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Intro to x ray
Automatic x-ray inspection systems use low-energy x-rays to detect contaminants and inspect products on conveyor lines or in pipelines. The document discusses how the technology works by generating x-rays using an electron beam, then detecting anomalies in the x-ray image. It also outlines what the systems can inspect for, typical installation locations, estimated costs, and safety and regulatory considerations regarding x-ray use.
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Intro to x ray
- 1. ® Introduction to Automatic X-Ray Inspection Systems
- 2. ® Program Overview •Main Features •How Does This Technology Work? •What Can This Technology Do? •Where Can These Systems Be Installed? •How Much Do These Systems Cost? •What Are The Safety Concerns? •Will X-Rays Degrade or Irradiate My Product? •What Are The Regulatory Considerations? •System Specifications •Utility Requirements
- 3. ® Main Features Stainless steel cabinet Light Tower Tunnel Covers Touch Screen With Dual Interlocks Emergency Stop Signage Lead curtains Reject Device Conveyor System Which Complies To CFR 1020.40 Standards
- 4. ® Main Features Product flow Tank X-Ray Beam Detecto r
- 5. ® Main Features Tank Touch Screen X-Gen Board Collimator I-O Board VFC Detector Industrial PC
- 6. ® How Does ThisTechnology Work? What is Radiation? • Radiation is the transmission of energy by means of particles or waves.
- 7. ® How Does ThisTechnology Work? What are X-Rays? X-Rays are • Invisible radiation (energy) capable of penetrating solid material. • Useful for seeing inside packages
- 8. ® How Does ThisTechnology Work? 1.2 mm SS Sphere in Hash Brown Potatoes
- 9. ® How Does ThisTechnology Work? How is X-Ray energy measured? • In Thousand Electron Volt or (KeV). It is best to select an X-Ray machine that operates at a very low KeV (from 50-120). • Lower energy X-rays give you superior sensitivity/resolution • Reduce heat and increased tube life Tube
- 10. ® How Does This Technology Work ? How are X-Rays generated? • X-ray Tube generates radiation by acceleration of electrons to target material (Tungsten) in anode. Cathode (-) Emits negatively charged electrons Anode (+) (Very High Voltage) Electrons strike, slow down and convert to X-ray Photons. Low Energy X-Ray Photons
- 11. ® How Does ThisTechnology Work? • The X-ray tube is housed within an enclosure that is fan cooled (known as the Tank).
- 12. ® How Does ThisTechnology Work? Tube is submerged in oil to dissipate heat which increases life.
- 13. ® How Does ThisTechnology Work? What do we do with the X-rays? • The X-rays are channeled and contained in the Collimator into a thin fan beam to inspect the product on a belt or in a pipeline. Collimator
- 14. ® How Does ThisTechnology Work? What do we do with the X-rays? • The collimated fan beam is then directed toward the Detector (a silicon array of photo-diodes).
- 15. ® How Does ThisTechnology Work? Overview
- 16. ® How Does ThisTechnology Work?
- 17. ® How Does ThisTechnology Work? . .5mm SS Metal with a 6 gray value is an anomaly Proprietary X-Ray systems group each value of grey level by the number of pixels of that value (this is called histogramming). This is the technique that Eriez uses for contaminant detection.
- 18. ® How Does ThisTechnology Work? 1mm SS in canned product Metal in Metal Inspection
- 19. ® How Does ThisTechnology Work? How X-Rays Detect Atomic Number/Weight • Food/pharmaceuticals are primarily comprised of C (6), H (1), O(8) • Detectable contaminants need to have an atomic number higher than the base material.
- 20.
- 21. ® HowDoes This Technology Work? . Glass Shard In Cubed Potatoes Atomic Level
- 22. ® What Can ThisTechnology Do? • Contaminant Detection • Detect Missing Items • Mass control • Product Integrity • Fill Level • Confirm Presence Of Leaflets • Confirm Count AT THE SAME TIME!
