We Provide These Services :
Total Knee Replacement,
Revision Joint Replacement Surgery,
Total Hip Replacement
In modern total knee replacement surgery, only the worn out cartilage surfaces of the joint are replaced.
The entire knee is not actually replaced. The operation is basically a resurfacing (or “retread”) procedure. On resurfaced area, hip or knee joints made up of specialized alloy metal and ultra high density polyethylene (UHDP) plastic are placed.
A magnetic resonance imaging studyof the temporomandibular joint and the disc...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Causative correction of skeletal malocclusions is achieved through bite–jumping by various means. Numerous animal experiments yielded evidence of rebuilt temporomandibular structures after mandibular protrusion. However, the mode and extent of structural and/or topographic changes of the disco-condylar relation after functional orthopaedic treatment is still an issue at stake. A problem exists in defining the physiologic (centric) position of the condyles and the proper disco-condylar relation which is tentatively determined by various methods particularly in MRI studies. Despite the high resolution provided, the results have to be interpreted with caution, as osseous resorption and apposition can not be assessed by visual evidence. In this article a prospective study is presented which proves the effectiveness of the “Wuerzburg concept“, i.e. bionator plus extraoral traction and up-and-down elastics, and its impact on the temporomandibular joint. The underlying reactions are studied by means of MR images obtained from sucessfully treated patients.
Book An Appointment with physiotherapist Doctor in best Orthopedic Rehabilitation centre at Physioway. We treat various orthopaedic issues such post fracture management, cervical spondylosis, Neck, Shoulder, Elbow and wrist pain, Knee Arthritis, Hip, Ankle, Foot & Heel Pain in Sushant Lok & Golf Course Road,DLF Phase 4,5 Gurgaon.
We Provide These Services :
Total Knee Replacement,
Revision Joint Replacement Surgery,
Total Hip Replacement
In modern total knee replacement surgery, only the worn out cartilage surfaces of the joint are replaced.
The entire knee is not actually replaced. The operation is basically a resurfacing (or “retread”) procedure. On resurfaced area, hip or knee joints made up of specialized alloy metal and ultra high density polyethylene (UHDP) plastic are placed.
A magnetic resonance imaging studyof the temporomandibular joint and the disc...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Causative correction of skeletal malocclusions is achieved through bite–jumping by various means. Numerous animal experiments yielded evidence of rebuilt temporomandibular structures after mandibular protrusion. However, the mode and extent of structural and/or topographic changes of the disco-condylar relation after functional orthopaedic treatment is still an issue at stake. A problem exists in defining the physiologic (centric) position of the condyles and the proper disco-condylar relation which is tentatively determined by various methods particularly in MRI studies. Despite the high resolution provided, the results have to be interpreted with caution, as osseous resorption and apposition can not be assessed by visual evidence. In this article a prospective study is presented which proves the effectiveness of the “Wuerzburg concept“, i.e. bionator plus extraoral traction and up-and-down elastics, and its impact on the temporomandibular joint. The underlying reactions are studied by means of MR images obtained from sucessfully treated patients.
Book An Appointment with physiotherapist Doctor in best Orthopedic Rehabilitation centre at Physioway. We treat various orthopaedic issues such post fracture management, cervical spondylosis, Neck, Shoulder, Elbow and wrist pain, Knee Arthritis, Hip, Ankle, Foot & Heel Pain in Sushant Lok & Golf Course Road,DLF Phase 4,5 Gurgaon.
Percutaneous discectomy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that treats contained, herniated discs. Specific procedures within the class include: manual percutaneous lumbar discectomy, Automated percutaneous lumbar discectomy (APLD) laser discectomy and nucleoplasty percutaneous intradiscal radiofrequency thermocoagulation is a procedure that allows the controlled delivery of heat to the intervertebral disc via an electrode or coil.
Located at Sector-7 Dwarka,New delhi with Diagnostic and Imaging facilities by Dr Maj Harshita Surange and Consultation and treatment by Dr Maj Pankaj N Surange, Interventional Pain and Spine Specialist.
International conference on Interventional Pain Management and FIPP Review course with Cadaveric Workshop at All India Institute of Medical Sciences AIIMS, New Delhi
Neck pain is an aching, burning, stabbing, shooting, or cramping pain. PCI is well known Neck Pain Treatment Clinic in Mumbai. Visit http://goo.gl/pqRBvJ & Get Relief from Neck Pain
We will discuss .
