International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
ABSTRACT: The direct current photoconductivity of the powdered silicon and photovoltaic effect in the monocrystallic silicon are investigated. It is shown that organic dyes on the semiconductor surface effectively increase the internal photo effect in the dye absorption band. The photoconductivity of dyed powdered samples in the absorption range of the dyes is higher than the photoconductivity of undyed silicon by more than an order of magnitude. The optimum concentration of dye molecules on the monocrystal surface for a sensitization is 3×1015 cm -2 , which corresponds to the dye film thickness of about 30 monolayers or 10-15 nanometers
As a new type of nanomaterials with the most thin, the maximum intensity and most conductive conductivity, graphene is known as "black gold" and "king of new materials". https://www.alfa-chemistry.com/products/graphene-38.htm
Done By: Arwa_Black7
School Name: Arwa Bint Abdul Motaleb Secondary Independent School for Girls
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) Module:
The students study the concept of using dyes to plant dyes to capture the solar energy to convert it into electrical energy simulating the natural process “photosynthesis”. They use the workshop-gained knowledge in DSSC to invent new products.
Our project idea is about using of basil pigment in lighting tents in the desert using Dye-sensitized solar cell.
ABSTRACT: The direct current photoconductivity of the powdered silicon and photovoltaic effect in the monocrystallic silicon are investigated. It is shown that organic dyes on the semiconductor surface effectively increase the internal photo effect in the dye absorption band. The photoconductivity of dyed powdered samples in the absorption range of the dyes is higher than the photoconductivity of undyed silicon by more than an order of magnitude. The optimum concentration of dye molecules on the monocrystal surface for a sensitization is 3×1015 cm -2 , which corresponds to the dye film thickness of about 30 monolayers or 10-15 nanometers
As a new type of nanomaterials with the most thin, the maximum intensity and most conductive conductivity, graphene is known as "black gold" and "king of new materials". https://www.alfa-chemistry.com/products/graphene-38.htm
Done By: Arwa_Black7
School Name: Arwa Bint Abdul Motaleb Secondary Independent School for Girls
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) Module:
The students study the concept of using dyes to plant dyes to capture the solar energy to convert it into electrical energy simulating the natural process “photosynthesis”. They use the workshop-gained knowledge in DSSC to invent new products.
Our project idea is about using of basil pigment in lighting tents in the desert using Dye-sensitized solar cell.
A short description about Graphene. Gives information about the discovery, properties, applications. This short file contains all the major information about graphene and appropriate references for further research.
Properties and applications of graphene.
More introductions about graphene are in Alfa Chemistry.
https://www.alfa-chemistry.com/products/graphene-38.htm
The Albedo of Metallic Nanoparticles Computed from FDTDAI Publications
This manuscript presents the albedo, a measure of a nanoparticles light retention capability, for silver, aluminum, gold, chromium, copper, nickel and titanium throughout the visible spectrum. Lumerical’s finite-difference time-domain Maxwell’s equation solver was employed to analyze how light of various angles and polarizations interacts with such materials in three dimensions. All of the particles in this study are 50 nm in radius.
Done by Group: ABW-Pearls7
School: Amna Bint Wahb Independent School for Girls
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) Module: The students study the concept of using dyes to plant dyes to capture the solar energy to convert it into electrical energy simulating the natural process “photosynthesis”. They use the workshop-gained knowledge in DSSC to invent new products.
ABW-Pearls7 used Henna to form silver Nano-particles to be used as a dye in DSSC with reference to a research paper in 2013. The results we gained were better than this paper. The application idea is D-SOBATT which is a battery charged with the solar energy through DSSC.
Black Silicon Photovoltaics: Fabrication methods and propertiesIJRESJOURNAL
Abstract: Black Silicon (BSi) is an interesting surface texture for solar cells because of its extremely low reflectance on a wide wavelength range and acceptance angle. This might lead to both an increase in efficiency and a reduction in the manufacturing costs of solar cells. The rise of BSi as a focus of study for its fundamental properties and potentially lucrative practical applications is shown by several recent results. A review of some common fabrication methods of black silicon, including metal-assisted chemical etching, reactive ion etching and laser irradiation process are discussed in the paper. Their resulting morphologies and a quantitative analysis of the optoelectronic properties are also presented and discussed. The utilization of BSi as an antireflection coating in solar cells is then critically examined and appraised. This review paper will serve as a useful introduction to this neoteric material and its properties and provide a general overview of recent progress in research currently being undertaken for renewable energy applications.
A short description about Graphene. Gives information about the discovery, properties, applications. This short file contains all the major information about graphene and appropriate references for further research.
Properties and applications of graphene.
