Introduction of Object oriented Analysis & Design by SARMAD BALOCH
I AM SARMAD KHOSA
BSIT (5TH A)
(ISP)
FACEBOOK PAGLE::
https://www.facebook.com/LAUGHINGHLAUGHTER/
YOUTUBE CHANNEL:::
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUjaIeS-DHI9xv-ZnBpx2hQ
Brief introduction to Object Oriented Analysis and DesignAmrullah Zunzunia
This presentation was used to give a brief introduction to proper usage of Object Oriented Programming and to give a quick glance through Object Oriented Design principles
The objective is to explain how a software design may be represented as a set of interacting objects that manage their own state and operations and to introduce various models that describe an object-oriented design.
Brief introduction to Object Oriented Analysis and DesignAmrullah Zunzunia
This presentation was used to give a brief introduction to proper usage of Object Oriented Programming and to give a quick glance through Object Oriented Design principles
The objective is to explain how a software design may be represented as a set of interacting objects that manage their own state and operations and to introduce various models that describe an object-oriented design.
Intro to Object Oriented Programming with Java Hitesh-Java
In this core java training session, you will learn Object Oriented Programming. Topics covered in this session are:
• Object Oriented Programming Concepts
• Introduction to OO Analysis and Design
For more information about this course visit on this link: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/software-development/learn-java-fundamentals-hands-on-training-on-core-java-concepts/
Introduction to Object Oriented ProgrammingMoutaz Haddara
An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
Download the presentation to view it correctly, as it has some animations that won't show here.
If you have any questions, please contact me. You are free to use it this presentation, but it would be nice at least to give me some credit :)
Content:
1- History of Programming
2. Objects and Classes
3- Abstraction, Inheritance, Encapsulation, and Polymorphism
PHPnw (England) User Group - Concepts, Spaces and Thresholds and why they matterPeter Jones
A presentation (at short notice) on
THRESHOLD CONCEPTS
- Educational research
CONCEPTUAL SPACES
- Cognitive Sciences and Linguistics
HODGES' HEALTH CAREER - CARE DOMAINS - MODEL
- Nursing, Healthcare Education
With discussion relating to programming and Drupal.
Conversion of in fix pre fix,infix by sarmad balochSarmad Baloch
Conversion of in fix pre fix,infix by sarmad baloch
I AM SARMAD BALOCH
BSIT (5TH A)
(ISP)
FACEBOOK PAGLE::
https://www.facebook.com/LAUGHINGHLAUGHTER/
YOUTUBE CHANNEL:::
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUjaIeS-DHI9xv-ZnBpx2hQ
Bnak reconciliation statement by sarmad balochSarmad Baloch
bnak reconciliation statement by sarmad baloch
I AM SARMAD KHOSA
BSIT (5TH A)
(ISP)
FACEBOOK PAGLE::
https://www.facebook.com/LAUGHINGHLAUGHTER/
YOUTUBE CHANNEL:::
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUjaIeS-DHI9xv-ZnBpx2hQ
Security_saftety_privacy of computer by sarmad balochSarmad Baloch
Security privacy saftety of computer by sarmad baloch
I AM SARMAD KHOSA
BSIT (5TH A)
(ISP)
FACEBOOK PAGLE::
https://www.facebook.com/LAUGHINGHLAUGHTER/
YOUTUBE CHANNEL:::
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUjaIeS-DHI9xv-ZnBpx2hQ
E commerce (introduction to computer) by sarmad balochSarmad Baloch
E commerce (introduction to computer) by sarmad baloch
I AM SARMAD KHOSA
BSIT (5TH A)
(ISP)
FACEBOOK PAGLE::
https://www.facebook.com/LAUGHINGHLAUGHTER/
YOUTUBE CHANNEL:::
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUjaIeS-DHI9xv-ZnBpx2hQ
