The truth tables for &, |, and ^ is as follows − p q p & q p | q p ^ q 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 Assume A = 60 and B = 13 in binary format, they will be as follows − A = 0011 1100 B = 0000 1101 ----------------- A&B = 0000 1100 A|B = 0011 1101 A^B = 0011 0001 ~A = 1100 0011 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 A- 1 1 1 1 0 0 B- 1 1 0 1
- 49. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE Bitwise Operators Operato r Description Example & Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands. (A & B) = 12, i.e., 0000 1100 | Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand. (A | B) = 61, i.e., 0011 1101 ^ Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both. (A ^ B) = 49, i.e., 0011 0001 ~ Binary One's Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits. (~A ) = ~(60), i.e,. -0111101 << Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand. A << 2 = 240 i.e., 1111 0000 >> Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand. A >> 2 = 15 i.e., 0000 1111
- 50. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE Assignment Operators The following table lists the assignment operators supported by the C language − Operator Description Example = Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand C = A + B will assign the value of A + B to C += Add AND assignment operator. It adds the right operand to the left operand and assign the result to the left operand. C += A is equivalent to C = C + A -= Subtract AND assignment operator. It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A *= Multiply AND assignment operator. It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A /= Divide AND assignment operator. It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand. C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A %= Modulus AND assignment operator. It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand. C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A <<= Left shift AND assignment operator. C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2 >>= Right shift AND assignment operator. C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2 &= Bitwise AND assignment operator. C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2 ^= Bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator. C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2 |= Bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator. C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2
- 51. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE Misc Operators Besides the operators discussed above, there are a few other important operators including sizeof and ? : supported by the C Language. Operat or Description Example sizeof() Returns the size of a variable. sizeof(a), where a is integer, will return 4. & Returns the address of a variable. &a; returns the actual address of the variable. * Pointer to a variable. *a; ? : Conditional Expression. If Condition is true ? then value X : otherwise value Y
- 52. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE Operators Precedence in C Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression and decides how an expression is evaluated. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; for example, the multiplication operator has a higher precedence than the addition operator. For example, x = 7 + 3 * 2; here, x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has a higher precedence than +, so it first gets multiplied with 3*2 and then adds into 7. Here, operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators will be evaluated first. Category Operator Associativity Postfix () [] -> . ++ - - Left to right Unary + - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof Right to left Multiplicative * / % Left to right Additive + - Left to right
- 53. 1/12/2021 MR.RAVVINDRA SALUNKE Category Operator Associativity Shift << >> Left to right Relational < <= > >= Left to right Equality == != Left to right Bitwise AND & Left to right Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right Bitwise OR | Left to right Logical AND && Left to right Logical OR || Left to right Conditional ?: Right to left Assignment = += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |= Right to left Comma , Left to right