- 23. ® What Can ThisTechnology Do? 1.2 mm SS . Metal Inspection In Metal Can
- 24. ® What Can ThisTechnology Do? Titleist Pro V Whole Golf Ball Detected In Raw Potato Feed System
- 25. ® What Can ThisTechnology Do? Partial Golf Ball Detected In Raw Potato Feed System
- 26. ® What Can ThisTechnology Do? Divided Packaging Integrity Check •Product fill in each zone •Pink stick •Contamination check for each compartment
- 27. ® What Can ThisTechnology Do? ® ® Mass Control and Glass Inspection In Pet Food
- 28. ® WhatCan This Technology Do? Glass Contaminate In Glass Baby Food Jar Fill Level Confirm Fill Level And Contaminate Inspect Concurrently
- 29. ® What Can ThisTechnology Do? Model FPM Units PM XR-11 250 200 XR-21 400 800 XR-31 330 600 XR-41 250 450 XR-51 330 750 XR-81 150 50 XR-71 4in pipe = 5000 GPM 3in pipe = 2200 GPM 2.5in pipe = 1500 GPM System Capacities
- 30. ® What Can ThisTechnology Do? Factors that have traditionally affected metal detectors such as….. • Ground Loops • Foil Packaging • Liquids • Conductive Products • Ambient Noise Do not effect X-Ray Machines!
- 31. ® Where Can TheseSystems Be Installed? Conveyor Lines Pipeline Systems
- 32. ® HowMuch Do These Systems Cost? Conveyor Package Systems $41,000-$90,000
- 33. ® How Much DoThese Systems Cost? Pipeline Systems $80,000-$120,000
- 34. ® How Much DoThese Systems Cost? Case Inspection System $102,000-$112,000
- 35. ® Safety (Exposure Limits) X-ray emissions are measured in milliroentgen. Note: 1 milliroentgen of exposure to x-rays will result in approximately 1 millirem of dose. FDA CFR 1020.4 mandates a maximum exposure limit from cabinet X-Ray machines at 0.5 milliroentgens/hr @ any point five centimeters from the external surface.
- 36. ® Safety (Exposure Limits) For comparison…. Cosmic radiation Flying in a commercial jet at at 35,000 ft (.3-.4 milliroentgens) Background Living in geographical regions where heavy elements (Radon) present.* *average person receives 360 mrem/year from background radiation
- 37. ® Safety (Equipment Operators) Are the operators of cabinet x-ray systems required to wear a“radiation badge”? Personnel monitoring equipment is not required by Federal regulation for operators of cabinet x-ray systems. It is possible that some state regulations or the policies of the operators’ employer require use of personnel monitoring equipment.
- 38. ® Safety (Equipment Safeguards) All cabinet X-Ray machines must comply with FDA CFR 1020.40 Regulations including... •Dual circuit interlocks •Safety relay circuit < 20ms between circuits •“X-ray on” lamp failure monitoring •Signage •Emergency stops •Appropriate Shielding
- 39. ® Safety Eriez X-Ray systems do not contain radioactive materials, such as Uranium. When the power is shut off, no X-rays are present or generated.
- 40. ® Will X-Rays Degradeor Irradiate My Product? NO. The radiation dose typically received by objects scanned by a cabinet x-ray system is 1 millirad or less. The minimum dose used in food irradiation for food preservation or destruction of parasites or pathogens is 30,000 rad. see Title 21 CFR 179 of FDA guidelines for additional information.
