The document provides an overview of the basic functions and components of computers, detailing their five generations from vacuum tubes to artificial intelligence. Each generation is characterized by significant technological advancements, improving size, speed, cost, and functionality. Key functions like input and output are explained, along with essential parts such as the system unit, CPU, RAM, and storage devices.

1. •The objective of this lesson is to familiarize students
with the basic functions and parts of a computer. By
the end of this lesson, students should be able to
identify and explain the essential components and
understand their respective functions.
•Define the term computer and discuss the four basic
computer operations: input, process, output, and
storage

2. COMPUTER

3. MAIN FIVE GENERATIONS OF THE COMPUTER
SYSTEM:
• First Generation - VACUUM TUBES (1940–
1956)
The first computer systems used vacuum tubes
for circuitry and magnetic drums for main
memory, and they were often enormous,
taking up entire rooms. These computers were
very expensive to operate, and in addition to
using a great deal of electricity, the first
computers generated a lot of heat, which
was often the cause of malfunctions.

4. SECOND GENERATION: TRANSISTORS (1956–1963)
The transistor was far superior to the
vacuum tube, allowing computers to
become smaller, faster, cheaper, more
energy-efficient, and more reliable than
their first-generation predecessors. Though
the transistor still generated a great deal
of heat that subjected the computer to
damage, it was a vast improvement over
the vacuum tube. A second-generation
computer still relied on punched cards for
input and printouts for output.

5. THIRD GENERATION: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
• The third-generation computer are
Integrated Circuit (ICs), it replaced
the second- generation compute
Transistors. They performed
computation in Nanoseconds. It used
high-level languages like FORTRAN,
PASCAL, COBAL, ALGO-68, BASIC
was used. In this generation, remote
processing, time-sharing, multi-
programming operating system were
used.

6. FOURTH GENERATION: MICROPROCESSORS
• The fourth-generation computers are used
Vary Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)
• Semi-conductor devices are as primary
memory. Magnetic disks are used as secondary
storage. Problem-oriented fourth generation
language (4GL) are used. In fourth generation
computer (VLSI) Multi-processing and
multiprogramming operating system are used.
VLSI circuits having 5000 transistors and other
circuit elements with their associated circuit on
a single ship made it possible to have
microcomputer of fourth generation computer.
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7. FIFTH GENERATION
COMPUTERS – (1980-
PRESENT USING)
• The fifth-generation computer use Ultra
Large Scale Integrated (ULSI)
chips that contain millions of components
on a single chip. They are in the
development stage which is based on the
artificial intelligence. These computers can
also response to natural language input.
Biochips will be used as memory devices
and KIPS (Knowledge-based Information
Processing System) architecture will be
used in fifth generation computers.

8. The Five Generations of Computers can be
described as the overall development of
computer technology respective to their size,
power, memory, cost, and application. Compared
to the first generations of the computer, modern-
day computers are faster, smarter, stronger, and
cheaper and can store a huge amount of data.
Due to vast development and huge improvement
of the modern computer, the work of mankind
has been made much more accessible than ever
before with the development of high-speed and
advanced processors (CPU).

11. MAIN FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER
• Input - In order for the computer to function, data and instructions have to be input
into it in a suitable form. This is done via input devices. Examples of input devices
are the keyboard, the mouse, and microphone. It involves receiving information from
the environment, or from storage devices, through an input device.

12. MAIN FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER
• Output- Presentation of data to the environment from main memory of the computer
to media external to the CPU. Common output devices, like the printer and the
monitor present the information to the user in a format he/she can immediately
understand (e.g. printed on paper or displayed on screen)

13. MONITOR
• A monitor displays information in visual
form, using text and graphics. The portion
of the monitor that displays the information
is called the screen. Like a television screen,
a computer screen can show still or moving
pictures. There are two basic types of
monitors: CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors
and the newer LCD (liquid crystal display)
monitors. Both types produce sharp images,
but LCD monitors have the advantage of
being much thinner and lighter.

14. BASIC PARTS OF COMPUTER
• A. SYSTEM UNIT
The system unit is the core of a computer system. Usually it's a
rectangular box placed on or underneath your desk. Inside
this box are many electronic components that process
information. The most important of these components is the
central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor, which acts as
the "brain" of your computer. Another component is random
access memory (RAM), which temporarily stores information
that the CPU uses while the computer is on. The information
stored in RAM is erased when the computer is turned off.

15. STORAGE
• our computer has one or
more disk drives—
devices that store
information on a metal
or plastic disk. The disk
preserves the
information even when
your computer is turned
off.

16. RAM AND ROM
• RAM, which stands for random access
memory.
• ROM which stands for read-only memory,
are both present in your computer.
• RAM is volatile memory that temporarily
stores the files you are working on.
• ROM is non-volatile memory that
permanently stores instructions for your
computer.