This document summarizes the OECD's work on global value chains (GVCs). It finds that GVCs have emerged due to technological progress, costs considerations, access to resources and markets, and trade policy reforms. GVCs involve extensive trade in intermediate goods and services across borders. They are a powerful driver of growth and productivity but certain jobs may be offshored. The document outlines that trade-facilitating policies are important for GVCs to function smoothly. It also discusses the importance of investment policies, innovation policies, and developing capabilities to benefit from GVCs. National policies need to support upgrading in GVCs through strengthening skills, R&D, and the business environment.
This is a handbook for businesses and other stakeholders that value social responsibility, economic growth and healthy business environments. These crucial issues in the present world cannot be solved by a company or government in isolation, and should be addressed as a pervasive concern that every participant in the global economy needs to tackle. It is with such a view that EBAC introduces the Responsible Business 2.0 model in this handbook, and aligns this framework with the goals in order to achieve a global, inclusive and sustainable development
This document is the 2018 World Investment Report published by UNCTAD. It provides an overview of global investment trends in 2017 and prospects for 2018. Some key findings include:
- Global FDI flows declined 23% in 2017 to $1.43 trillion, with declines in both developed and developing economies. Only modest growth is expected in 2018.
- Over 100 countries have introduced new industrial development strategies in recent years to respond to opportunities and challenges from the new industrial revolution.
- International production continues to spread globally as transnational corporations increase foreign assets and cross-border activities. However, trade tensions raise concerns over the future of global value chains.
The report examines regional investment trends and recent policy developments related
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCTAD) WORLD INVESTMENT ...MYO AUNG Myanmar
This document is the 2018 World Investment Report published by UNCTAD. It provides an overview of global investment trends in 2017 and prospects for 2018. Some key findings include:
- Global FDI flows declined 23% in 2017 to $1.43 trillion, with declines in both developed and developing economies. Only modest growth is expected in 2018.
- Over 100 countries have introduced new industrial development strategies in recent years to respond to opportunities and challenges from the new industrial revolution.
- International production continues to spread globally as transnational corporations increase foreign assets and cross-border activities. However, trade tensions raise concerns over the future of global value chains.
The report examines regional investment trends and recent policy developments related
Class#1 Document #2 : Value Chain And Globalization, OECD 2007atala67
The document discusses the globalization of value chains and its implications. It notes that globalization is not new, but is occurring at an unprecedented pace and scale today through the emergence of global value chains. As production processes become more fragmented geographically, firms can locate different stages of production in various locations around the world to reduce costs. This has led to a growth in outsourcing, offshoring, and relocation of some activities abroad as firms internationalize their supply chains. It has also increased trade in intermediate goods as parts and components are exchanged between countries in global production networks.
This report, compiled by China Intelligence Online, provides an operational overview of the Chinese environmental sector, focusing mainly on market development and strategies.
Investigating the whole sector, the report aims to determine the business opportunities for foreign companies and help investors target markets.
BIAC Economic Policy Survey 2016: Structural Policies and Productivity GrowthStructuralpolicyanalysis
The document summarizes the results of a survey of 25 national business organizations from 24 countries on structural policy priorities and productivity. The top five priorities identified were: 1) reducing product market regulations, 2) improving the efficiency of taxation, 3) increasing public sector efficiency, 4) investing in public infrastructure, and 5) reforming labor taxation. Regarding productivity, over 90% of respondents said raising productivity was a top priority. When asked about their country's productivity trend, 56% said productivity was stagnating. The top factor seen as affecting productivity was the level and complexity of taxes on capital or labor.
This document discusses the relationship between international trade and the transition to a green economy. It explores how greening trade can help achieve sustainable development goals. The report focuses on six economic sectors that are promising for a green transition: agriculture, fisheries, forests, manufacturing, renewable energy, and tourism. It aims to identify trade opportunities and policies that can facilitate seizing opportunities from greening these sectors, especially for developing countries.
This document provides the European Commission's 10th report on potentially trade-restrictive measures identified between May 2012 and May 2013. Some key points:
- 154 new potentially trade-restrictive measures were adopted during this period, while only 18 measures were lifted. The total number of measures now stands at 688.
- Emerging economies like Argentina, Brazil, India, Indonesia, Russia, and recently South Africa applied the most new measures. These included import tariff increases and new import restrictions.
- Government procurement restrictions increased, especially in Brazil, Argentina, and India. Behind-the-border measures also rose, particularly technical regulations and localization requirements.
- While the global economic outlook improved, the
This is a handbook for businesses and other stakeholders that value social responsibility, economic growth and healthy business environments. These crucial issues in the present world cannot be solved by a company or government in isolation, and should be addressed as a pervasive concern that every participant in the global economy needs to tackle. It is with such a view that EBAC introduces the Responsible Business 2.0 model in this handbook, and aligns this framework with the goals in order to achieve a global, inclusive and sustainable development
This document is the 2018 World Investment Report published by UNCTAD. It provides an overview of global investment trends in 2017 and prospects for 2018. Some key findings include:
- Global FDI flows declined 23% in 2017 to $1.43 trillion, with declines in both developed and developing economies. Only modest growth is expected in 2018.
- Over 100 countries have introduced new industrial development strategies in recent years to respond to opportunities and challenges from the new industrial revolution.
- International production continues to spread globally as transnational corporations increase foreign assets and cross-border activities. However, trade tensions raise concerns over the future of global value chains.
