Intercultural Communication Essay

Intercultural Communication Essay
Communication can be performed through the utilisation of languages, such as English. Presently, English has become a favourable and prominent
tool for interaction among people of different cultural backgrounds. The high demand in acquiring English for fields such as international politics,
science and technology has led to the global spread of the language. Consequently, English is recognised as an international language, and its ownership
is considered to be denationalised and renationalised. The understanding of this ownership status is crucial in establishing an effective practice of
intercultural communication, by acknowledging the variations of English and cultural differences in communication styles within classroom and
business contexts.
First, since English has become an international language, its ownership is regarded as denationalised and renationalised. The concept of
denationalisation proposed by Smith suggests that English is no longer just owned by countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, but
by various other countries around the world that also use the language. Kachru also argued that a global English should not only be restricted to the
official use by colonial countries of the United Kingdom and the United States, and it is not a necessity to internalise the native speakers' norms. It is
said that the process of denationalisation results in renationalisation, in which, according to McKay, involves English localisation – the
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Second Language Acquisition
Recent phonetic work on second language (L2) acquisition has focused on the influence of the native language (L1) on L2 learning by providing
phonetic interpretations of non–native production and perception. Researchers have suggested that the weight of a feature used in L2, but not in L1,
may create difficulties for L2 learners. A classic example of this problem is the difficulty that Japanese listeners experience in distinguishing English
/r/ and /l/ phonemes, which are both mapped to the Japanese /l/ (McClelland et al., 1999). Several studies have also investigated whether native
speakers of a tone language have an advantage over natisve speakers of a non–tone language in discriminating or acquiring tones from a tone language
with which they have no prior experience. For example, Gottfried and Suiter (1997) found that adult native English speakers were less successful in
learning lexical tones to signal phonological contrast, as this feature is not used in English, than they were in learning vowel quality in Mandarin. Also,
Chinese speakers outperformed English speakers in their ability to distinguish two Thai tones both before and after training (Wayland & Guion, 2004).
In addition, Peng et al. (2010) investigated the influence of different tone inventories (Mandarin vs. Cantonese) as well as tone language vs. non–tone
language experience (German vs. Chinese) on the categorical perception of pitch contours in Mandarin syllables and non–speech contexts (e.g., pure
tone).

Language and Literacy
EDKL102– Assessment Task 1
Essay– What is Language? What is Literacy? How are they different?
Teachers must have a sound knowledge and appreciation for language and literacy to be able to make the two concepts a valuable part of a student's
curriculum.
This essay will explore the importance of language and literature in a students learning and how they assist in enhancing their development. Most
importantly the similarities and differences will be distinguished so that the relationship between the two can be understood. Defining both language
and literacy as different entities, but also closely linked concepts, allows readers to bridge together their affiliation when taught to children in a
classroom environment. We can see literacy... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Vygotsky believed that by the time a child enters school, they use language not only for communicative purposes, but also for thinking and planning
(Daniels at el, 2007 pg.138).
Literacy is control of secondary use of language. It can be seen as being able to apply language to "use", "function" and "control". We all use
language everyday; however literacy is the act of applying our knowledge of language. We use language to produce a range of modes for different
purposes and audiences. Literacy is used to develop language and use it, for practical and purposeful situations and work. There is little use for
possessing the knowledge of language if we cannot use and apply it in our everyday lives to gain knowledge and understanding (Kervin 2010).
As educators, we must be aware that our knowledge of literacy and how we convey it to our children is an essential and ongoing process that is
constantly adapting. The importance of applying the student's knowledge of language to literacy is crucial as it plays a crucial part in a child's
education, development and life skills. If a child cannot apply their language skills to literacy they will find it

Information Processing Theory
The information processing theory approach to the study of cognitive development evolved out of the American experimental tradition in psychology.
Developmental psychologists who adopt the information–processing perspective account for mental development in terms of maturation changes in
basic components of a child's mind. The theory is based on the idea that humans process the information they receive, rather than merely responding to
stimuli. This perspective equates the mind to a computer, which is responsible for analyzing information from the environment. According to the
standard information–processing model for mental development, the mind's machinery includes attention mechanisms for bringing information in,
working memory for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ADHD
Finding the right spot
The "good neighbor"
Time limits and schedules
Dealing with disorganization
Controlling distractions
Avoiding social problems.
Memory has the ability to encode, store and recall information. Memories give an organism the capability to learn and adapt from previous
experiences as well as build relationships. Encoding allows the perceived item of use or interest to be converted into a construct that can be stored
within the brain and recalled later from short term or long term memory. Working memory stores information for immediate use or manipulation which
is aided through hooking onto previously archived items already present in the long–term memory of an individual.
Storage in human memory is one of three core process of memory, along with Recall and Encoding. It refers to the retention of information, which has
been achieved through the encoding process, in the brain for a prolonged period of time until it is accessed through recall. Modern memory psychology
differentiates the two distinct type of memory storage: short–term memory and long–term memory. In addition, different memory models have
suggested variations of existing short–term and long–term memory to account for different ways of storing memory
Recall in memory refers to the retrieval of events or information from the

Metaphors We Live By Essay examples
Metaphors We Live By
In Metaphors We Live By, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson give the following definition: "The essence of metaphor is understanding and
experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another" (5). An obvious focal point of Metaphors We Live By, and the idea this essay will attempt to
further explicate, is the notion that the title implies: we live by certain dominant metaphors.
Some of the most universal concepts in our species, culture, and language are not only talked about, but also thought about, in metaphorical terms.
The concept love, for example, is structured mostly in metaphorical terms: love is a journey, love is a patient, love is a physical force, love is madness,
love is war, etc. The concept of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, experiences themselves are ways of understanding complex emotions, controversies, and other innate human feelings. In an attempt to understand
these experiences, we employ language. But then, the chain repeats as we search for ways of understanding our language. The metaphor, frequently
used to render language more accessible, in fact, loops us back to the beginning of the chain: we again use experience as a means of understanding.
Essentially, this complex process of understanding our most basic human feelings is circular–with metaphor providing the crucial link that closes the
circle.
Because these metaphors are central to the ways we understand our lives, the book gets its title.
Expressions like wasting time, attacking positions, going our separate ways, etc., are reflections of systematic metaphorical concepts that structure our
actions and thoughts. They are "alive" in the most fundamental sense: they are metaphors we live by. The fact that they are conventionally fixed within
the lexicon of English makes them no less alive. (55)
As an integral part of our everyday language, used even when we do not even realize we are using them, these metaphors structure our common, daily
thought, speech, and action, further reinforcing the idea that they create a circular process of understanding experience. The metaphors shape the way
we experience something, but the experience itself must, at some level, influence the metaphor we use to comprehend