More introductions about graphene are in Alfa Chemistry.
https://www.alfa-chemistry.com/products/graphene-38.htm
The Albedo of Metallic Nanoparticles Computed from FDTDAI Publications
This manuscript presents the albedo, a measure of a nanoparticles light retention capability, for silver, aluminum, gold, chromium, copper, nickel and titanium throughout the visible spectrum. Lumerical’s finite-difference time-domain Maxwell’s equation solver was employed to analyze how light of various angles and polarizations interacts with such materials in three dimensions. All of the particles in this study are 50 nm in radius.
Done by Group: ABW-Pearls7
School: Amna Bint Wahb Independent School for Girls
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) Module: The students study the concept of using dyes to plant dyes to capture the solar energy to convert it into electrical energy simulating the natural process “photosynthesis”. They use the workshop-gained knowledge in DSSC to invent new products.
ABW-Pearls7 used Henna to form silver Nano-particles to be used as a dye in DSSC with reference to a research paper in 2013. The results we gained were better than this paper. The application idea is D-SOBATT which is a battery charged with the solar energy through DSSC.
Black Silicon Photovoltaics: Fabrication methods and propertiesIJRESJOURNAL
Abstract: Black Silicon (BSi) is an interesting surface texture for solar cells because of its extremely low reflectance on a wide wavelength range and acceptance angle. This might lead to both an increase in efficiency and a reduction in the manufacturing costs of solar cells. The rise of BSi as a focus of study for its fundamental properties and potentially lucrative practical applications is shown by several recent results. A review of some common fabrication methods of black silicon, including metal-assisted chemical etching, reactive ion etching and laser irradiation process are discussed in the paper. Their resulting morphologies and a quantitative analysis of the optoelectronic properties are also presented and discussed. The utilization of BSi as an antireflection coating in solar cells is then critically examined and appraised. This review paper will serve as a useful introduction to this neoteric material and its properties and provide a general overview of recent progress in research currently being undertaken for renewable energy applications.
Effects of Different Parameters in Enhancing the Efficiency of Plasmonic Thin...IJAMSE Journal
Efficiency of thin film solar cells are less comparing to thick film solar cells which can be enhanced by utilizing the metal nanoparticles near their localized Plasmon resonance. In this paper, we have reviewed the Plasmon resonance of metallic nanoparticles and its application in solar cell technology. Beside this, we have also reviewed about different parameters which dominate the nanoparticles to increase optical absorption. Thus a cost-effective model has been proposed.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Comparison of Different types of Solar Cells – a Reviewiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Analysis Of Carbon Nanotubes And Quantum Dots In A Photovoltaic DeviceM. Faisal Halim
Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes and Quantum Dots in a Photovoltaic Device
A poster prepared by Francis and me; presented by Francis. I modified on of the photographs used, in this copy.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
Numerical Simulation and Efficiency Improvement of Solar Cell using Multi Lay...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Efficiency improvement of solar cell has been
achieved using design and simulation of anti-reflecting
coating. Anti-Reflecting coating helps in deploying new
geometries shape for the evaluation of different methods to
provide for light trapping in all directions and enables full
space utilization when bringing together into device arrays.
Efficiency improvement strategies have been discussed using
efficient selection of modules and surface texturing using
TCAD tools. Significant improvement in yield and
minimization of losses was achieved using device simulation
and process simulation platform using silvaco tools. Multilayer anti reflecting coating has been designed which can be
studied to analyze the performance of system. It was observed
that multi-layer coating helps in improvement of available
current for similar light beam under simulation.
Effects of Different Parameters In Enhancing The Efficiency of Plasmonic Thin...IJERA Editor
Efficiency of thin film solar cells are less comparing to thick film solar cells which can be enhanced by utilizing the metal nanoparticles near their localized Plasmon resonance. In this paper, we have reviewed the Plasmon resonance of metallic nanoparticles and its application in solar cell technology. Beside this, we have also reviewed about different parameters which dominate the nanoparticles to increase optical absorption. Thus a cost-effective model has been proposed.
