This document provides an overview of internet governance and filtering. It defines internet governance as the development and application of shared principles, norms, rules and procedures that shape the evolution and use of the internet. It discusses various authorities involved in internet governance like ICANN and ISOC. It then defines internet filtering and the different types of content filtered. It discusses the global status of filtering for political, social and security content. It highlights problems with internet filtering like effects on performance and ethics. It concludes there is a need for improved cooperation and standards set by an independent organization.
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The Internet Society is an international, non-profit organization founded in 1992 to provide leadership in Internet related standards, education, and policy.
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The Internet Society is an international, non-profit organization founded in 1992 to provide leadership in Internet related standards, education, and policy.
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The Internet and Global Governance Principles and Norms MoseStaton39
The Internet and Global Governance: Principles and Norms for a New Regime
Author(s): Milton Mueller, John Mathiason and Hans Klein
Source: Global Governance, Vol. 13, No. 2 (April–June 2007), pp. 237-254
Published by: Brill
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Global Governance 13 (2007), 237-254
The Internet and Global Governance:
Principles and Norms
for a New Regime
<W -
Milton Mueller, John Mathiason,
and Hans Klein
Since the mid-1990s, efforts have been under way to construct an inter
national regime for global Internet governance. Beginning with the for
mation of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers,
efforts at regime construction were a main focus of the 2001-2005 UN
World Summit on the Information Society. However, little progress was
made toward an international agreement. This reflected policymakers' ill
advised attempt to shortcut regime construction: they attempted to define
regime rules and procedures without first defining underlying principles
and norms. This article offers example sets of principles and norms of the
type that are missing and that could provide the foundation for an Internet
governance regime. The authors conclude that a framework convention
would be the appropriate institutional mechanism for advancing regime
construction. Keywords: Internet governance, regime theory, World Sum
mit on the Information Society, ICANN, framework convention.
Since the mid-1990s, efforts have been under way to construct a global co
ordination and policymaking framework for the Internet. Such an inter
national regime for Internet governance would be, at minimum, the sole
global authority for the allocation of network addresses and domain names to
users around the world. It could do much more, however?perhaps make global
public policy on issues like unsolicited e-mail (spam), computer network secu
rity, and freedom of expression. Over the ten years of work on this regime, there
have been several loci of activity: the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names
and Numbers (ICANN), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), and the World Summit on
the Information Society (WSIS). Despite eno ...
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3. Contents
1 Internet Governance
+ Definition
+ Status
2 Internet Filtering
+ Definition
+ Status
+ Problems
3 Case Study and Discussion
+ Filtering Standard
4 Conclusion
3
4. As March 2011
Internet Population: 2.095b
About 30.2% of World Population
Source: InternetWorldStats.com
4
Source: opte.org
6. Internet Governance - Definition
“Internet governance is the development and
application by Governments, the private sector and
civil society, in their respective roles, of shared
principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures,
and programs that shape the evolution and use of the
Internet.” (source: wikipedia)
The term Internet Governance is formally defined in
June 2005 by a working group in World Summit on
the Information Society (WSIS)
6
7. Internet Governance - Authorities
Internet Society Internet Corporation for Assigned
(ISOC) Names and Numbers (ICANN)
Internet Assigned Numbers
Internet Architecture Authority (IANA)
Board (IAB)
Address Supporting Organization
Internet Engineering (ASO)
Task Force
(IETG) (IESG) Country Code Names Supporting
Organization (CCNSO)
Internet Research Task
Force Generic Names Supporting
(IRTF) (IRSG) Organization (GGNSO)
Network Solutions
- Central Domain Database Accredited Registrars 7
Source: coactive.org - Root Server System
8. Internet Governance - Authorities
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN)
ICANN was formed in 1998. ICANN is an acronym for the Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, a global multi-
stakeholder organization that was created and empowered through
actions by the U.S. government and its Department of Commerce. It
coordinates the Internet DNS, IP addresses and autonomous system
numbers; which involves a continued management of these evolving
systems and the protocols that underly them.