Investigating Potential Differences That May Be Caused By...
disregarding examining potential differences that may be caused by the structure of language.
For example, several studies have examined the behavioral effects of morphological frequency across Dutch (Schrueder & Baayen 1997; de Jong, et
al., 2000; Bertram, et al., 2000), English (Feldman and Pastizzo, 2003; Baayen et al., 2007), Hebrew (Moscoso del Prado MartВґД±n et al. 2005), and
Finnish (Moscoso del Prado MartВґД±n et al. 2004). Similar types of analyses exist regarding morphological decomposition (e.g., early vs. late
morphological processing, form–then–meaning vs. semantically driven morphological processing) in English (e.g., Rastle & Davis 2003; 2000;
Feldman & Soltano, 1999; Feldman et al., 2009; Gold & Rastle 2007), Dutch (e.g., Dienpendaele et al., 2005), Russian (Kazanina, 2011), Serbian
(Feldman et al., 2012), French (Logntin et al., 2003), and Spanish (Dunabetia et al., 2011; Dunabetia et al., 2007). Turning to the neurocognitive and
neurobiological impacts of language structure on morphological processing, there are also examinations of processing across languages such as
English (Gold and Rastle, 2007; Vannest and York, 2005; Vannest et al., 2010), Hebrew (Bick et al., 2008; Bick, Goelman, and Frost, 2011), and
Chinese (Zou et al, 2015).
However, relatively fewer studies focus on direct comparisons of effects between languages, looking specifically at differences in effects that may arise
due to differential morphological structure, such as in English and

Silbo Gomero: Finnish Sign Language
Asiyah Rahim – 999869183 LIN306/14 (Massam)
Assignment #12014 09 16
PART 1
a)There are 83 languages starting with the letter F.
b)I have heard of 7of these languages before: Northwestern Farsi, Southwestern Farsi, Fijian, Finnish, Filipino, Finnish Sign Language, and French.
c)Frankish, also known as FrГ¤nkisch or Old Frankish, was spoken in Germany but is now an extinct language.
PART 2
a)The language I chose was Silbo Gomero, which is a Spanish language and means the Gomeran whistle and I found it fascinating because it is a
whistling language and the most studied one among the very few whistling languages in the world, which is something that I did not even know
existed. It is spoken by the people of La Gomera in the Canary Islands, a Spanish archipelago with a population of more than 22,000, to communicate
across the deep ravines and narrow valleys that make up the small island. The speakers of the language are referred to as silbador in Spanish, which
means whistler. Very little is known of the origins of the language because it went undocumented in its prime. Linguists do... Show more content on
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Linguists gather that it was a much simpler dialect of Spanish before the whistling was incorporated in order for such a large feat to have worked as
successfully as it did. Silbo Gomero works as a phonological system that replaces Spanish syllables with whistling sounds, varying in high and low
pitch so as to translate different meanings. Vowels and consonants are distinguished by dips and rises in the whistled melody, and then they are strung
together to create words and sentences; more specifically, there are two whistled vowels to replace the five Spanish vowels and four consonants, so
there is limitations on what can and cannot be said, which then further simplified the already simple Spanish

A Conversation Analysis
ENGLISH IN CONTEXT
ANALYSIS OF SPEECH
People spend a significant part of their lives listening and talking, that is the main reason why conversation is regarded to be the most generalised form
of talk that concerns both speakers and listeners and it is contemplated to be the essential ingredient in co–operative undertaking (Wardhaugh, 1985).
Conversation is informal talk involving two or more people and interviews are a particular type of conversation. Interviews are regarded as meetings
at which a journalist asks questions in order to find out the interviewee's opinion. This is an assignment that analyses a telephone interview, so there is
an absence of eye contact, body language or facial expressions that are attributes of a 'live' ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Two examples that portray this representative type are: the suppositional statement made by the journalist at the beginning of the interview that reads
'Are we losing the overall picture here, anybody in West Yorkshire who's getting a bit sore that Tetley's getting the elbow?' (journalist, first page); and,
the supposition concerning the name's change for Royal Mail to Consignia that 'it was like a flop, wasn't it?' (journalist, second page). Furthermore,
certain speech acts in this conversation are examples of direct speech because the question that reads as 'I think of stories like Consignia, you
remember?' (speaker, first page) is associated directly with its relevant answer in its literate sense that reads as 'yeah' (journalist, first page).
In cases that there is a hidden difference of opinion, a suggestion of politeness is formulated in positive face polite statements and relates to the
desire to be liked and express approval (Brown and Levinson, 1987 cited in Maybin & Mercer, 1996). The intention of satisfying the face needs of
others while protecting our own is evidenced in this interview's utterances such as, 'well, if I see it from that point of view may well be' (speaker,
third page) that indicate a certain kind of polite tone through mediating of opinion. The expression of personal opinions in a 'down to earth' interview,
that overall 'touches' the topic and 'captures' the listener's ear, is re–enforced

Bilingualism In Childhood
Alexis Stoner
General Psychology 101
Dr. Nowak
2 October 2017
Bilingual Speakers' Cognitive Development in Childhood In this journal article, Elena Nicoladis analyzes the idea that bilingual children develop
certain cognitive functions differently and at a faster rate than monolingual children. She finds that bilingual children learn to think differently
depending on which language they are currently using. For example, bilingual children have the ability to describe an event differently depending on
the language they are using. This leads to the idea that different languages encode different parts of children's brains. Nicoladis also evaluates the idea
that bilingualism positively affects children's ability to understand that events and words can be analyzed in various ways. Bilingual children may find
it easier to understand that the same word can have different meanings, which can give them an advantage in learning new words or attempting to
define an unknown word. Bilingualism can also improve children's development of executive functioning skills, giving them advanced abilities in
processing information, task management, and in particular, selective attention. In social cognition, bilingual children have been noted to have a higher
developed theory–of–mind than monolingual children, although there is still some debate over whether that can be attributed strictly to their
bilingualism or to other factors.
Nicoladis, E. (2016). Bilingual Speakers' Cognitive

The Importance Of Intercultural Communication
People communicate every day through different means, including speech and writing, and the use of languages such as English for both local and
global interaction is becoming popular among those of different cultural backgrounds. The high demand in the use of English in the fields of
international politics, science and technology has led to the global spread of the language. Due to this, English is currently seen as an international
language, and its ownership is considered to be denationalised and renationalised. The understanding of this ownership status is crucial in establishing a
successful and effective practice or study of intercultural communication, by acknowledging the variations of English, as well as cultural differences in
communication styles within classroom and business contexts.
First, since English has become an international language, its ownership is denationalised and renationalised. The concept of denationalisation
proposed by Smith suggests that English is no longer just owned by countries such as the United Kingdom or the United States, but by various other
countries around the world that also use the language. Moreover, other critics such as Kachru and Widdowson further proposed that a global English
should be "disassociated from its colonial past", meaning that English should not only be restricted to the official use colonial countries of the U.K.
and the U.S., and "there is no need to internalise the [native speakers] of English's social norms,