Definition ,Types, How it works, Components of RF Device ,How to localize the nerve, Size of lesion, Indication ,Contraindications ,Complication.
Radio Frequency Ablation (RFA Treatment ) -Modern Technology for management l...SafeMedTrip
Safemedtrip india's number one company of medical treatment, which provide low cost treatment package for international patient. if you have any problem Please scan and email your medical reports to us at hospitalindia@gmail.com or help@safemedtrip.com or call us at +91-9899993637 and we shall get you a Free, No Obligation Opinion from India's leading Specialist Doctors.
Trigger points are commonly seen in patients with myofascial pain which is responsible for localized
pain in the affected muscles as well as referred pain patterns. Correct needle placement in a
myofascial trigger point is vital to prevent complications and improve efficacy of the trigger point
injection to help reduce or relieve myofascial pain
Office based ultrasound-guided injection techniques for musculoskeletal
disorders have been described in the literature with regard to tendon, bursa, cystic, and
joint pathologies. For the interventionalist, utilizing ultrasound yields multiple advantages technically
and practically, including observation of needle placement in real-time, ability to perform
dynamic studies, the possibility of diagnosing musculoskeletal pathologies, avoidance of radiation
exposure, reduced overall cost, and portability of equipment within the office setting.
Radiofrequency. a new tool for non surgical skin tighteningOsama Moawad
Rejuvenation type 3 is deepest and targets deep dermal collagen disorders and skin laxity and sagging. Traditionally, these changes have been treated with surgery, such as rhytidectomy, blepharoplasty, and brow lifts. However, with the increasing demands of patients undergoing cosmetic surgery, minimally invasive procedures have gained popularity. In non-ablative tissue tightening, the epidermal injury is minimized, and thermal energy is directed into the reticular dermis and subcutis, where immediate tissue contraction and delayed remodeling are believed to collectively cause skin tightening. The attractive features of non-ablative skin tightening are limited post-procedure healing time, ability to return to work or social engagements, reduced risk of adverse events compared with ablative resurfacing or lifts procedures, and less need for physician oversight. For all these reasons, more patients are appropriate candidates for non-ablative skin rejuvenation than for ablative or surgical skin tightening. In an effort to increase penetration depth and strive towards collagen shrinkage and skin tightening, radiofrequency wavelengths have been recently employed
Minimally Invasive Spine and Pain Interventions (MIPSI) are going to be game changers in healthcare Industry.
Dr (Maj) Pankaj N Surange MD, FIPP, FIAPM
Director, IPSC India
Hon Secretary, Indian Society for the study of Pain, National
Introduction
The need of a specialty arises as the burden of the disease increases. Pain medicine is one such new paradigm of medicine that require specialists who are trained to understand the distinctive needs of patients who suffer from chronic and complex pain.
Pain medicine is a discipline of medicine which deals with subacute, chronic and intractable and resistant painful conditions principally with minimally invasive interventional techniques. Acute pain for various conditions is managed by the specialist of that field and perioperative pain is managed mainly by Anesthesiologists.
Interventional techniques are minimally invasive, non-surgical procedures including percutaneous precision needle placement, with placement of drugs in targeted areas or ablation of targeted nerves; and some surgical techniques for the diagnosis and management of chronic, persistent, or intractable pain such as laser or endoscopic discectomy and spine procedures, Vertebroplasty, intrathecal infusion pumps, and spinal cord stimulators. (1)
There is overwhelming evidence showing an association of chronic pain with significant economic, societal, and health outcomes. (2,3) With increasing geriatric population and even more alarming, the young population getting affected with chronic pain. A study from across 42 countries identified that self-reported chronic pain amongst adolescent populations was common: 20.6% of young people experienced pain in at least two sites of headache, stomach, and backache. Chronic pain affects up to 30% of those aged 18–39 yr. (4)
A survey conducted by Indian Society for the study of pain showed 43% of patient with chronic pain consulting pain physicians belong to young age group between 25-45 years of age. Further, along with enormous costs and disability associated with reduced functioning, overuse of opioids and related fatalities have been well described. (5,6,7) Severe and chronic pain can impair mobility and function as well as reduce general quality of life, thereby posing barriers to human flourishing and productivity.
Prevalence of Chronic pain worldwide.