An Research Article on Fabrication and Characterization of Nickel Oxide Coate...ijtsrd
In this paper we have produced NiO thin film based solar cells. The NiO thin film was then studied for their structural, optical and electrical properties. By the help of these results we have capable to know about the structure of NiO the phase purity of the thin film X ray diffraction XRD pattern of NiO showed the diffraction planes corresponding to cubic phase respectively. The optical properties showed that with the increase in the deposition time of NiO the energy band gap varied between 3.1 to 3.24 eV. In the end, IV characteristics of the thin films were obtained by the help of matlab in the presence of light as will as dark region. Vijay Aithekar "An Research Article on Fabrication and Characterization of Nickel Oxide Coated Solar Cell" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25300.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/nanotechnology/25300/an-research-article-on-fabrication-and-characterization-of-nickel-oxide-coated-solar-cell/vijay-aithekar
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org Volume 2 Issue 7 ǁ July. 2013 ǁ PP.101-104
www.ijesi.org 101 | Page
Silver nanoparticles to enhance the efficiency of silicon solar cells
1
Santanu Maity, 2
Sahadev Roy, 3
Abhishek Kumar
1,2
(Electronics and communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, Itanagar,
India)
3
(Electrical and Electronics Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, Itanagar, India)
ABSTRACT: Three major criteria are to be fulfilled for achieving high conversion efficiency in silicon solar
cells. They are injection of maximum optical power of the incident solar spectrum into the silicon, trapping of
optical power for maximum absorption inside silicon and efficient collection of the photo generated carriers.
Photon injection into the silicon solar cell is maximized with the help of anti reflection coatings on the silicon
surface which balances the refractive index mismatch between air and silicon. Absorption inside the cell may be
maximized by obliqueness of the light and multiple reflections inside the cell resulting in path length
enhancement. The obliqueness of light also results in a higher collection efficiency of the photo generated
carriers as the absorption takes place near the junction. To reduce the cost of such cells, there is a need for
more efficient use of the active silicon material. Advancements in nanotechnology have led to a new research
area for utilizing nano photonics for increasing the efficiency of existing solar cells. The use of metallic
nanoparticles on the front surface of silicon solar cells fulfills all the three criteria for achieving high efficiency
solar cells.
KEYWORDS: external quantum efficiency, plasma ionic effect, reflectance, nano particles
I. INTRODUCTION
Plasmonic structures can offer the possibility of reducing the physical thickness of the photovoltaic absorber
layers while remaining optically thick. Metallic nanoparticles can be used as subwavelength scattering elements
to couple freely propagating plane waves in sunlight into guided modes of an absorbing semiconductor thin
film[1]. Thin film solar cells show promise as economic alternatives to conventional silicon-wafer-based
photovoltaics, combining high efficiency with low processing and materials costs[2]. and thin film cells of
CdTe[3], amorphous Si [4] and CuInxGa1-xSe2[5,6] (CIGS) have been fabricated with absorbing layers a few
micrometers thick. In conventional cell designs, efficiencies of nanometer- thickness cells are strongly limited
by decreased absorption, carrier excitation, and photocurrent generation, and so new strategies for enhanced
absorption and light trapping are desirable[7,8] . Metallic nanostructured thin films, which support surface
plasmon polaritons (SPPs), have the potential to confine and guide incident sunlight into wavelength-scale or
subwave- length thickness absorber layer volumes[ 9] SPPs are collective oscillations of free electrons at the
boundary of a metal and a nonconducting metalic or semiconductor material[10-12]. optical excitation of SPPs
has been performed by prism coupling [13,14] and more recently by gratings[15] which can be highly efficient
but limited in both wavelength and angular range. The diffraction and scattering of small apertures have been
studied for a number of years [16, 17] with particular attention recently to the transmission properties of holes
and slits. Plasmonic scattering from the metal nanoparticles when coupled to the underlined silicon results in
increased injection. The angular spread of the scattering results in path length enhancement with better
absorption and better collection. But the ohmic loss present in metallic nanoparticles is seemed to degrade the
performance of conventional nitride coated silicon solar cells in the wavelength region of 300-1100nm.
However, replacing metallic small size nanoparticles with metalic big size nanoparticles avoids the loss
of energy due to joule heating as most conventional metalics are lossless in the wavelength region of 300-
1100nm. The application of such lossless metalic nanoparticles with optimum surface coverage on the top
surface of the solar cell substantially improves the photon injection but do not produce large angular scattering
for light trapping. However, light trapping inside the solar cell is achieved by embedding metalic nanoparticles
in the active silicon layer. The angular scattering from the metallic nanoparticles is enhanced as the mismatch in
refractive index with the embedding medium is maximized. In this paper, we study the comparative roles of
metal and metalic nanoparticles atop and embedded in the silicon substrate in enhancing the efficiency of silicon
solar cells. It is seen that a maximum relative improvement in efficiency of 28.4% is achieved for optimum
design conditions in case of 2µm thick silicon solar cell with optimized metallic nanoparticle coating atop the
silicon for maximized photon transmission and embedded metallic nanoparticles for large angular scattering.