Should Americans Be Required For Learn Spanish As A Second...
"Language is power. If you cannot understand or be understood you have no power. You are at the mercy of everyone."– (Rudat, 1994, Stow, Dodd
356) Should Americans be required to learn Spanish as a second language? The construction of our nation stands on documents written in English,
however English is not our official language nor has it ever been. America is a "melting pot" in which English is the most prominent language, followed
closely by Spanish. Requiring Americans to learn Spanish is a great controversy; I strongly believe that it should be a requirement, because it improves
academic achievements, career success, and cultural and social understanding. The controversy has great counter arguments such as the double
standard Americans are held to, and further division of the country. Regarding the counterarguments, I still firmly believe that it should be a
requirement because the integration of a second language in our schools is more beneficial to our country's success as a whole. First and foremost, the
promotion of bilingualism in American school systems would greatly increase academic achievements. According to Huffington Post, the United States
of America falls to number seventeen on the list of countries with the best education; Finland, South Korea and Hong Kong lead the list for higher
education.–(Zhao) Outside of school Finnish children speak predominantly Finnish in their homes, however when they come to school they are taught
specifically Swedish in

Why Is It Important For All People Learn About Language...
I believe that it is important for all people to learn another language other than their native language. I come from a family with great pride of heritage
my father's family begin German and mother's family begin Russian I learned multiple languages growing up. Since having this background I wanted
to learn more languages and know I can speak eight languages English, German, Russian, Arabic, Spanish, Finnish, Ukrainian and French. I know
learning a language is a long a stressful process, but it will help you in the long run in any field of study.
Learning all this has helped me throughout my life. An example of this is when I was at the Bayshore mall with some of my friends, and a woman
who was wearing a Hijab was asking us where something was, but we really couldn't understand her so I started talking to her in Arabic to help her
out. Learning languages doesn't just help with communication, but it also helps people see life from a different perspective and helps with
understanding a culture. Most people feel that they don't need to learn a language because we're American and we speak English, but we are a land of
mixed cultures who needs to realize that this would make us a more intellectual country with a lot more understanding. The field of study you enter in
to will more then likely to work at an international scale or you'll work with someone with is a different nationality.
Another reason for learning a language is for when someone travels the world, but doesn't

Bilingual Education Controversy
The Disputation Over Bilingual Education There are many aspects of the United States' education system that many people would agree need change
or in the minimal improvement. One topic under the education system that has had much controversy since it was first introduced is Bilingual
Education. Bilingual Education is the teaching or practice programs of two languages to teach content ranging from kindergarten to high school.
Bilingual Education programs vary in levels and languages. Some programs are designed to assimilate non–english speakers into the English language,
others are meant develop knowledge of a completely different foreign language. Equally the goal proficiency of the language varies drastically. Some
programs are meant to teach students the basic understandings of the language in oder to write and speak it adequately and others are meant to allow
the student to reach a fluency level. One of the most popular type of program would be a Spanish and English program since Spanish is the second
most spoken language in the United States. The most common type if bilingual program is intended to transition native Spanish speakers into the
English language; this is way of helping kids assimilate into the American culture. However, the use of two languages established in the education
system has been a controversial idea since first introduced. It receives differing support and has not been able to achieve a conclusive establishment in
the public school system. The

My Multilingual Reality
My Multilingual Reality (Eerika 9A)
The ability to speak and understand more than one language has always been respected and praised. Most people dream of being multilingual and
being able to travel the world and not have trouble with understanding the culture or media in a foreign country. There may be some difficulties that
come with being multilingual, but in most cases, the advantages overweigh them. I was born in Finland, have lived in Finland for most of my life, and
know four other languages aside from Finnish. In my experience, multilingualism is definitely more of a blessing than a curse.
English has been a part of my life since the beginning of my educational career. The language of my education has always been English, and even
though I am Finnish and from a Finnish family, my English has been my strongest language for almost ten years now. It is easiest for me to
communicate my true thoughts and feelings through English, and I think it is my main language of all. I have discovered through various accent tests
that my English accent is from Northeast–America, which I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After studying in English for so long, my academic Finnish has definitely deteriorated, and that could come to be a problem when I choose where to
apply for higher education. I can still understand Finnish perfectly, but sometimes as I converse with other people my sentences have minor
grammatical mistakes. This has proven to be quite awkward for me if I need to talk to Finnish strangers and do not remember certain words or
phrases that I need to say. Even so, I am usually confident as I speak my mother tongue, because most of the time it comes naturally to me. Living in
Oulu, a city in northern Finland for more than three years has made me develop and master the Oulu dialect, which can be very evident when traveling
to other parts of the country, since Finnish dialects are all quite different from each

Language And Second Language Acquisition
Language acquisition is the way in which humans perceive and understand a certain language, as well as producing and using words and sentences in
order to communicate with one another. The way in which people learn another language is known as Second Language Acquisition, this refers to
someone learning a language other than their mother tongue. A very important aspect within this process is cross–linguistic influence. Cross–linguistic
influence is a term used to describe the various ways that certain language systems in the brain interact with and influence one and other. It explains
how they can affect either the linguistic performance or the linguistic development of the learner, if not both. This most commonly refers to two
separate languages, for example the effect that French has on a native speaker trying to learn another language such as Italian.... Show more content on
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Cross linguistic influence can however be noticed throughout one language by distinguishing between different varieties and dialects of the language.
Due to misunderstandings between languages, a negative factor of cross–linguistic influence can be noticed. Vildomec stated in 1963 that "if two
languages a subject has mastered are similar they may 'co–operate' in interfering with other tongues." (Vildomec 1963) For example, in the English
translation of the Allied Note answering Germany's first offer of peace in the year 1917, the French word "prГ©tendu" meaning "alleged" was
understood as meaning "pretended." There are 200 countries in the world we live in today along with over 6000 languages. Due to various conditions
such as social, economical, political or historical factors, people all over the world are acquiring a language every day which is not their native tongue.
Cross–linguistic influence, thus, plays a very important role in connecting

