1. ®
Introduction to
Automatic X-Ray Inspection
Systems
2. ®
Program Overview
•Main Features
•How Does This Technology Work?
•What Can This Technology Do?
•Where Can These Systems Be Installed?
•How Much Do These Systems Cost?
•What Are The Safety Concerns?
•Will X-Rays Degrade or Irradiate My Product?
•What Are The Regulatory Considerations?
•System Specifications
•Utility Requirements
3. ®
Main Features
Stainless steel cabinet
Light Tower
Tunnel Covers
Touch Screen With Dual Interlocks
Emergency Stop
Signage
Lead curtains
Reject Device
Conveyor System Which Complies To CFR 1020.40 Standards
4. ®
Main Features
Product flow Tank
X-Ray Beam
Detecto
r
5. ®
Main Features
Tank
Touch Screen
X-Gen Board
Collimator
I-O Board
VFC
Detector Industrial PC
6. ®
How Does This Technology Work?
What is Radiation?
• Radiation is the transmission of energy by means of
particles or waves.
7. ®
How Does This Technology Work?
What are X-Rays?
X-Rays are
• Invisible radiation (energy) capable of penetrating solid
material.
• Useful for seeing inside packages
8. ®
How Does This Technology Work?
1.2 mm SS Sphere
in Hash Brown Potatoes
9. ®
How Does This Technology Work?
How is X-Ray energy measured?
• In Thousand Electron Volt or (KeV).
It is best to select an X-Ray machine that operates at a very
low KeV (from 50-120).
• Lower energy X-rays give you superior sensitivity/resolution
• Reduce heat and increased tube life
Tube
10. ®
How Does This Technology Work ?
How are X-Rays generated?
• X-ray Tube generates radiation by acceleration of electrons to target
material (Tungsten) in anode.
Cathode (-)
Emits negatively
charged electrons
Anode (+)
(Very High Voltage)
Electrons strike,
slow down and
convert to X-ray
Photons.
Low Energy X-Ray Photons
11. ®
How Does This Technology Work?
• The X-ray tube is housed within an enclosure that is fan
cooled (known as the Tank).
12. ®
How Does This Technology Work?
Tube is submerged in oil to dissipate heat which
increases life.
13. ®
How Does This Technology Work?
What do we do with the X-rays?
• The X-rays are channeled and contained in the
Collimator into a thin fan beam to inspect the product
on a belt or in a pipeline.
Collimator
14. ®
How Does This Technology Work?
What do we do with the X-rays?
• The collimated fan beam is then directed toward the
Detector (a silicon array of photo-diodes).
17. ®
How Does This Technology Work?
.
.5mm SS Metal with a 6 gray value is an anomaly
Proprietary X-Ray systems group each value of grey level by the number of pixels
of that value (this is called histogramming). This is the technique that Eriez uses
for contaminant detection.
18. ®
How Does This Technology Work?
1mm SS in canned product
Metal in Metal Inspection
19. ®
How Does This Technology Work?
How X-Rays Detect
Atomic Number/Weight
• Food/pharmaceuticals are primarily comprised of C (6), H (1), O(8)
• Detectable contaminants need to have an atomic number higher
than the base material.
21. ®
How Does This Technology Work?
.
Glass Shard In Cubed Potatoes
Atomic Level
22. ®
What Can This Technology Do?
• Contaminant Detection
• Detect Missing Items
• Mass control
• Product Integrity
• Fill Level
• Confirm Presence Of Leaflets
• Confirm Count
AT THE SAME TIME!
23. ®
What Can This Technology Do?
1.2 mm SS
.
Metal Inspection In Metal Can
24. ®
What Can This Technology Do?
Titleist Pro V
Whole Golf Ball Detected In
Raw Potato Feed System
25. ®
What Can This Technology Do?
Partial Golf Ball Detected In
Raw Potato Feed System
26. ®
What Can This Technology Do?
Divided Packaging
Integrity Check
•Product fill in each zone
•Pink stick
•Contamination check
for each compartment
27. ®
What Can This Technology Do?
® ®
Mass Control and Glass Inspection In Pet
Food
28. ®
What Can This Technology Do?
Glass Contaminate In Glass Baby Food Jar
Fill Level
Confirm Fill Level And Contaminate Inspect
Concurrently
29. ®
What Can This Technology Do?
Model FPM Units PM
XR-11 250 200
XR-21 400 800
XR-31 330 600
XR-41 250 450
XR-51 330 750
XR-81 150 50
XR-71 4in pipe = 5000 GPM
3in pipe = 2200 GPM
2.5in pipe = 1500 GPM
System Capacities
30. ®
What Can This Technology Do?
Factors that have traditionally affected metal
detectors such as…..
• Ground Loops
• Foil Packaging
• Liquids
• Conductive Products
• Ambient Noise
Do not effect X-Ray Machines!
31. ®
Where Can These Systems Be
Installed?
Conveyor Lines
Pipeline Systems
32. ®
How Much Do These Systems
Cost?
Conveyor Package Systems
$41,000-$90,000
33. ®
How Much Do These Systems
Cost?
Pipeline Systems
$80,000-$120,000
34. ®
How Much Do These Systems
Cost?
Case Inspection System
$102,000-$112,000
35. ®
Safety
(Exposure Limits)
X-ray emissions are measured in milliroentgen.
Note: 1 milliroentgen of exposure to x-rays will result in approximately 1
millirem of dose.
FDA CFR 1020.4 mandates a maximum exposure limit from
cabinet X-Ray machines at 0.5 milliroentgens/hr @ any point
five centimeters from the external surface.