The Internet Society
The Internet Society (ISOC) is a nonprofit organization founded in
1992 to provide leadership in Internet related standards, education
and policy. They are dedicated to ensuring the open development,
evolution and use of the Internet for the benefit of people throughout
the world.
8
9. Internet Governance - Principles
1. Human rights, democracy and rule of law
2. Multi-Stakeholder governance
3. Responsibilities of States
4. Empowerment of Internet Users
5. Global nature of the internet
6. Integrity of the Internet
7. Decentralized management
8. Open architecture
9. Network neutrality
10. Cultural and linguistic diversity
(Source: Council of Europe conference, Strasbourg, 18-19 April 2011) 9
13. Internet Filtering - Definition
Internet filtering normally refers to the technical
approaches to control access to information on the
Internet.
An Internet filter is hardware or software that restricts
the information that is delivered over the Internet.
Filters can greatly reduce the flow of harmful content
onto your computer.
Filters can be installed on the servers of an Internet
Service Provider (ISP) or proxy service, as part of a
local area network, or on individual computers. They
can block access to websites, e-mail, chat, or other
Internet-based communications based on category,
site, or content.
13
14. Types of Content Filtered
Political reasons - Content that expresses views in
opposition to those of the current government, or is
related to human rights, freedom of expression,
minority rights.
Religious reasons
Social reasons - commonly pornography,
information about gay and lesbian issues, and sex
education information
14
15. Internet Filtering - Implementation
How filtering is implemented
- Domain filtering
eg. http://facebook.com
- IP Address filtering
eg. 69.63.189.11
- URL filtering
eg. http://www.facebook.com/ BarCampSaigon
- Keyword filtering
eg. “Tiananmen” in China
- Ad-hoc filtering
eg. Ebay Vietnam
15
16. 2011 Best Internet Filter Software
Source: http://internet-filter-review.toptenreviews.com/ 16
17. Global Status - Political content
Political content: Content that expresses views in opposition to those of
the current government, or is related to human rights, freedom of
expression, minority rights, and religious movements.
17
Source: http://map.opennet.net/filtering-pol.html
18. Global Status - Social content
Social content: Content related to sexuality, gambling, and illegal drugs and
alcohol, as well as other topics that may be socially sensitive or perceived as
offensive.
18
Source: http://map.opennet.net/filtering-soc.html
19. Global Status - Conflict & security
Conflict & security: Content related to armed conflicts, border disputes,
separatist movements, and militant groups.
19
Source: http://map.opennet.net/filtering-consec.html
20. China - the leader in internet filtering
Source: http://opennet.net/research/profiles/china
China + Internet = Chinternet
20
21. Internet Filtering – Problem
Internet Performance
Eg. In Australia from 2% - 75%
(http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/_assets/main/lib310554/
isp-level_internet_content_filtering_trial-report.pdf)
Ethic / Freedom of speech /
Human Rights
Inefficiency Jasmine Revolution in Egypt
Aggressive filter: block the wrong content
because of over-filtering
2010: 255 million websites, 1.97 billion – Internet users worldwide (June 2010).
(source: http://royal.pingdom.com/2011/01/12/internet-2010-in-numbers/)
Eg. Website of Log Cabin Republicans was blocked by U.S.-based SmartFilter
as pornography
User can by pass by using proxy
Eg. public proxy servers or tools
21
22. Internet Filtering – Problem (cont.)
Each country implement its own of filtering engine
costly, ineffective
Eg. Australia: Based on the Government's budgeting of $44.5 million to implement the filtering
scheme, this means the policy will cost $90,000 per URL.