The Application of the Spanish Language in the Culture and...
In 2011 the Pew Research Center produced a survey which claimed that approximately 37.6 million people living in the United States spoke Spanish in
their homes(Gonzalez–Barrera and Lopez). While that may not seem like much keep in my mind the fact that, this number reflects around 10% of the
total American population; and the number of Spanish speakers coming to this country is ever–increasing. All of this being said some people, in the
government or elsewhere, would see the Spanish language marginalized or even totally forgotten in our national identity. I'm here to say that we
shouldn't forget something that has helped shape the diverse fabric of our nation for hundreds of years. Instead of simply denying the fact that Spanish is
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some may not know however that it was founded as a Spanish colony in 1605; making it one of the oldest cities in the United States to date(Carter).
Realistically you'd be hard–pressed to find a region of our country that hasn't in some way been influenced by Spanish settlers. And the effects of this
heavy colonization was even very apparent 200 years ago. By the mid–19th century even, it is estimated that 100,000 people in the present–day
Southwestern region of America spoke Spanish. So its fairly obvious that large populations of Spanish speakers in the US are nothing new and are in
fact what some would call, normal.
The states of Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, California, and Florida were all Spanish colonies at one point and even today remnants of that culture still
linger in their language, which is spoken extensively throughout these and more states. And in a few of these states, Spanish maintains a status of a
"minority language" which allows official notices and documents to be printed in English and Spanish. All of this being said one of the most
surprising facts is this; the United States of America is the fifth largest Spanish speaking country in the world. Only the countries of Mexico, Spain,
Colombia, and Argentina speak more Spanish than the United States(Remeseira); and all of the nations' official language is Spanish. Of course some
will ask, "how is this relevant?" or "why do all of these useless facts matter?". They matter

Models of Metadiscourse Essay examples
Metadiscourse has traditionally been defined in general as 'text about text'. This too broad, and rather imprecise, definition entails a degree of
reflexivity with which a text is enabled to refer to or to talk about itself or its parts. The concept of metadiscourse may have borrowed its reflexivity
property to language in general, which can also function reflexively comment on the language or verbal system itself. In this reflexive form of
language, called 'metalanguage', the metalinguistic function of language, which is also central to the metadiscourse model used in this study, is most
evident.
The metalinguistic function is one of the six functions of language proposed by Jakobson (1998), and the other five are expressive, directive, ... Show
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These functions are apparent in a definition of metadiscourse by Williams (1989: 27–28), a researcher into metadiscourse who works under this
approach: "the language that we use when we describe what we are doing as we think and write about the content of our primary ideas, or what we
want our readers to be doing as they read. It is writing about reading and writing." Crismore et al (1993: 39) put more consideration towards the
improved readability of text as the main function of metadiscourse: "for how readers should read, react to, and evaluate what they have written about
the subject matter". Among researchers into metadiscourse who work under the broad approach is Vande Kopple (1985, 1988), whose classification
of metadiscourse into seven kinds has been used and developed in research by other researchers as well. A brief summary of his taxonomy, adapted
from Adel's summary with her examples (2006: 168–170) will be presented here. The first group is 'Text Connectives', which highlights text
organization and relations between one part of a text with another and connects pieces of information in the text. It comprises four subgroups: Logical
connectors (on the other hand), Announcements (as we shall see, in later chapters), Reminders (the argument about progress describe above), and
Sequencers (First, ... Second, ...). 'Code Glosses' (that is, contradiction) give signals and hint at rephrasing and interpretations of the text; it anticipates
responses towards the

The Sampo : A Magical Artifact That Is Built By Ilmarinen
In Finnish mythology, the Sampo is a magical artifact that is built by Ilmarinen. It is often depicted as a mill that produces useful items such as flour,
salt, and gold. It is also said to bring good fortune. The Sampo is created by Ilmarinen for Louhi, as a gift in exchange for the right to marry her
daughter. Although theSampo is mysterious in the poem, it is obviously important and obtaining it can bring fortune to the user, as evident by Louhi's
instance that Ilmarinen create it for her. What is so important about the Sampo and what could it entail for the owner? An entire rune in TheKalevala is
dedicated to the origin of the Sampo. There are many theories and opinions on exactly what the Sampo is and why it is important. Whether it is a
physical object that is created for a specific purpose or a representation of a mythological event, its presence in The Kalevala has contributed to the
formation of Finnish national identity. The most obvious reason the Sampo is important to Louhi is because it produces useful goods. Flour, salt,
and gold are mentioned as the items that come out of the Sampo once it is finished. With endless supplies of flour and salt, making food and
preserving it would no longer be an issue for the user of the Sampo. Depending on when the story of the Sampo was introduced into Finnish oral
tradition, preservation of food would have been crucial to the survival of the population. Being able to make salt on one's own would have guaranteed
one's

The Status Of Onset Of Somali Syllable Structure
THE STATUS OF ONSET IN SOMALI SYLLABLE STRUCTURE: AN OPTIMALITY THEORETIC STUDY
Abstract:
The onset in Somali syllable structure provokes considerable argument among scholars who are interested in the syllable structure in this language.
Owrin (1996) and Saeed (1999) agree that onset is mandatory in this language whereas Zetterholm and Tronnier (2012) state onsets are as optional as
codas in this language. Therefore, this research is to investigate whether onsets in Somali syllable structure are mandatory or optional in light of
Optimality Theory (OT), as a framework. This study primarily depends on data taken from extant literature including books, articles, and theses.
Furthermore, 10 Somali native speakers were consulted about the fact of data. This study concludes that consonant epenthesis as well as resyllbification
manifest the importance of onsets in Somali. Consonant epenthesis occurs initially when a monosyllable word begins with a vowel (onsetless syllable),
e.g., /ГЁj/в†’ [К”ГЁj] 'dog'. Likewise, this type of epenthesis is found in the intervocalic position when syllables of the form CV are associated with
vowel–initial suffixes, e.g. /ma–a:n/в†’ [ma.ЙЃa:n] 'not I'. The process of resyllabification in Somali is motivated by syllable types CVC and CVVC
that are associated with vowel–initial suffixes, e.g. /na:ЙЎ–i/в†’[na:.ЙЎi] 'woman', /war.qad–u:/в†’ [war.qa.du:] formal letters'.
Keywords: Somali language; syllable structure; onset; Optimality Theory (OT).
1.