- 41. ® Regulatory Considerations Youwill need to: • Register Equipment according to State and Local regulations • Develop Safety Program Audit • Develop Operating and Emergency Procedures • Develop Training Program • Record Retention • Designate a Radiation Safety Officer* *only applicable in some states
- 42. ® Utility Requirements • Voltage:110/220 60 Hertz Vac single or three phase • Current: 10 amp • Wattage: 100-300 • Air Supply: 80-90 psi
- 43. ® System Specifications (Detector) Eriez Linear X-Ray detector is an integrated detection module with a linear diode array up to 1024mm in length. It has the following features : • Available in diode pitch of 1.6mm, 0.8mm, 0.4mm, 0.2mm • Data interface RS422 pixel rate of up to 4MHz • Scan rate from 50 to 4000 scans/sec • Output resolution of 8 to 12 bits as standard • Control interface USB 2.0 as standard, RS232 optionally
- 44. ® System Specifications (Detector) • Dual channel radiographic trigger • Scan rate fixed or synchronous to external clock • Pixel output normalised by internal DSP processor • Output translation tables provide gamma law • All cables exit from end of module for easy connection
- 45. ® System Specifications (Required Length) • XR-11-@60-inches • XR-21-@72-inches • XR-31-@72-inches • XR-41-@84-inches • XR-51-@72-inches • XR-71-@60-inches • XR-81-@120-inches
- 46. ® System Specifications (Output Relays) MOS Relays • Solid State • Opto-Isolated • 24Vdc • Drive current of 1.5 amps • Suitable for directly driving valve solenoids, lamps, etc. • Short circuit protected
- 47. ® System Specifications (Detector) Operational Ambient temperature 0-40 C Relative humidity 30-80 % (non condensing)
- 48. ® System Specifications (Tank) • The XR high energy tanks are cooled by circulating oil. They are powered from 110/240Vac 50/60Hz. • The XR lower energy tanks are air cooled by integrated fans. They are powered from 24Vdc power supplies (not included). • The units are controlled by remote analog inputs or by RS232 communications.
- 49. ® System Specifications (Tank)
- 50. ® System Specifications (Tank) Side-Down Shoot
- 51. ® System Specifications (Tank) Side Shoot
- 52. ® System Specifications (Tank) Top Down
- 53.
- 54. ® Summary • Detection of Contaminants • Mass control • Product Integrity • Fill level • Insert detection
- 55. ® Summary •Real time analysis of product on packaging lines •Real time inspection of products to confirm mass •Detection and elimination of foreign bodies including metal, stone, glass, bone and certain plastics
- 56. ® Summary •User friendly •No frequent calibration •Automatically analysis and rejection •Auto Set-up •Adaptive software algorithms
- 57. ® Summary •Windows XP Professional Operating System •Ethernet interface to high speed wireless network •Optional wireless network •External USB connectors
- 58. ® Summary • Proprietary X-Ray systems employ low energy X- Rays which is the key to sensitivity, reliability, and efficiency. • Safe to operate
- 59. ® Questions?
- 60. ® Definitions Exposure is a term defining the amount of ionizing radiation that strikes living or inanimate material. (This is a general definition. In health physics, exposure is specifically defined as a measure of ionization in air caused by x-ray or gamma radiation only.)
- 61. ® Definitions Dose means the quantity of radiation or energy absorbed. Dose may refer to the following: •absorbed dose, the amount of energy deposited per unit mass. •equivalent dose, the absorbed dose adjusted for the relative biological effect of the type of radiation being measured.
- 62. ® Definitions Roentgen (R) is a unit of exposure of ionizing radiation and indicates the strength of the ionizing radiation. One Roentgen is the amount of x-ray needed to produce ions carrying 1 electrostatic unit of electrical charge in 1 cubic centimeter of dry air under standard conditions.
- 63. ® Definitions Roentgen absorbed dose (rad) is the basic unit of absorbed radiation dose. A dose of 1 rad to an object means each gram of the object received 100 ergs of energy or 1 rad = 100 ergs/gram.
- 64. ® Definitions Roentgen Equivalent Man (rem) is the basic unit of equivalent dose, and relates the absorbed dose in human tissue to the biological effect of the radiation. Not all radiation has the same biological effect, even for the same amount of absorbed dose.
- 65. ® Definitions Exposure is a term defining the amount of ionizing radiation that strikes living or inanimate material. (This is a general definition. In health physics, exposure is specifically defined as a measure of ionization in air caused by x-ray or gamma radiation only.)