Europe is the third largest continent by population. It consists of 50 countries and has a total area of 10.18 million km2. While Russia is the largest country, Vatican City is the smallest. The climate and cultures vary widely across Europe. In recent decades, European countries have increasingly integrated their economies and policies through the European Union. However, the region still faces challenges such as economic instability and tensions along its borders.
ANALYSIS OF BREXIT IMPACT ON POLAND's MANUFACTURING INDUSTRYAlodia Fedora
EU has a long history with UK since UK was among the first countries that signed and joined the union yet due political, economical and social issues, Brexit referendum finally occurred. The term of Brexit refers to the withdrawal of UK from EU, it has caused tremendous uncertainties in different aspects of European Union. These uncertainties of post-Brexit provoke different assumptions and speculations about what will happen to European Union and to the rest of the members (i.e Poland). Poland, which is the biggest source of UK immigrants, might be directly influenced by Brexit both in positive and negative ways.
Therefore, this report will describe the EU history followed by the reasons and processes of Brexit. Furthermore, this report aims to analyse how the uncertainty of Brexit will impact on the EU, the Poland and Polish manufacturing industries.
ANALYSIS OF BREXIT IMPACT ON POLAND's MANUFACTURING INDUSTRYAlodia Fedora
EU has a long history with UK since UK was among the first countries that signed and joined the union yet due political, economical and social issues, Brexit referendum finally occurred. The term of Brexit refers to the withdrawal of UK from EU, it has caused tremendous uncertainties in different aspects of European Union. These uncertainties of post-Brexit provoke different assumptions and speculations about what will happen to European Union and to the rest of the members (i.e Poland). Poland, which is the biggest source of UK immigrants, might be directly influenced by Brexit both in positive and negative ways.
Therefore, this report will describe the EU history followed by the reasons and processes of Brexit. Furthermore, this report aims to analyse how the uncertainty of Brexit will impact on the EU, the Poland and Polish manufacturing industries.
International Business Management: Regional Economic EntegrationFeleke Solomon
Regional Economic Integration is one of the major emphasis topics under international business management. I highlight the meaning REI, its types, modes, and the importance of REI in facilitating International business.
egional economic integration
,
levels of economic integration
,
free trade area b) customs union c) common marke
,
the political case for regional integration
,
the economic case for regional integration
,
mercosur
,
regional economic integration in europe
,
evolution of the european union
,
impediments to integration
,
the case against regional integration
,
the andean community
,
classroom performance system
,
the north american free trade agreement
,
asia-pacific economic cooperation
,
regional economic integration elsewhere
,
regional trade blocs in africa
,
political structure of the european union
,
enlargement of the european union
,
the single european act
,
the establishment of the euro
,
central american common market and caricom
International Economic Integration and their Current Practices Part - IDr. Anita Rathod
Economic regional block, European Union, EU's current practices, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), USMCA/CUSMA, Difference between NAFTA and USMCA, NAFTA's Current Practices
The Euro Crisis & New Jersey Business (2012)Marissa Pié
-Disparate narrative and statistical data sources regarding the Euro Crisis and its implications on U.S. industry.
-Collected throughout internship experience
-Presented as a unified plan of action for the New Jersey Department of State
Detailed view about the function and policies of european union and challenges faced by the European union , various policy,history and other detailed functions conducted by europen union
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
The WhatsPump Pseudonym Problem and the Hilarious Downfall of Artificial Enga...
International business environment europe
1. INTRODUCTION
Europe is the sixth largest continent in size
and the third largest in population. It consists
of 50 countries.
It is bordered by Mediterranean sea to the
south, Atlantic ocean to the west, Arctic
ocean to the north and Asia to the east.
It has area of 10,180,000 km2.
Population density of 72.9/km2
It has single Currency ,i.e. euro
Russia is by far largest by both area and
population while Vatican city is the smallest.
The climate of Europe varies from subtropical
to polar.
It has been home to some of the earth’s
greatest civilisation and also to the birth of
democracy.
2. To promote greater cooperation and further
integrate their economies and, Europeans sought to
minimize the variability of their exchange rates
In 1979, the European Monetary System (EMS) linked
EU member currencies to the Deutschemark in a
fixed-rate regime
In 1992 Maastricht Treaty, EU members agreed to
create a common currency (the euro) managed by a
single authority, the European Central Bank (ECB)
History Of Europe
3. Geopolitics is a method of studying Foreign
Policy to understand, explain and predict
international political behavior through
the study of the relationship
among politics and geography
demography, and economics, especially w
ith respect to the foreign policy of a nation
.