Case Study Of Caffe Vergnano
Source:Indexmundi http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=other–mild–arabicas–coffee&months=60
Therefore we suggest to set a price for a cup of coffee at 3.00 Euro. Since it is a new brand in Finland, some of the local might not know about Caffe'
Vergnano so the price will play as a good indicator for local to try out that new brands.
Costs and Expenses for Promotions
A good marketing strategy is a pillar of a successful business. They play a big role for introducing the products to the world and without good
promotion, the brands could not survive for longer times. These are types of strategies that could be implemented by Caffe' Vergnano in Finland.
Opening events
For the introduction, there should have a big opening event for the store. The purpose is to let the local know there will be a new coffee shops going to
be open and welcoming the people to attend. Couple of weeks before the event started, flyers should be given at the street ... Show more content on
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Firstly, we suggest to stick on the social advertisements. The bulk of the advertisements will be in Expat Finland. Expact Finland is the most optimal
advertising company.for Caffe Vergnano, launched in July 2004.Expat Finland is a prominent information resource, with steady traffic and search
results. Typical visitors actively seek the information on the Expat Finland pages they visit, and using it. For companies and organizations seeking a
targeted audience, advertising on Expat Finland is an effective medium. It is estimated to spend 70 euros per month to promote products to the
customers per year to set up ads on the left of the front page. (Expat–Finland 2013.) After adding VAT of 24%, it is

The Relation Between Cognition And Language
The relation between cognition and language has been a curious topic for many decades now. Cognition plays a dynamic role within linguistic
expression
Most of current discussion in layman's crowd is on a speaker's ability to impart influence on an audience. We study the power of language in
propaganda. We look at the sway that specific words have on an individual's emotions.
Linguistic scholars have looked into the opposite– the influence of words on the speaker.
Around the world there are almost 8000 languages spoken. Unsurprisingly, with this range come significant differences in what is spoken and
understood in each language, from information conveyed by each word to what kind of informative words are even included in the language.
So how does one's language influence one's thoughts? This question has been disputed since the Sapir Whorf hypothesis, also known as linguistic
relativity hypothesis, implicated that a language's features determines its speaker's thoughts. (danza) the idea dated centuries back, but this was the first
substantial hypothesis, formed during 1930's based on the thoughts of two linguists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf.
Language seems to invade daily mental processes more so than previously expected. Because language pervades everything we do in labeling colors,
counting numbers, adjectives, and verbs, simple tasks become hard to accomplish without using the language faculty. Examples would be far and few
in between where thinking does not

Examples Of Sapir Whorf Hypothesis
Sapir Whorf hypothesis
Zainab Saleem Khan
Section K
It is often thought that the reality that is being expressed in spoken word is the very same as the reality which is being perceived in thought.
Perception and expression are frequently understood to be synonymous and it is assumed that our speech is mostly based on our thoughts. This idea
presumes that what one says is dependent of how it is encoded and decoded in the mind. (Badhesha, 2002) In any case, there are numerous individuals
that trust the inverse: what one sees is reliant on the talked word. The supporters of this thought trust that thinking is reliant on language. Linguistic
Edward Sapir and his understudy Benjamin Lee Whorf are known as far as concerns them in the promotion of this very guideline. Their aggregate
hypothesis, known as the Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis, also known as theory of linguistic relativity, relativism, determinism, Whorfian hypothesis or even
Whorfianism. Initially talked about by Sapir in 1929, the speculation got to be prominent in the 1950s after post mortem production of Whorf's works
on the subject. After incredible assault ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, in weak determinism language does not define or does not impact one's view of the world, whereas, in strong determinism this view is
defined strongly by language. Linguistic determinism is the idea that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought, as
well as thought processes such as categorization, memory, and perception. The possibility of linguistic determinism has been explored by a variety of
authors, mostly in science fiction. There exist some languages, like Ithkuil and Toki Pona for instance, which have been constructed for the purpose of
testing the assumption. However, no formal tests appear to have been

French Education System Essay
French Education System:
France has a centralized education system, with a curriculum set at a national level. The majority of schools are public, free, and state–run (ecoles
publiques). Some private schools (sous contrat) exist that are run and subsidized by the French government, which charge nominal fees. Fully
independent private schools exist (ecoles prives hors contrat), which are fee paying. These independent private scgools can be religiously oriented, or
international / bilingual.
The learning style tends to be of a traditional nature, which entails classroom learning, testing, and discipline. French schools value the authority of the
teacher, competition, evaluating through grading, and analytical thinking over creativity. Class sizes tend to be large, with 30 or more students per
class. Teachers teach one subject in most scenarios, which is typical of the traditional method. Changes have been presented to reform the French
schooling system, but is met with opposition that prefers the traditional method. French schooling is split up into three primary and secondary levels:
primary school (Г©cole), middle school (collГЁge), and high school (lycГ©e). After high school, students can attend university or enter the workforce.
French students take the baccalaurГ©at exam towards the end of their primary and secondary schooling. Passing the test is necessary to attend
university. Performance on the exam is highly scrutinized, and high–tier grades receive special honors.

The Importance Of Intercultural Communication
Communication can be performed using different means, including languages such as English, where it has become preferable and prominent for both
local and global interaction among people of different cultural backgrounds. The high demand in acquiring English for international politics, science
and technology has led to the global spread of the language. Consequently, English is recognised as an international language, and its ownership is
considered to be denationalised and renationalised. The understanding of this ownership status is crucial in establishing an effective practice of
intercultural communication, by acknowledging the variations of English, as well as cultural differences in communication styles within classroom and
business ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
English variations can be displayed through lexical semantics. According to Zhichang, there are a number of English and Chinese lexical resources
have been borrowed or translated between the two languages, thus derives Chinese English. In order to fully understand a particular term in Chinese
English, listeners or speakers should acquire the knowledge of Chinese culture and contexts in which it is used. For example, Chinese speakers of
English refer the term "work unit" as a place where residents would both live and work. Whereas, a distinction between workplaces and residential areas
as two different environments may have occurred in other English varieties. Another example of lexical semantic variations is the different
understanding of the English term "silent" between Finnish and American students. While American students perceive the term as a negative
connotation during interaction because it refers to "being too quiet", while the Finnish students view it as a "natural and comfortable social being".
These findings clarify that different interpretations of lexical semantics can influence the speakers' behaviour, such that the Finnish students will find
silent as appropriate, but the American students may see it as an act of ignorance. Therefore, variations of English and its lexical interpretation create a
foundation to the exploration of how speakers use English as a medium to express their

The Importance Of Multilingualism As An Official Language
Every nation should set multilingualism as their main objective. There are many benefits both at an individual level as well as at state level for
people to be multilingual. Firstly, knowing multiple languages helps us to adapt into and interact in this globalised world we live in. Secondly, being
able to express ourselves in a language we identify ourselves most with, and have the strongest knowledge of, is a human right.
It is important to make a distinction between a 'national language' and an 'official language' before discussing any further. National language is "a
language associated with a particular country where it is recognised as a symbol of national identity" (Joan Swann, 2004) whereas an official language
can be defined as "a language which is used for political, legal and administrative communications within a given political territory." (Joan Swann,
2004) This essay will focus on national languages and their importance across the globe from small communities to national level without overruling
the importance of having official language(s) helping to run governments.
Due to globalisation, the world nowadays is significantly interconnected economically, technologically and culturally. Even though globalisation is not
a new phenomenon, and can be argued to have started already in the 1500s when the transatlantic exploration and consolidation of European hegemony
began, the pace and the scope of it is greater than everВІ (Ruth Wodak, 2011). Consequently, we