Programming languages and programme development of computer by sarmad balochSarmad Baloch
Programming languages and programme development of computer by sarmad baloch
I AM SARMAD KHOSA
BSIT (5TH A)
(ISP)
FACEBOOK PAGLE::
https://www.facebook.com/LAUGHINGHLAUGHTER/
YOUTUBE CHANNEL:::
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUjaIeS-DHI9xv-ZnBpx2hQ
Introduction to computer & its applications by sarmad balochSarmad Baloch
Introduction to computer & its applications by sarmad baloch
I AM SARMAD KHOSA
BSIT (5TH A)
(ISP)
FACEBOOK PAGLE::
https://www.facebook.com/LAUGHINGHLAUGHTER/
YOUTUBE CHANNEL:::
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUjaIeS-DHI9xv-ZnBpx2hQ
The functions of modal auxiliary verbs by sarmad balochSarmad Baloch
The functions of modal auxiliary verbs by sarmad baloch
I AM SARMAD KHOSA
BSIT (5TH A)
(ISP)
FACEBOOK PAGLE::
https://www.facebook.com/LAUGHINGHLAUGHTER/
YOUTUBE CHANNEL:::
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUjaIeS-DHI9xv-ZnBpx2hQ
Integrator & diferentiator amplifier presentation by sarmad balochSarmad Baloch
Integrator & diferentiator amplifier presentation by sarmad baloch
I AM SARMAD KHOSA
BSIT (5TH A)
(ISP)
FACEBOOK PAGLE::
https://www.facebook.com/LAUGHINGHLAUGHTER/
YOUTUBE CHANNEL:::
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUjaIeS-DHI9xv-ZnBpx2hQ
Ms powerpoint 2007 presentation by sarmad balochSarmad Baloch
Ms powerpoint 2007 presentation by sarmad baloch
I AM SARMAD KHOSA
BSIT (5TH A)
(ISP)
FACEBOOK PAGLE::
https://www.facebook.com/LAUGHINGHLAUGHTER/
YOUTUBE CHANNEL:::
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUjaIeS-DHI9xv-ZnBpx2hQ
Semiconductor materials and pn junction by sarmad balochSarmad Baloch
Semiconductor materials and pn junction by sarmad baloch
I AM SARMAD KHOSA
BSIT (5TH A)
(ISP)
FACEBOOK PAGLE::
https://www.facebook.com/LAUGHINGHLAUGHTER/
YOUTUBE CHANNEL:::
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUjaIeS-DHI9xv-ZnBpx2hQ
Introduction of BJT,types of Diodes by sarmad balochSarmad Baloch
Introduction of BJT,types of Diodes by sarmad baloch
I AM SARMAD KHOSA
BSIT (5TH A)
(ISP)
FACEBOOK PAGLE::
https://www.facebook.com/LAUGHINGHLAUGHTER/
YOUTUBE CHANNEL:::
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUjaIeS-DHI9xv-ZnBpx2hQ
Pn junction diode by sarmad baloch
I AM SARMAD KHOSA
BSIT (5TH A)
(ISP)
FACEBOOK PAGLE::
https://www.facebook.com/LAUGHINGHLAUGHTER/
YOUTUBE CHANNEL:::
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUjaIeS-DHI9xv-ZnBpx2hQ
Difference b/w BRITISH vs AMERICAN Language by sarmad khosaSarmad Baloch
Difference b/w BRITISH vs AMERICAN Language by sarmad khosa
I AM SARMAD KHOSA
BSIT (5TH A)
(ISP)
FACEBOOK PAGLE::
https://www.facebook.com/LAUGHINGHLAUGHTER/
YOUTUBE CHANNEL:::
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUjaIeS-DHI9xv-ZnBpx2hQ
ACTIVE & PASSIVE ELECTRONICS by sarmad khosaSarmad Baloch
ACTIVE & PASSIVE ELECTRONICS by sarmad khosa
I AM SARMAD KHOSA
BSIT (5TH A)
(ISP)
FACEBOOK PAGLE::
https://www.facebook.com/LAUGHINGHLAUGHTER/
YOUTUBE CHANNEL:::
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUjaIeS-DHI9xv-ZnBpx2hQ
MICROSOFT WORD 2007 FULL PRESENTATION BY sarmad khosaSarmad Baloch
MICROSOFT WORD 2007 FULL PRESENTATION BY sarmad khosa
I AM SARMAD KHOSA
BSIT (5TH A)
(ISP)
FACEBOOK PAGLE::
https://www.facebook.com/LAUGHINGHLAUGHTER/
YOUTUBE CHANNEL:::
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUjaIeS-DHI9xv-ZnBpx2hQ
Types of DIODES Basic electronics by sarmad khosaSarmad Baloch
Types of DIODES Basic electronics by sarmad khosa
I AM SARMAD KHOSA
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YOUTUBE CHANNEL:::
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
3. 3
Why Object-Oriented?