According to a study published by the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) in 2015, around 19.6% of the individuals aged between 20 to 60 years were suffering from low back pain worldwide. (8)
According to a study published by the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2012, around 20.3% of the population in the U.S. suffer from lower back pain. As per the report of the American Academy of Pain Medicine (AAPM) 2012, over 100 million people suffer from chronic pain.
Traditional nonsurgical Osteoarthritis therapies have limited utility and the treatment effect on
the disease is very low. Most of the therapies are aimed at controlling the symptoms but have
minimal or no effect on disease progression or repair. On the other hand, surgeries such as Total
knee replacement and partial knee replacement are unwarranted until the disease progresses to
moderate or end-stage.
Stem cell therapy by the Interventional Pain specialist has shown some promising results and has
shown disease modification to prevent knee joint destruction. Stem cell therapy for knee arthritis
has shown a reduction of pain and stiffness, improvement in physical function, and
maintains cartilage quality with minimal side effects. The cost of the procedure and affordability
are a matter of concern and may not be suitable for the masses.
With the DGCI approval of stem cell treatment for Knee osteoarthritis, IPSC is introducing stem
cells into clinical practice. The success of any new treatment depends on strict adherence to
the clinical protocols and research recommendations. In view of the above, IPSC is introducing
its treatment protocol for stem cell therapy.
Percutaneous discectomy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that treats contained, herniated discs. Specific procedures within the class include: manual percutaneous lumbar discectomy, Automated percutaneous lumbar discectomy (APLD) laser discectomy and nucleoplasty percutaneous intradiscal radiofrequency thermocoagulation is a procedure that allows the controlled delivery of heat to the intervertebral disc via an electrode or coil.
Located at Sector-7 Dwarka,New delhi with Diagnostic and Imaging facilities by Dr Maj Harshita Surange and Consultation and treatment by Dr Maj Pankaj N Surange, Interventional Pain and Spine Specialist.
International conference on Interventional Pain Management and FIPP Review course with Cadaveric Workshop at All India Institute of Medical Sciences AIIMS, New Delhi
Neck pain is an aching, burning, stabbing, shooting, or cramping pain. PCI is well known Neck Pain Treatment Clinic in Mumbai. Visit http://goo.gl/pqRBvJ & Get Relief from Neck Pain
We will discuss .
Definition ,Types, How it works, Components of RF Device ,How to localize the nerve, Size of lesion, Indication ,Contraindications ,Complication.
Radio Frequency Ablation (RFA Treatment ) -Modern Technology for management l...SafeMedTrip
Safemedtrip india's number one company of medical treatment, which provide low cost treatment package for international patient. if you have any problem Please scan and email your medical reports to us at hospitalindia@gmail.com or help@safemedtrip.com or call us at +91-9899993637 and we shall get you a Free, No Obligation Opinion from India's leading Specialist Doctors.
Trigger points are commonly seen in patients with myofascial pain which is responsible for localized
pain in the affected muscles as well as referred pain patterns. Correct needle placement in a
myofascial trigger point is vital to prevent complications and improve efficacy of the trigger point
injection to help reduce or relieve myofascial pain
Office based ultrasound-guided injection techniques for musculoskeletal
disorders have been described in the literature with regard to tendon, bursa, cystic, and
joint pathologies. For the interventionalist, utilizing ultrasound yields multiple advantages technically
and practically, including observation of needle placement in real-time, ability to perform
dynamic studies, the possibility of diagnosing musculoskeletal pathologies, avoidance of radiation
exposure, reduced overall cost, and portability of equipment within the office setting.
Radiofrequency. a new tool for non surgical skin tighteningOsama Moawad
Rejuvenation type 3 is deepest and targets deep dermal collagen disorders and skin laxity and sagging. Traditionally, these changes have been treated with surgery, such as rhytidectomy, blepharoplasty, and brow lifts. However, with the increasing demands of patients undergoing cosmetic surgery, minimally invasive procedures have gained popularity. In non-ablative tissue tightening, the epidermal injury is minimized, and thermal energy is directed into the reticular dermis and subcutis, where immediate tissue contraction and delayed remodeling are believed to collectively cause skin tightening. The attractive features of non-ablative skin tightening are limited post-procedure healing time, ability to return to work or social engagements, reduced risk of adverse events compared with ablative resurfacing or lifts procedures, and less need for physician oversight. For all these reasons, more patients are appropriate candidates for non-ablative skin rejuvenation than for ablative or surgical skin tightening. In an effort to increase penetration depth and strive towards collagen shrinkage and skin tightening, radiofrequency wavelengths have been recently employed
Minimally Invasive Spine and Pain Interventions (MIPSI) are going to be game changers in healthcare Industry.