Quenya: A Non-real Language Invented by J.R.R. Tolkien
Language plays a big role in our life. We use it to gain and give back knowledge. Most people learn a language at infant–toddler age so they can
communicate with the world. We claim we know something because we read it or someone has told us about it, therefore we can see how much of a
powerful tool language is. There are so many different languages in this world that we speak but learned it because we were taught by elders at a young
age. Then there are bilingual people that learn a whole different language after their mother tongue language. How about invented languages? There are
many manmade languages such as Solresol, Toki Pona, Enochian and so many more. (http://www.toptenz.net/top–10–invented–languages.php) Quenya
stands out to me the most. In this essay I will be speaking about the history, development and use of the Quenya language.
Quenya is non–real language made by J.R.R Tolkien. He began devising the language around the year 1910 and changed around a lot of the structure
until it reached the final stage. The vocabulary was mostly not changed that much but the name has been changed quite a bit of times before it was
called Quenya. It was changed from Elfin to Qenya to it finally being called Quenya by J.R.R Tolkien. A lot of words in Quenya came from The
Finnish language but also familiar with Latin, Greek and ancient Germanic languages. Tolkien made up a fictional world language which is called
Middle–earth. It is the fictional universe setting of the

SLP Analysis Essay
Cumulative Final
Section 1
An analysis of Aaron's language sample reveals that he may suffer from a language disorder. According to the American Speech
–Language–Hearing
Association also known as, ASHA, a language disorder is defined as "impaired comprehension and/or use of spoken, written and/or other symbol
systems. The disorder may involve (1) the form of language (phonology, morphology, and syntax), (2) the content of language (semantics), and/or (3)
the function of language in communication (pragmatics) in any combination (ASHA, 2013)". Aaron appears to have difficulty elaborating the content
of language used as well as his functional use of language in a socially appropriate manner. "Deficiencies in language can have a profound ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Phonological disorders in children can result from physical or organic causes or may be functional in nature ("Phonological disorders in," 2013)".
Children with a phonological disorder may experience a higher risk for reading and writing disabilities. "If left unresolved, phonological disorders
have long–term consequences that may interfere with an individual's future social, academic, and vocational well–being, largely resulting from
persistent, reduced intelligibility of speech ("Phonological disorders in," 2013)."
Morphological awareness supports a variety of literacy skills, including word identification, reading fluency, reading comprehension, and spelling.
"Increased morphological awareness enables children to analyze the internal structure of words and decode them more quickly and accurately
("Morphological awareness: Implications," 2013)." Aaron exhibited problems with his morphological awareness in various spots throughout the
language sample. For example Aaron said "And she felled in the thing", "And the lady sawed her". In these two utterances Aaron has shown a failure to
meet and use the correct past tense morphology. Through intervention the SLP can influence the use of and knowledge of phonology and morphology
on word recognition and spelling, ultimately increasing one's morphological awareness.
Syntax refers to the rules of word order and word combinations in order to

Mother to Son and the Coora Flower: a Poetry Analysis
Mother to Son and The Coora Flower: A Poetry Analysis
In poetry, more so than any other form of literature, understanding sound, meaning and theme are key to understanding the work itself. In the case of
the poems "Mother to Son" by Langston Hughes and "The Coora Flower" by Gwendolyn Brooks these elements, when heavily focused upon, allow the
reader to discover the message that these writers were attempting to convey. Thought both writers use these elements to their fullest to communicate
their respective messages, the method and messages vary greatly.
In the poem Mother to Son, Hughes tells the tale of a mother speaking to her son about life and the hardships that one must face to make it in the world.
Hughes uses extended metaphor to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Brooks also relies heavily on nuances within the structure and language to establish the message. The stanzas that contain information about school
are longer and articulate. The lines flow and are inviting. When the lines about reality are read they are short, cold and very deliberate; they give a
sense of rigidity. The language is very direct and in some case demanding "I must...". All stanzas about what's "real" are two lines long while the
ones that focus on school are four lines long. The statements toward school came off as being very cynical to me. "It was restful, learning nothing
necessary... At least you can sleep", the use of "at least" in these lines and the line that follows are what created the cynicism for me. It seemed as if
she didn't respect what went on in school because it wasn't the harshness of her everyday life. Capitalization is something that caught my attention. The
word "Real" always has the first letter capitalized, which to me established a mood of seriousness within the statements that contained it. I feel this is
true the second use of "Coming Home" and "Man" in line fourteen. The capitalization on these words was carefully chosen to continue facilitating the
theme and meaning. There is one line in this poem that caught my attention and required me to reread repeatedly to get what she truly meant that line
is "which is not free from grief". At first I thought it was just in reference to the previous line

вЂњAll of the Other Ways of Knowing Are Controlled by...
Language is an important method of transmitting knowledge – it is the primary mode of communication, which is used in order to give or receive
knowledge. For the purpose of this essay, language will be defined as an agreed method of communication that is either spoken or written, or
intentionally transmitted through body language. The word "control", in the statement above will be treated in the sense of "to regulate" or "to govern".
The statement means that perception, emotion and reason cannot function independently from language. Language plays an integral role in their
ability to function. The statement suggests that without language, we would not be able to become aware of something using the senses, we would not
be able to experience ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Next, I will explore the relationship between language and emotion. An example that I have noticed of language controlling emotion is while learning
Spanish. I have just begun to learn Spanish about five months ago. One of the first things I learned in Spanish was that there are two different
pronouns for the word you. Firstly, there is the casual you, "tГє" and the respectful you, "usted". This is quite interesting because it may be possible
that using these two words when speaking with two different people might affect our emotions toward them. For example, if I am speaking to
someone on the football pitch and refer to him or her as tГє, I would feel more relaxed and even lack respect to him or her. On the other hand, if I was
speaking to my Spanish teacher I would refer to him as usted, and I would feel more respectful toward him.
Another example of this that I – being a speaker of both English and Hindi, have noticed is the word "sukhi", for which the closest English translation
is "peaceful". However, the most appropriate word for "peaceful" in Hindi is "shanti". "Sukhi" is being peaceful, but on a much larger scale –
something that cannot be expressed accurately in English. Perhaps – I am only hypothesizing, this is due to the fact that Indian culture is generally more
spiritual, and therefore they have a word for being completely at peace with everything.