Genesis 11:1-9 Acts
2:1-4
The Tower Of
Babel
Let's become famous
by building a city
with a tower that
reaches up to
heaven (verse
four).
Let's go down and
confuse their
speech right
away, and make it
so that they will
not understand
each other's
speech. (verses
five through
seven).
5. 5What kind of language can alleviate difficulties with
communication & complexity hopefully well?
Why Object-Oriented?
“The "software crises" came about when people realized the major
problems in software development were … caused by communication
difficulties and the management of complexity” [Budd]
The Whorfian Hypothesis:
Human beings … are very much at the mercy of the particular language
which has become the medium of expression for their society … the
'real world' is … built upon the language habits … We cut nature up,
organize it into concepts, and ascribe significances as we do, largely
because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way … and
is codified in the patterns of our language.
6. 6
Why Object-Oriented?
– Consider Human Growth & Concept Formation
Communication & complexity about the problem and the solution, all expressed in terms of
concepts in a language!
But then, What is CONCEPT? [Martin & Odell]
Consider Human Growth & Concept Formation
stage concepts
infant the world is a buzzing confusion
very young age "blue" "sky“ (individual concepts)
"blue sky“ (more complex concept)
hypothesis: humans possess an innate
capacity for perception
getting older -> increased meaning, precision,
subtlety, ...
the sky is blue only on cloudless days
the sky is not really blue
it only looks blue from our planet Earth
because of atmospheric effects
elaborate conceptual constructs
Concept formation: from chaos to order!
7. 7
Why Object-Oriented?
- concepts and objects
So, concepts are needed to bring order … into
But, What is CONCEPT? [Martin & Odell] [Novak, 1984, Cambridge University Press]
Study of a first grade class
When given a list of concepts (water, salt water, Oceans, Penguins,...),
Harry constructed a concept diagram through which he understands his world and
communicates meaning
Does Harry understand the concepts? Do you understand what Harry understands? Agree or Diagree?
8. 8
Why Object-Oriented?
… for Conceptual … Modeling Reasons
What kind of language can be used to create this concept diagram,
or Harry’s mental image?
Water
Rivers Oceans
Fish
Penguins
Crocodiles
Fresh water
Salt water
have
have
have
live in
have
have
9. 9
Why Object-Oriented ->
What is a model and why?
A model is a simplification of reality.
E.g., a miniature bridge for a real bridge to be built
Well...sort of….but not quite
A model is our simplification of our perception of reality
(that is, if it exists, otherwise it could be a mere illusion).
communication is not about reality but about your/my/his/her
perception of reality => validation and verification hard but needed
A model is an abstractionof something for the purpose
of understanding, be it the problem or a solution.
To understand why a software system is needed, what it should do, and how it should do it.
To communicate our understanding of why, what and how.
To detect commonalities and differences in your perception, my perception, his perception
and her perception of reality.
To detect misunderstandings and miscommunications.
10. 10
What is Object-Orientation?
- What is Object?
An "object" is anything to which a concept applies, in our awareness
Things drawn from the problem domain or solution space.
E.g., a living person in the problem domain, a software component in the solution space.
A structure that has identity and properties and behavior
It is an instance of a collective concept, i.e., a class.
11. 11
Encapsulation
a.k.a. information hiding
Objects encapsulate:
property
behavior as a collection of methods invoked by
messages
…state as a collection of instance variables
Abstraction
Focus on the essential
Omits tremendous amount of details
…Focus on what an object “is and does”
What is Object-Orientation
- Abstraction and Encapsulation
12. 12
What is Object-Orientation
- Another Example of Abstraction and Encapsulation
Class Car
Attributes
Model
Location
#Wheels = 4
Operations
Start
Accelerate
<<instanceOf>>
<<instanceOf>>
<<instanceOf>>
What is generalization?
What is over-generalization??
Forall x [Car(x) -> …]
13. 13
What is Object-Orientation?
- Class
What is CLASS?
a collection of objects that share common properties, attributes, behavior and
semantics, in general. What are all these???
A collection of objects with the same data structure (attributes, state variables)
and behavior (function/code/operations) in the solution space.
Classification
Grouping of common objects into a class
Instantiation.
The act of creating an instance.