Geopolitics Of Europe
5. Recent case is of Ukraine- Russia unrest.
• Until recently, the greatest risks to European stability
were internal. The euro-zone debt crisis triggered
tensions between and within member states that at
various times looked likely to lead to serious social unrest
and even a breakup of the currency union.
• Instead, the most pressing threats to European stability
are now external.
• The shooting down of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 with
298 people on board has dramatically raised the stakes in
the war between the government of Ukraine and the pro-
Russia separatists in the Donetsk region on the EU's
eastern border. If Russian involvement is proved, calls for
a far tougher European response than has so far been
contemplated will surely be impossible to resist
6. History Of European Union
European integration:
● Initiated in Western Europe in aftermath of World War II.
●context marked by political
and economic reconstruction, beginning of Cold War.
Three Communities created in 1950s:
●European Coal
and Steel Community (ECSC), ●European Atomic Energy
Community (Euratom) and
● European Economic
Community (EEC), with six member states.
From 6 (1951) founding members to 28(2015) members
Founding members are Belguim ,France ,Italy ,Luxembourg , Germany and the
Netherland
7.
8. Working Of EU
Three main institutions are responsible for
the day-to-day running of the
European union.
The European Commission:
To propose new EU laws;
To manage and implement EU policies
and the budget
The council for european
union.
To conclude international agreements
between the EU and other countries
To coordinate cooperation between
national courts and police forces in
criminal matters.
The European Parliament:
▪To pass EU laws, jointly with the Council, in
many policy areas;
▪To approve or reject the budget proposed
by the Council.
9. Benign environment gave way to the Great Recession
in 2008 which shook confidence in lending to the
periphery
As their debts mounted, foreign banks became
doubtful that peripheral countries could repay, which
forced interest rates higher—a vicious circle
Crisis followed with the economic turmoil in PIIGS
countries.
P – Portugal
I – Ireland
I – Italy
G – Greece
S - Spain
European Sovereign Debt Crisis
10. Failure of PIIGS nation in repayment of Public Debt.
Dominance by strong countries in European trade
TRILLEMA
Democracy – Sovereignty – Globalization
Possible Causes of Crisis
11. European Free Trade Association – EFTA
European Economic Area – EEA
EFTAs Free Trade Agreements
Bilateral Free Trade Agreements
Termination of Agreements
Issues that require specific attention in the
negotiations
11
VARIOUS TYPES OF AGREEMENT
12. First generation EFTA Free Trade Agreements (FTAs)
establish a free trade area between the partner
countries by:
providing for free trade in industrial goods, including fish and
other marine products;
liberalising trade in processed agricultural products;
including trade disciplines; and
establishing rules on customs and origin matters.
Trade in basic agricultural products is covered by bilateral
agreements between the individual EFTA States and the
partner country, which form part of the instruments
establishing the free trade area.
12
What is in an EFTA Free Trade Agreement?
13. Second generation elements:
Intellectual Property Rights
Services
Investment
Government Procurement
13
What is in an EFTA Free Trade Agreement? (2)
14. EUROPE & INDIA
The EU and India are committed to
further increase their trade flows in
both goods and services as well as
bilateral investment and access to
public procurement through the Free
Trade Agreement negotiations that
were launched in 2007
15. India is an important trade partner for the EU and an
emerging global economic power. The country
combines a sizable and growing market of more than
1 billion people.
The value of EU-India trade grew from €28.6 billion in
2003 to €72.7 billion in 2013.
EU investment stock in India grew substantially
reaching €41.8 billion in 2012.
Trade in commercial services quadrupled in the past
decade, increasing from €5.2billion in 2002 to €22.7
billion in 2012.
Trade picture
17. AUTOMOTIVE
The report states that
almost 34 percent of
vehicles in the world are
manufactured in Europe.
The EU has a share of 7.6
percent in the
manufacturing sector. Its
automotive industry offers
direct employment to more
than two million people.
The big names in the
European automotive
industry are Volkswagen,
Mercedes-Benz, Aston
Martin, BMW, Ferrari,
Jaguar and Lamborghini.
AEROSPACE
France and the UK are the
leading employment
providers in the aerospace
industry. Spanning over 4
million employees, a
majority of them are
absorbed in aircraft
technology, while the
remaining employees are
recruited in space and
missile programs.
18. Chemicals
European industry is a global
leader in the production of
chemicals. It comprises 27
percent of the world's total
production, with Germany as
its leader, followed by France,
Italy and the UK. Small to
medium sized companies
dominate the production of
chemicals.