Essay on Stereotypes in media
"Bringing Down the House" featuring Steve Martin and Queen Latifah is a clever comedy that creatively showcases the sociolinguistic phenomena
covered in this course. The film is about a tax attorney named Peter, played by Martin, who stumbles into an online lawyer chat room and meets
Charlene, played by Latifah. The two chat frequently, mostly about court cases, and eventually decide to meet in person. When the day finally comes,
Peter is greeted at the door with who he thought would be a middle–aged Caucasian woman, but happened to be Charlene, a black woman who just
escaped from prison. Thinking this was a mistake, Peter tries to kick out Charlene but is later convinced she is the one who he was speaking with in the
chat room. Charlene ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In attempt to do so, he uses Sarah's language that he believes she would be more inclined to listen to. The father's usage of the modern hip–hop
language is an example of generational conflict. Implied by other clips in the movie, we conclude the father's environment as an attorney requires him
to use a more conservative language that has been more or less designated to his generation. This contrasts with the daughters modern and hip–hop
language that incorporates many slang terminologies, non–standard English sentences and phrases, and a very relaxed tone. Although we see the father
is able to put a couple sentences together, everything from his tone and range clearly show his inexperience to the speech. An example to showcase
his failure is when he attempts to say "an he try da get al' up in dat." The father used the same expression but with different pronunciation. Peter says
"and he tried to get all up in that," which is clearly too formal for this speech and loses the flavor of what makes the language so authentic to the
hip–hop generation. Peter and Sarah both speak standard English, but this is another example of how it can vary. Even though the two are family and
from the same class, their generation gap influences the variation of English they speak.
In this clip of the film, in attempt to help clear Charlene's name, the father

Chapter 3: My Ever So Valuable Kandinsky
Chapter 3: My ever so Valuable Kandinsky I don't remember much from my first day of school, but my first years are still fairly present in my
mind. Even though many parts are blurred as if seen through the misted glass door of a sauna, I still remember the first time I tasted jelly beans. It
was during recess in front of the entrance of the school on a warm, sunny Floridian day. I got them from my first grade teacher, Mrs. Gilbert I
believe. Despite it being a happy memory, the likes of it were not a central part of my first years. I stuttered. It's not something I remember very well,
but so I've been told and hazy fragments corroborating the fact have passed through my mind. It was not for a long period of time, and one can't really
be

Idioms In English Language
The English language being very flexible constantly enriches its vocabulary with words invented by language speakers, making it more colourful with
new idiomatic expressions, and, at times, refills its stocks with the borrowings and neologisms. English just amazes by its extraordinary linguistic
diversity.
The focus of this paper is to share consideration on the importance of idioms for non–native speakers as part of their mastery of the English language.
Understanding the lexicon of English demands more than knowing the denotative meaning of words. It requires its speakers to have connotative word
comprehension and more – an understanding of figurative language. Idioms fall into the latter category. Learning idioms is certainly not a piece of
cake (very easy), but once you know them, they can be a lot of fun, and anyway, because English people use idioms non–stop you will be all at sea
(totally confused) in most conversations until you learn the ropes (understand how things work). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Among the various definitions of idioms are: (1) the language peculiar to a people, country, class, community or, more rarely, an individual; (2) a
construction or expression having a meaning different from the literal one or not according to the usual patterns of the language /New Webster's
Dictionary, 1993/. It is the second definition that best suits the focus of this paper. Professor Kounin definedidiom "as a stable combination of words
with a fully or partially figurative meaning" /Kounin, 1970/. This definition emphasizes two inherent and very important features of idiomatic
expressions. Idioms have lexical and grammatical stability. It implies that they are fixed in their form, hence any substitution and rearrangment in their
structure can lead to a complete loss of their primary

Skyforger By Sampo Poem
It is presented in this musical composition as an allegory of all the innovation and comforts of the modern world: by solving all of the basic needs of
its owner, the Sampo turns him into an apathetic and lazy figure, which doesn't rely anymore on his capabilities. The Sampo is the perfect metaphor for
the machine, whose work is inexorably replacing that of mankind.
In the 1970's progressive rock also drew inspiration from the verses of the Kalevala. A Finnish band by the same name was the first to be active in the
genre, and was pretty popular in those years as a live–band. Their line–up was constantly changing, though, and their luck ended when one of their
members, Matti Kurkinen, died in a car accident. After that shocking event, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The track Silver Bride reminds of the maiden of Pohjola, Ilmarinen's beloved, whose hearth he tries to conquer in the verses of the Kalevala. The
narration is from the perspective of a single character and echoes different parts of the poem, relying on the structure of Tales from the Thousand Lake.
The sound is more melodic and folk–rock than the other albums, making Skyforger the most commercial work of the Finnish band.
The artwork of The Beginning of Times features the cosmic egg from which VГ¤inГ¤mГ¶inen is born. Released in 2011, the album offers all the
musical elements introduced in all the previous works, summarised in one single masterpiece. In this album the band praises VГ¤inГ¤mГ¶inen as the
iconic hero of Finnish mythology in the same way LГ¶nnrot did in his epic poem.
It is quite likely that the author of the Kalevala himself would have never imagined the potential influence of the poem on the various branches of
Finland's cultural life, especially the music. The most representative work of Finnish literature and the most remarkable beacon of the ancient traditions
of the Finns had been an important source of inspiration for musicians inside, and outside, the Finnish territory, and it's outstanding charm will
hopefully be passed on to the next

Kenning In Beowulf
ENGLISH 5193 Professor Christopher A. Jones A brief survey in compounds and kennings in OE and ON Ash Gao I chose the definition of kenning
to start with, because there is a handbook by Snorri. I then gave some explanations and supplements to his classification according to some modern
scholars. Then I argued that OE lacks the pure kenning that ON has. Finally I inserted a story showing compound–making as an important skill for
skalds, and how it is equally important in OE. Perhaps the most quoted definition of the term kenning is that by Georg Paul Rudolf Meissner in Die
Kenningar der Skalden (1921: 2), 'Die einfache Kenning ist also ein zweigliedriger Ersatz fГјr ein Substantiv der gewГ¶hnlichen Rede', with an
addition 'wesentlich fГјr die Kenning ist, dass sie als Ersatz empfunden wird' (12). This definition may seem to modern scholars imprecise, as the
two–part substitution remains too loosely defined. Here I turned to a source, much younger than Beowulf, for the definition of this... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
He pointed out that the few pure kennings existed in Beowulf are mainly Christian terms like 'body', 'breast', 'ship', and 'sun', and they cognate with
words in a Greek source life of secundus, whilst kennings listed in the skaldic project website are mostly unique, Germanic, and 'pure'. Skalds do
travel a lot for stories and had good knowledge about Christianity, thus it is rather likely that they be well–learnt from this Greek source, its Latin
translations, and not to mention from Beowulf. Nevertheless, it is striking the heavy ratio of Germanic–themed kennings in the corpus. Man has over
1126 entries while god 13. Apprently these Christian concepts are not appropriate for skald–verses, unlike the example in Beowulf where all
pure–kennings are cognates with the Greek and Latin

The Sapir Whorf Hypothesis And Arguments For And Against It
For all humans, language is the most common means of communication with others and it enables us to share our experiences and stories and to tell
about our needs and feelings. For example, Yamamoto states that sociolinguistics see, it is 'primarily through the use of language that people
communicate with each other' (1979: 146). We all speak one or more languages and as the main way of communication it is an important and vital
part of our lives. There is many languages in the world and they differ from one another in many ways. But does the language we speak reflect to the
way we see and experience the world around us? This paper will explore the question through the Sapir Whorf hypothesis and arguments for and
against it.
The Sapir Whorf hypothesis mentioned above is based on the ideas of Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf who studied aboriginal languages among
Native American tribes, mostly the Hopi. They believed that the language one speaks is directly related to the way they understand the reality and
see the world. For example, Whorf once wrote 'we dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages' (Whorf cited in Salzmann 1993: 153)
which led to Zdenek Salzmann's conclusion of Whorf's ideas: 'Difference among languages must therefore be reflected in the differences in the
worldviews of their speakers' (1993: 156). This hypothesis has been challenged many times by several anthropologists and linguists and there are
arguments and evidence for and against it.