36. ®
Safety
(Exposure Limits)
For comparison….
Cosmic radiation
Flying in a commercial jet at at 35,000 ft (.3-.4 milliroentgens)
Background
Living in geographical regions where heavy elements (Radon)
present.*
*average person receives 360 mrem/year from background radiation
37. ®
Safety
(Equipment Operators)
Are the operators of cabinet x-ray systems required to
wear a“radiation badge”?
Personnel monitoring equipment is not required by
Federal regulation for operators of cabinet x-ray systems.
It is possible that some state regulations or the policies of
the operators’ employer require use of personnel
monitoring equipment.
38. ®
Safety
(Equipment Safeguards)
All cabinet X-Ray machines must comply with FDA
CFR 1020.40 Regulations including...
•Dual circuit interlocks
•Safety relay circuit < 20ms between circuits
•“X-ray on” lamp failure monitoring
•Signage
•Emergency stops
•Appropriate Shielding
39. ®
Safety
Eriez X-Ray systems do not contain radioactive materials,
such as Uranium. When the power is shut off, no X-rays
are present or generated.
40. ®
Will X-Rays Degrade or Irradiate
My Product?
NO.
The radiation dose typically received by objects scanned by a
cabinet x-ray system is 1 millirad or less.
The minimum dose used in food irradiation for food preservation or
destruction of parasites or pathogens is 30,000 rad.
see Title 21 CFR 179 of FDA guidelines for additional information.
41. ®
Regulatory Considerations
You will need to:
• Register Equipment according to State and Local
regulations
• Develop Safety Program Audit
• Develop Operating and Emergency Procedures
• Develop Training Program
• Record Retention
• Designate a Radiation Safety Officer*
*only applicable in some states
42. ®
Utility Requirements
• Voltage:110/220 60 Hertz Vac single or three phase
• Current: 10 amp
• Wattage: 100-300
• Air Supply: 80-90 psi
43. ®
System Specifications
(Detector)
Eriez Linear X-Ray detector is an integrated detection
module with a linear diode array up to 1024mm in
length. It has the following features :
• Available in diode pitch of 1.6mm, 0.8mm, 0.4mm,
0.2mm
• Data interface RS422 pixel rate of up to 4MHz
• Scan rate from 50 to 4000 scans/sec
• Output resolution of 8 to 12 bits as standard
• Control interface USB 2.0 as standard, RS232
optionally
44. ®
System Specifications
(Detector)
• Dual channel radiographic trigger
• Scan rate fixed or synchronous to external clock
• Pixel output normalised by internal DSP processor
• Output translation tables provide gamma law
• All cables exit from end of module for easy connection
46. ®
System Specifications
(Output Relays)
MOS Relays
• Solid State
• Opto-Isolated
• 24Vdc
• Drive current of 1.5 amps
• Suitable for directly driving valve solenoids, lamps, etc.
• Short circuit protected
47. ®
System Specifications
(Detector)
Operational
Ambient temperature
0-40 C
Relative humidity
30-80 % (non condensing)
48. ®
System Specifications
(Tank)
• The XR high energy tanks are
cooled by circulating oil. They
are powered from 110/240Vac
50/60Hz.
• The XR lower energy tanks are
air cooled by integrated fans.
They are powered from 24Vdc
power supplies (not included).
• The units are controlled by
remote analog inputs or by
RS232 communications.
54. ®
Summary
• Detection of Contaminants
• Mass control
• Product Integrity
• Fill level
• Insert detection
55. ®
Summary
•Real time analysis of product on packaging lines
•Real time inspection of products to confirm mass
•Detection and elimination of foreign bodies including
metal, stone, glass, bone and certain plastics
57. ®
Summary
•Windows XP Professional Operating System
•Ethernet interface to high speed wireless network
•Optional wireless network
•External USB connectors
58. ®
Summary
• Proprietary X-Ray systems employ low energy X-
Rays which is the key to sensitivity, reliability, and
efficiency.
• Safe to operate
60. ®
Definitions
Exposure is a term defining the amount of ionizing radiation that
strikes living or inanimate material. (This is a general definition. In
health physics, exposure is specifically defined as a measure of
ionization in air caused by x-ray or gamma radiation only.)
61. ®
Definitions
Dose means the quantity of radiation or energy absorbed. Dose
may refer to the following:
•absorbed dose, the amount of energy deposited per unit mass.
•equivalent dose, the absorbed dose adjusted for the relative
biological effect of the type of radiation being measured.
62. ®
Definitions
Roentgen (R) is a unit of exposure of ionizing radiation and
indicates the strength of the ionizing radiation. One Roentgen is the
amount of x-ray needed to produce ions carrying 1 electrostatic unit
of electrical charge in 1 cubic centimeter of dry air under standard
conditions.
63. ®
Definitions
Roentgen absorbed dose (rad) is the basic unit of absorbed
radiation dose. A dose of 1 rad to an object means each gram of the
object received 100 ergs of energy or 1 rad = 100 ergs/gram.
64. ®
Definitions
Roentgen Equivalent Man (rem) is the basic unit of
equivalent dose, and relates the absorbed dose in human
tissue to the biological effect of the radiation.
Not all radiation has the same biological effect, even for the
same amount of absorbed dose.
65. ®
Definitions
Exposure is a term defining the amount of ionizing radiation that
strikes living or inanimate material. (This is a general definition. In
health physics, exposure is specifically defined as a measure of
ionization in air caused by x-ray or gamma radiation only.)