(source: http://www.smh.com.au/news/technology/web/2009/06/03/1243708489312.html)
Global problems: criminal, virus, sexuality, gambling, and
illegal drugs and alcohol, security…
Should filtering implemented by
individual or as a global standard? 22
23. Discussion – .XXX
Sexually-Explicit Website
Operated under ICM Registry
Brief history
First proposed in 2000 (rejected)
Resubmitted again in 2004 (rejected)
Another time in 2007 (rejected)
Finally approved in 2011
a 10-years effort
ICM is expected to make over 200m / year
Source: Wikipedia
23
24. Discussion – .XXX
Cyber Safety for Kids Act of 2006
Raised by Senator Max Baucus and Mark
Pryor
Require website with explicit sexual content
MUST operate under .xxx domain
Should we consider .xxx domain
as a standard for sexual filtering ?
24
25. Discussion - .XXX
IOMO: .XXX is not feasible for a filtering
standard
How to define sexual content ?
How to enforce the standard globally ?
Commercialized-motivation ?
25
27. Conclusion
There is a need for Internet Governance, but is not a simple
subject.
The Internet filtering is costly, ineffective now.
There is a greater need for cooperation between various branches
of government and law enforcement in and between countries.
The trend: build up the standards by
+ An Independent Organization
+ By cooperation governments
Our opinion:
- Independent Organization (ICANN reform, ITU…)
- And…
27
28. References
Local Nets: Filtering and the Internet Governance Problem,
John Palfrey, (Chapter in Jack Balkin et al., The Global Flow of
Information) September, 2005
Wikipedia
OpenNET Intialtive, website http://opennet.net
CoActive.org/.NYC Project
ICANN, website http://www.icann.org
28
Ask other to guess what is it ?- This is the visualized version of the internet.say something about the importance of the internet (some story of my life, how i get addicted to the internet)+ internet acts as an important and reliable information sourcesay something about the structure of the internet+ structured, complicated, and successful model+Internet is hierarchy structured. The complexity of the internet (click)The internet is growing fast.400% compared with ten years ago The internet gives us many benefits but also create us a lot of issues etheir
Identify the problemNot mentioning about virus, scam or identification theft.The question is who should be responsible for these issues, who will fix it, who will make the decisions. local authority or global organization Thinking about internet as a big organization, multi-international organization. need some kind of governance. who is doing it ? Who is making the decision ?
This is a general definition but I think it covers most aspect for internet governance.It covers almost every roles in the public from government to individual.
http://www.coactivate.org/projects/campaign-for.nyc/global-internet-governanceThis is not a complete picture, but somehow presents the current stateExplain each authority
Source: Council of Europe conference, Strasbourg, 18-19 April 2011It’s only a draft versionHighlight multi-stakeholder governance
To be more detail what is concerned in Internet GovernanceInternet Filtering
Internet is growing very fastMore than 2,095m users, 30.2 %In Vietnam: 1/3
China has the world's biggest online population: more than 380m users.More than sixty Internet regulations. The size of the Internet police is rumored at more than 30,000 have to submit identity cards and photos of themselves, as well as meeting regulators before their sites could be registered.The escalation of the government's effort to neutralize critical online opinion comes after a series of large anti-Japanese, anti-pollution, anti-corruption protests, and ethnic riots, many of which were organized or publicized using instant messaging services, chat rooms, and text messages.- How about VietNam? Give some websites that blocked… (danluan.org, facebook, )- The governmental authorities not only block website content but also monitor the Internet access of individuals.
Discussion that filtering is necessary. I would like to come to an agreement between us that “Filtering is necessary” Public common need
There is also a bill in US …I’m going to be a supporter for this ruleDo a SWOTStrength: easy to implement, global standardWeakness: filter just does not workOpportunity: use the money to do something elseThreat: the law will changeWhat do you think ?
Actually .xxx is a starter step for gTLD domain, such as .ipad .apple .nyc .hcmc180k for registration and 20k for renew
To extend more further about the topic ….Behind the domain story, there is also another issue with current situation of internet governance. ICANN is too effected by US-Government, there are many complains and criticized by other countries and organization. For example the .gov and .mil domain is exclusive for U.S Governance