Class Car
Attributes
Model
Location
#Wheels = 4
Operations
Start
Accelerate
<<instanceOf>>
<<instanceOf>>
<<instanceOf>>
14. 14
What is Object-Orientation
- Subclass vs. Superclass
• Specialization: The act of defining one class as a refinement of another.
• Subclass: A class defined in terms of a specialization of a superclass
using inheritance.
• Superclass: A class serving as a base for inheritance in a class hierarchy
• Inheritance: Automatic duplication of superclass attribute and behavior
definitions in subclass.
multiple inheritance?
Person
name
SSN
Student
std-id
level
Employee
emp-id
age
15. 15
What is Object-Orientation
- Subclass vs. Superclass
A
B
C
A
B
A
B
C
A
B
c: C
A
B
c: C
<<instanceOf>> <<instanceOf>>
A
B
<<instanceOf>>
A
B
<<instanceOf>>
16. 16
What is Object-Orientation
- Subclass vs. Superclass and …
A
B
C
<<instanceOf>>
A
B
c: C
<<instanceOf>>
<<instanceOf>>
A
B
<<instanceOf>>
C
A
B
C
<<instanceOf>>
d: D
<<instanceOf>>
A
C
D
<<instanceOf>>
B
1
2
3
17. 17
What is Object-Orientation
- Polymorphism
Objects of different classes respond to the same message differently.
payTuition
Person
name
SSN
Student
std-id
level
Employee
emp-id
In-State
Student
state
payTuition payTuition
Out-of-State
Student
payTuition
18. 18
What is Object-Orientation
- Interfaces
• Information hiding - all data should be hidden within a class, at least in principle.
• make all data attributes private
• provide public methods to get and set the data values (cf. Java design patterns)
• e.g. Grade information is usually confidential, hence it should be kept
private to the student. Access to the grade information should be
done through interfaces, such as setGrade and getGrade
payTuition
setGrade()
getGrade()
Student
std-id
level
getGrade
setGrade
grade
19. 19
What is Object-Orientation
- Abstract Class vs. Concrete Class
Abstract Class.
An incomplete superclass that defines common parts.
Not instantiated.
Concrete class.
Is a complete class.
Describes a concept completely.
Is intended to be instantiated.
Work out an example!
20. 20
What is Object-Orientation?
-State
What is STATE?
"State" is a collection of association an object has with other objects and object types.
What is STATE CHANGE?
A "state change" is the transition of an object from one state to another.
What is EVENT?
An "event" is a noteworthy change in state [Rumbaugh]
Work out an example!
21. 21
What is Object-Orientation?
-State transition impossible?
tom: Actor
name = “Tom Cruise”
katie: Actor
name = “Katie Holmes”
tom: Actor
name = “Tom Holmes”
katie: Actor
name = “Katie Holmes”
married/changeLastName
tom: Actor
name = “Tom Holmes”
katie: Actor
name = “Katie Holmes”
suri: BabyActor
name = “Suri Holmes”
newArrival/getName
22. 22
What is Object-Oriented Application?
• Collection of discrete objects, interacting w. each other
• Objects have property and behavior (causing state transition)
• Interactions through message passing
(A sender object sends a request (message) to another object (receiver)
to invoke a method of the receiver object’s)
Fn
Data
O1
Fn
Data
O2
Fn
Data
O3
m1
m2m3
{m in Fn}
23. 23
What is OOAD?
Analysis — understanding, finding and describing concepts in
the problem domain.
Design — understanding and defining software
solution/objects that represent the analysis concepts and will
eventually be implemented in code.
OOAD — Analysis is object-oriented and design is object-
oriented. A software development approach that emphasizes a
logical solution based on objects.
Traceability!
Involves both a notation and a process
24. 24
Harry again …
What do we see here?
Water
Rivers Oceans
Fish
Penguins
Crocodiles
Fresh water
Salt water
have
have
have
live in
have
have
Things, Relationships, Diagram
25. 25
How to do OOAD
- notation vs. process
UML is a notation.
So are English,
Elvish, Ku, …
But as yet I can’t
26. 26
Systems Engineering
Requirements Analysis
Project Planning
Architectural Design
Detailed Design
Implementation
Release
Maintenance
QualityAssurance
Software Lifecycle
How to Do OOAD
– Where to Use OO? Traceability!
Something missing?
What’s yours like?