Major chemical products
include:
petrochemicals
polymers
fine chemicals
Defense
The European defense
industry generates
employment for 770,000
people.
The defense industry
includes:
space
aeronautics
electronics
military vehicles
ships
armory
19. Biotechnology
European industry is known
to be generating annual
revenue of $23.3 billion. The
EU 2005 report reveals that
almost 20 percent of the
medicines and 50 percent of
the drugs come from the
biotech industry. Pioneers
in the biotechnology
industry are the MEDICON
Valley and the Munich
region.
Food
European industry
dominates the food
industry as its largest
importer and second largest
exporter in the world. Its
most popular destination is
the US, followed by Japan,
Switzerland and Russia.
European industry faces the
challenge of tackling
scarcity of skilled
employees so that it
continues to sustain its
share in global trade.
20. Country Imports Exports Total
EU 1798 1683 3481
US 1817 1203 3020
China 1415 1594 3009
Japan 689 621 1311
Biggest importer and exporter
21. Destination of EU exports: % of EU exports:
United states 16.5
Switzerland 10
China(excl. Hong Kong) 8.5
Russia 7
Destination of EU exports
22. Origin of EU imports % of EU Imports
China 16.5
Russia 12.5
Switzerland 11.5
United states 5.5
Origin of EU Imports
23. Problems Faced By European Exporters?
Import tariffs and quotas
Discriminatory regulations and standards
How EU addresses these problems?
EU addresses these problems with the help of
TWO main instruments
{A}: the market access Partnership
{B}: the market access Database
24. 1: the EUROPEAN COMMISSION monitors and assists
affected EU industries.
2: closely monitors the development of trade defense
investigations initiated by non-EU countries
3: EU publishes statistics concerning ongoing
investigations & measures in force
4: advices & assists EU national authorities
5: promotes discipline & seeks to make non-EU
countries comply with their WTO obligations.
EU trade defense POLICY
25. 0 20 40 60 80 100
INDIA
CHINA
USA
TURKEY
BRAZIL
PAKISTAN
Series 3
Series 2
Series 1
Trade defense measures against EU
26. EU IMPORTS tariffs are lowest in the world
The most open to developing countries
2/3 of EU imports are raw materials
FACTS about EU imports
27. The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for
the euro and administers monetary policy of the Eurozone.
It consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest
currency areas in the world.
The capital stock of the bank is owned by the central banks of all
28 EU member states.
Banking in Europe
28. Major Banks in Europe
Ireland
Bank of Ireland
Allied Irish Banks
Danske Bank
Ulster Bank
Spain
Bankia
BBVA
Caixabank
Santander
UK
Barclays
HSBC
Lloyds Banking Group
Royal Bank of
Scotland Group
29. The environmental problems in Europe are complicated
owing to the complexities resulting from the industrial
Revolution. Various problems that are related with
environment are:
HARMFUL CHEMICALS: In Europe, the chemical industries,
which contribute to the pollution are growing at an ever-
increasing pace and are cause of concern.
AIR POLLUTION:World’s largest and most industrialised
countries are in Europe. Country with the worst air pollution
is UK.Word smog was first used in 1905 to describe air in
London.40% of greenhouse gases and 70% of total air
pollutants are generated by thr vehicles.
Environmental issues
30. ACID RAINS : the problem of acid rain has
affected most of the European nations and
Greece is among the worst hit . It has caused
destructions of crop , damaged the ancient
monuments ,affected the lakes. 25% of total
forest cover in Austria is damaged due to acid
rains.
ENDANGERED SPECIES : According to a report
by the International Union for Conservation of
Nature and Natural Resources(IUCN),in a
period of just 4 years(from 2002 to 2006),5
species of mammals,7 fish species,8 bird
species,22 invertebrate species have become
endangered.
31. Human Rights Of Europe
• The Government Signatory Hereto, being
members of the Council of Europe , considering
the universal declaration of human rights
proclaimed by the General Assembly of the United
Nations 10th Dec, 1948.Have agreed as follows:-
• Article 1- Obligation to respect human rights
• SECTION –I Right and freedoms
• Article 2- Right to life
• Article 3 –Prohibition of torture
• Article4- Prohibition of slavery &forced labour
• Article5- Right to liberty & security
• Article 6- Right to a fair trail
& so on….
32. Labor Laws
Labour Law mediates the relationship
between workers ,employers, trade unions
& the government . Collectively labour laws
relates to the tripartite relationship
between employee , employer and union .
Individual labour law concerns employees’
right at work and through the contract for
work .
Employment standards are social norms for
the minimum acceptable conditions under
which employees or contractor are allowed
to work.