Inference Essay
What kind of tribe is the Eneon? We do not have much information about this tribe as the anthropologists had just found out their existence. We only
have limited information we received from the anthropologists. The information are based on the environment and climate they live in, the food they
eat, their family and children, books and arts and their social aspect and attitudes toward war that the Eneon tribe are live in. According to the report
provided by the anthropologists about Eneon, there are three words for "terrain" designating "absolutely flat," "rolling," and "slightly hilly". Therefore
they all live in a place that is surrounded by hills. As hills surround them they do not know the existence of the ocean, perhaps they do not ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, as the Enoen have seven terms to describe the stages of life up to puberty and only one word from puberty to death, with this we can tell
that they have many stages once the child is born till the day he or she is eighteen, and maybe only have 1 word for puberty to death, because at
this point Eneon do not have anything else to explain; therefore the word woman are synonymous with "wife and mother" and man for "husband
and father" with this information we can assume the adults will be taking care of all the children, and as they pass the puberty they are unable to
gain new knowledge. It also appears that they have twenty words for books, so perhaps they are twenty stages of books they have to use through out
their birth to death; therefore they are a very educated tribe. We can assume that Eneon people have very high pride in art. We can infer this because
they have nine words for artist. They also seem to have many interests toward theater as well, as they have four words that mean theater. They have a
word praise that is translated as "peacemaker" and "conciliator"; we assume that they have a person in the tribe that is making sure that there are no
fights between each person. Since everyone in the tribe have gone through a high education system, which makes each

Bilingual Brain Boost : The Cognitive Benefits Of Learning...
With the powerful influence of globalization transforming every aspect of our world humans must adapt to the new cultural environment being created.
One major change is that of language evolution. English is the third most spoken language worldwide after Chinese and Spanish, but it is the most
popular second language overall (Haviland, Prins, Walrath, & McBride, 2014). The Englishlanguage is taking over, so what, you may ask, is the point
of putting in the energy to learn a second language? Why should you enrol your child in a language immersion school program? Well, as an English
Canadian, learning a second language through an immersion program comes with a collection of cognitive benefits that can influence a variety of
things, including mental health, academic performance, and employability, not to mentions that it plays a vital part in preserving the many cultures in
our country, all while promoting acceptance diversity.
BILINGUAL BRAIN BOOST: THE COGNITIVE BENEFITS OF LEARNING A SECOND LANGUAGE.
AGE:
Learning a second language at a young age has long–term benefits that can be felt even in old age. As human's age their brains atrophy, but bilingual
people can delay the consequences of this damage. These individuals are constantly experiencing the world using two languages so, while a
monolingual person remembers how to ride a bike in one language, a bilingual person stores that memory twice, once in their first language a once in
their second. This allows bilingual

Communication Style and Cultural Features in High/Low...
Communication Style and Cultural Features in High/Low Context Communication Cultures: A Case Study of Finland, Japan and India
Shoji Nishimura1, Anne Nevgi2 and Seppo Tella3
1 Waseda University, Japan
2 Department of Education, University of Helsinki
3 Department of Applied Sciences of Education, University of Helsinki
Abstract
People from different countries communicate in ways that often lead to misunder–standings. Our argument, based on Hall's theory of high/low context
cultures (1959, 1966, 1976, 1983), is that these differences are related to different communication cultures. We argue that Japan and Finland belong to
high context cultures, while In–dia is closer to a low context culture with certain high context cultural features. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Cultural issues mean certain societal factors, such as the country's status, history, religion and traditions. Cultural issues also include Hofstede's (2008)
individualism vs. collectivism dimension.
Communication style in a high vs. low context culture
In HC cultures, communication style is influenced by the closeness of human rela–tionships, well–structured social hierarchy, and strong behavioural
norms (Kim et al., 1998, p. 512). In a high context (HC) culture, internal meaning is usually embedded deep in the information, so not everything is
explicitly stated in writing or when spo–ken. In an HC culture, the listener is expected to be able to read "between the lines", to understand the unsaid,
thanks to his or her background knowledge. Hall (1976, p. 91) emphasised that "a high–context communication or message is one in which most of the
information is either in the physical context or internalised in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, or transmitted part of the message".
In an HC culture, people tend to speak one after another in a linear way, so the speaker is seldom interrupted. Communication is, according to
Gudykunst and Ting–Toomey (1988), indirect, ambiguous, harmonious, reserved and understated. In an HC culture, communication involves more of
the information in the physical context or internalised in the person; greater confidence is placed in the non–verbal aspects of communication than the
verbal aspects (Hall,

English Is An Indispensable Language
Language is an indispensable tool for communication. This is universally known fact. English has become a global language in the era of
globalization. It is a linkage and is used vastly in all Indian and foreign libraries. The aim of teaching English in the secondary schools is to promote
its pupils with sufficient knowledge of English and to aid them in their future studies and build confidence to find a suitable job. If we come to the
present context, English is the language that is found in all corners of India. Now it is the language of the global trade.
The language, produced by foreign language learners almost inevitably contains errors of various types. This is the process of learning ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
THEORETICAL OUTLOOK
The Error Analysis in Second Language Acquisition was recognized and named as "The significance of learner errors" by Corder and his colleagues.
Further Corder delineated that it has two objectives: one is theoretical and the other is applied. The theoretical objective serves to explain what and
how a learner learns when he studies a second language. The applied objective serves to enable the learner to learn more efficiently by exploiting our
knowledge of his dialect for pedagogical purposes (Corder, 1974:122).
As per the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Linguistics by Tim (2003) 'writing is the act of representing, or the representation, of thoughts, ideas and
speech by conventional material signs. Of course, the symbols which are used need to be arranged properly to form words and then to form the
sentences with a view to communicating our ideas in an organized way. In fact, when we communicate through writing, we have so many ideas to
express for which we think in different ways of combining and arranging them, which lead us to draft, redraft or revise and so

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