2. Silver nanoparticles to enhance the efficiency ……
www.ijesi.org 102 | Page
II. EXPERIMENTAL DISCUSSION
Silver nitrate AgNO3 (Sigma Aldrich, UK) and trisodium citrate C6H5O7Na3 (Sigma Aldrich, UK) of
analytical grade purity, were used as starting materials without further purification. For making solution
deionised water (DI -water) of 18.2 MΩ-cm is taken. The silver colloid was prepared by using chemical
reduction method according to the description of Lee and Meisel [18].
Figure 1: Experimental setup for Ag nano particle reduction
The AgNO3 was dissolved in de-ionized water in a beaker. In experiment 250 ml of 20 mg AgNO3
was heated to boiling. To this solution 5 ml of 1 % trisodium citrate was added drop by drop. During the process
solution was mixed vigorously using magnetic starrer. Solution was heated until color’s change is evident (pale
yellow). Then it was removed from the heating element and stirred until cooled to room temperature. For
controlling the size of silver nano particles hydroxylamine hydrochloride (ClH4NO) of 5 x 10-3M is added with
different amount like 0.1 ml, 0.2ml, 0.3ml, 0.4ml, 0.5 ml in the original solution. As OH increases then pH
increases as a result it controls the size nano particles. Reaction of Ag nano particle is describe bellow
4Ag+
+ C6H5O7Na3 + 2H2O → 4Ag0
+ C6H5O7H3 + 3Na+
+ H+
+ O2↑
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Size dependent metal nanoparticles are strong scatterers of light at wavelengths near the plasmon
resonance for collective oscillation of the conduction electrons in the metal. For particles with diameters well
below the wavelength of light, a point dipole model describes the absorption and scattering of light well but the
size not less than 50 nm. On scattering different types of theory is introduced like
Mie theory describes the scattering and absorption of electromagnetic radiation by
spherical particles through solving the Maxwell equations. The scattering and absorption cross-sections
are described nicely by Bohren et al. below [19]
1
2
Where, is the polarizability of the particle. Here V is the particle volume, is the dielectric function
of the particle and is the dielectric function of the embedding medium. We can see that when the
particle polarizability will become very large. This is known as the surface plasmon resonance. At the surface
plasmon resonance the scattering cross-section can well exceed the geometrical cross section of the particle. For
example, at resonance a small silver nanoparticle in air has a scattering cross-section that is around ten times the
cross-sectional area of the particle. In such a case, to first-order, a substrate covered with a 10 % areal density of
particles could fully absorb and scatter the incident light. .
3. Silver nanoparticles to enhance the efficiency ……
www.ijesi.org 103 | Page
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
Reflectance(%)
Wavelength
After adding Ag Nano particles
Before adding Ag Nano particles
0 1
0
1
Figure 2: Reflectance of Si surface before and after the treatment
It is seen in figure 2 that before depositing nano particle the reflectance was near about 20% but after
depositing the nano particle it is reduces to 15% because when light signed on the top of the solar cell it excite
the silver particle depending on size. The excited nano particle then creates oscillating dipole which causes the
plasmonic effect and it enhance the path length of input light which shown in fig. 4.
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
ExternalQuantumEfficiency
Wavelength (nm)
Before adding Ag Nano particles
After adding Ag Nano particles
0 1
0
1
Figure 3: EQE of Si surface before and after the treatment
Due to the plasmonic effect electron hole pair generation increased which caused the enhancement of
solar cell efficiency. It is seen in figure 3 that the external quantum efficiency is increased after depositing the
silver nano particles that means the electron hole pair generation and collection is increased due to plasmonic
effect.
4. Silver nanoparticles to enhance the efficiency ……
www.ijesi.org 104 | Page
Figure 4: Plasmonic effect on silver nano particles
IV. CONCLUSION
Path length enhanced in the solar cell due to the properties of silver nanoparticles placed on the top of
the solar cell. Light trapping inside the solar cell is achieved by embedding nanoparticles in the active silicon
layer. The angular scattering from the nanoparticles is enhanced as the mismatch in refractive index with the
embedding medium is maximized. It is also seen that the size of the nanoparticle is also another vital issue as
<50nm size particle reduces the efficiency. In further study by taking different size and shape is investigated.
REFERENCES
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[2] Green, M. A. Physica E 2002, 14, 65.
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European Photovoltaic Solar Energy
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[10] Raether, H. Springer Tracts Mod. Phys. 1988, 111, 1.
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[12] Brongersma, M. L.; Kik, P. G. Surface Plasmon Photonics; Springer: Dordrecht, NL.
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[17] Bouwkamp, C. J. Philips Res. Rep. 1950, 5, 321.
[18] Fang, J., Zhong, C., Mu, R. The Study of Deposited Silver Particulate Films by Simple Method for
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[19] C. F. Bohren and D. R. Huffman, Absorption and scattering of light by small particles (Wiley-
Interscienc New York, 1983).