29. 29
How to Do OOAD
– OMT as Object-Oriented Methodology
OMT (Object Modeling Technique) by James Rumbaugh
Object Model: describes the static
structure of the objects in the system and
their relationships -> Object Diagrams.
Dynamic Model: describes the
interactions among objects in the system
-> State Diagrams.
Functional Model: describes the data
transformation of the system
-> DataFlow Diagrams.
Traceability!
30. 30
Analysis:
i) Model the real world showing its important
properties;
ii) Concise model of what the system will do
System Design:
Organize into subsystems based on analysis
structure and propose architecture
Object Design: Based on analysis
model but with implementation details;
Focus on data structures and
algorithms to implement each class;
Computer and domain objects
Implementation: Translate the object
classes and relationships into a
programming language
How to Do OOAD
– OMT as Object-Oriented Methodology
OMT (Object Modeling Technique) by James Rumbaugh
Traceability!
32. 32
Introduction to OOAD - Summary
Why
Once Software Crisis due to Communication and Complexity
Languages, Concepts, Models
OO for Conceptual Modeling
What
Fundamental OO Concepts
A little taste of UML
How
OO development processes & (Design) Patterns
33. 33
How to Do OOAD
- Historical Perspective
OO Prog. Languages
(Smalltalk, C++)
just program!
OO Design
(Booch) design then
program
OO Analysis
(Rumbaugh, Jacobson)
Process PerspectiveOO Technology
Analyze (use case) first,
then design,
T then programWhere are we heading?
34. 34
How to Do OOAD
- OO Development Processes
Fusion
Hewlett Packard
Recommended Process and Models
ObjectSpace best practices
Larman’s experiences
…
The Rational Unified Process (RUP)
Rational; Booch, Jacobson, and Rumbaugh
Some Popular OOAD Processes (for reference only)
35. 35
How to Do OOAD
– One Good Way: Use (OO) Design Patterns
Reusable solutions to typical problems.
“Each design pattern systematically names, explains, and evaluates an
important and recurring design in object-oriented systems.” [Gamma]
Name — identifies a particular pattern, creating a vocabulary.
Problem — identifies context when pattern should be applied.
Solution — an abstract description of a design problem along with a template
object design that solves the problem.
Consequences — results and trade-offs of applying the pattern.
36. 36
Knowledge
Representation (in A.I.)
Psychological Validity
Philosophical Validity
Computational Validity
Databases
Emphasis in Persistent Data
(and now ACID properties)
RelationalDB
Network DB
Hierarchical DB
OODB
Programming Languages
Emphasis in Efficiency
Simula, SmallTalk, C++, Protel,
Java
ERD
SDM
CM
ADT
ERD: Entity Relationship Diagram
SDM: Semantic Data Model
ADT: Abstract Data Type
CM: Conceptual Model
Why Object-Oriented
- Who’s Behind Object-Orientation w. Diff. Concerns
System/Software
Engineering
Where does Unified Modeling Language come into this?
37. 37
Why Object-Oriented
– A New Paradigm with Evolving Object Orientation
OOP: Object-Oriented Programming
Simula (1967), Smalltalk (70’s), C++ (mid 80’s), Eiffel, Ada95,
Turing, …
OOD: Object-Oriented Design
Taxis (1976), Adaplex, …, Grady Booch (1980)
OOA: Object-Oriented Requirements
RML (1981), James Rumbaugh (late 80’s)
OO-Databases (OODBs): 1980-90’s
OLE/DCOM, VisualBasic, CORBA, Java: mid 90’s
.Net, C#, (eb/voice…/-)XML, J2EE: into 2000+
UML: mid 90’s and still evolving
38. 38
Introduction to OOAD - Points to Ponder
1. How do you think your mental image is represented?
2. What kinds of languages are used for what purpose in our daily life?
3. What are the differences among a concept, a model and a language?
4. What are the differences between a language and a methodology?
5. Can we use C# for analysis?
6. If C++ is a language, does it model anything? If so, what?
7. What does a concept in C++ refer to (i.e., semantics)?
8. What does a concept in a (OO) design refer to?
9. What does a concept in an (OO requirements) analysis refer to?
10. Is the current OOAD for Functional Analysis and Design, or Non-
Functional Analysis and Design?
11. What is the relationship between OO (Object-Orientation) and GO
(Goal-Orientation), between OO and AO (Agent-Orientation), and
between GO and AO?
12. Can you prove you and I communicate with each other perfectly?