Dr (Maj) Pankaj N Surange MD, FIPP, FIAPM
Director, IPSC India
Hon Secretary, Indian Society for the study of Pain, National
Introduction
The need of a specialty arises as the burden of the disease increases. Pain medicine is one such new paradigm of medicine that require specialists who are trained to understand the distinctive needs of patients who suffer from chronic and complex pain.
Pain medicine is a discipline of medicine which deals with subacute, chronic and intractable and resistant painful conditions principally with minimally invasive interventional techniques. Acute pain for various conditions is managed by the specialist of that field and perioperative pain is managed mainly by Anesthesiologists.
Interventional techniques are minimally invasive, non-surgical procedures including percutaneous precision needle placement, with placement of drugs in targeted areas or ablation of targeted nerves; and some surgical techniques for the diagnosis and management of chronic, persistent, or intractable pain such as laser or endoscopic discectomy and spine procedures, Vertebroplasty, intrathecal infusion pumps, and spinal cord stimulators. (1)
There is overwhelming evidence showing an association of chronic pain with significant economic, societal, and health outcomes. (2,3) With increasing geriatric population and even more alarming, the young population getting affected with chronic pain. A study from across 42 countries identified that self-reported chronic pain amongst adolescent populations was common: 20.6% of young people experienced pain in at least two sites of headache, stomach, and backache. Chronic pain affects up to 30% of those aged 18–39 yr. (4)
A survey conducted by Indian Society for the study of pain showed 43% of patient with chronic pain consulting pain physicians belong to young age group between 25-45 years of age. Further, along with enormous costs and disability associated with reduced functioning, overuse of opioids and related fatalities have been well described. (5,6,7) Severe and chronic pain can impair mobility and function as well as reduce general quality of life, thereby posing barriers to human flourishing and productivity.
Prevalence of Chronic pain worldwide.
According to a study published by the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) in 2015, around 19.6% of the individuals aged between 20 to 60 years were suffering from low back pain worldwide. (8)
According to a study published by the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2012, around 20.3% of the population in the U.S. suffer from lower back pain. As per the report of the American Academy of Pain Medicine (AAPM) 2012, over 100 million people suffer from chronic pain.
Traditional nonsurgical Osteoarthritis therapies have limited utility and the treatment effect on
the disease is very low. Most of the therapies are aimed at controlling the symptoms but have
minimal or no effect on disease progression or repair. On the other hand, surgeries such as Total
knee replacement and partial knee replacement are unwarranted until the disease progresses to
moderate or end-stage.
Stem cell therapy by the Interventional Pain specialist has shown some promising results and has
shown disease modification to prevent knee joint destruction. Stem cell therapy for knee arthritis
has shown a reduction of pain and stiffness, improvement in physical function, and
maintains cartilage quality with minimal side effects. The cost of the procedure and affordability
are a matter of concern and may not be suitable for the masses.
With the DGCI approval of stem cell treatment for Knee osteoarthritis, IPSC is introducing stem
cells into clinical practice. The success of any new treatment depends on strict adherence to
the clinical protocols and research recommendations. In view of the above, IPSC is introducing
its treatment protocol for stem cell therapy.
IPSC INDIA
INTERVENTIONAL PAIN AND SPINE CENTER INDIA
IPSC India is a state-of-the-art Center of Excellence offering the highest standard of quality care with the most technologically advanced treatments by implementing practice guidelines derived from “evidence based medicine.”
We have best of the Equipments that includes ALNITEC Ozone Generator imported from Italy, COSMAN Radiofrequency generator, GE Fluoroscopy Machine for precise placement, GE LOGIC P-5 for ultrasound guided Interventions, STRYKER Disc decompressors, STRYKER Vertebroplasty,Endoleak Scope from Germany for Endoscopic Discectomy.
Interventions are the minimally invasive techniques to control chronic knee and joint pains. Some procedures are even offered to patients who are not fit to undergo surgery.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path