The report examines regional investment trends and recent policy developments related
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCTAD) WORLD INVESTMENT ...MYO AUNG Myanmar
This document is the 2018 World Investment Report published by UNCTAD. It provides an overview of global investment trends in 2017 and prospects for 2018. Some key findings include:
- Global FDI flows declined 23% in 2017 to $1.43 trillion, with declines in both developed and developing economies. Only modest growth is expected in 2018.
- Over 100 countries have introduced new industrial development strategies in recent years to respond to opportunities and challenges from the new industrial revolution.
- International production continues to spread globally as transnational corporations increase foreign assets and cross-border activities. However, trade tensions raise concerns over the future of global value chains.
The report examines regional investment trends and recent policy developments related
Class#1 Document #2 : Value Chain And Globalization, OECD 2007atala67
The document discusses the globalization of value chains and its implications. It notes that globalization is not new, but is occurring at an unprecedented pace and scale today through the emergence of global value chains. As production processes become more fragmented geographically, firms can locate different stages of production in various locations around the world to reduce costs. This has led to a growth in outsourcing, offshoring, and relocation of some activities abroad as firms internationalize their supply chains. It has also increased trade in intermediate goods as parts and components are exchanged between countries in global production networks.
This report, compiled by China Intelligence Online, provides an operational overview of the Chinese environmental sector, focusing mainly on market development and strategies.
Investigating the whole sector, the report aims to determine the business opportunities for foreign companies and help investors target markets.
BIAC Economic Policy Survey 2016: Structural Policies and Productivity GrowthStructuralpolicyanalysis
The document summarizes the results of a survey of 25 national business organizations from 24 countries on structural policy priorities and productivity. The top five priorities identified were: 1) reducing product market regulations, 2) improving the efficiency of taxation, 3) increasing public sector efficiency, 4) investing in public infrastructure, and 5) reforming labor taxation. Regarding productivity, over 90% of respondents said raising productivity was a top priority. When asked about their country's productivity trend, 56% said productivity was stagnating. The top factor seen as affecting productivity was the level and complexity of taxes on capital or labor.
This document discusses the relationship between international trade and the transition to a green economy. It explores how greening trade can help achieve sustainable development goals. The report focuses on six economic sectors that are promising for a green transition: agriculture, fisheries, forests, manufacturing, renewable energy, and tourism. It aims to identify trade opportunities and policies that can facilitate seizing opportunities from greening these sectors, especially for developing countries.
This document provides the European Commission's 10th report on potentially trade-restrictive measures identified between May 2012 and May 2013. Some key points:
- 154 new potentially trade-restrictive measures were adopted during this period, while only 18 measures were lifted. The total number of measures now stands at 688.
- Emerging economies like Argentina, Brazil, India, Indonesia, Russia, and recently South Africa applied the most new measures. These included import tariff increases and new import restrictions.
- Government procurement restrictions increased, especially in Brazil, Argentina, and India. Behind-the-border measures also rose, particularly technical regulations and localization requirements.
- While the global economic outlook improved, the
OECD and China 1995 - 2015: 20 years of partnershipOECDglobal
Trade and investment were the focus of the agenda in 1995 when China and the OECD initiated their co-operation with a first workshop. The partnership now extends across the broad range of core OECD policy areas and includes more than 30 Chinese ministries and government institutions.
SEPTEMBER 2013
Where next for the development agenda?
With only days before the UN General Assembly debates the post-2015 development agenda, DACnews explores key related issues: a “ZEN” approach to post-2015, as well as the limitations of the current MDG framework and key ways to move forward (feature article). This issue of DACnews also covers important discussions of tax and development at the G8 Summit in Lough Erne, as well as the Fourth Global Review of Aid for Trade. Finally, it looks at the “how” of building resilience on the ground.
G20 and G8 endorse OECD work on tax and development
G20 logoAt the G20 Leaders' Summit in St. Petersburg (5-6 September 2013), leaders “fully endorse(d) the ambitious and comprehensive Action Plan – originated in the OECD – aimed at addressing base erosion and profit shifting” (paragraph 50). They also endorsed OECD’s work on tax transparency (para 51), calling on the global community to work with OECD to help developing countries benefit from these initiatives. Tax Inspectors without Borders initiative, a new OECD initiative aimed at sharing knowledge and increasing domestic capacities in developing countries in the tax area was highlighted (para 52).
The 2021 edition of the Global Innovation Index (GII) presents the latest global innovation ranking of 132 economies, relying on 81 different indicators. While tracking the most recent global innovation trends in the new Global Innovation Tracker, this edition also focuses on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on innovation.
The GII's overall formula for measuring an economy's innovative capacity and output provides clarity for decision makers in government, business and elsewhere as they look forward to creating policies that enable their people to invent and create more efficiently.
The following table shows the rankings of Viet Nam over the past three years, noting that data availability and changes to the GII model framework influence year-on-year comparisons of the GII rankings. The statistical confidence interval for the ranking of Viet Nam in the GII 2021 is between ranks 42 and 47.
Source: https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/
Vietnam has experienced strong economic growth over the past 25 years, transitioning from an agricultural economy to one focused on manufacturing and services. However, Vietnam now faces challenges to sustaining its growth, including a declining demographic dividend and need to improve productivity. The report recommends a four-point agenda to address these challenges: raising agricultural productivity; developing a skilled workforce; improving infrastructure, especially transport; and enhancing private sector competitiveness through reforms and investment in innovation.
Vietnam has experienced strong economic growth over the past 25 years, transitioning from an agricultural to a manufacturing and services-based economy. However, Vietnam now faces challenges to sustaining its growth, including declining productivity growth and an aging workforce. To continue growing, Vietnam will need to pursue a four-point agenda focused on boosting productivity, developing human capital, improving competitiveness, and strengthening institutions. Implementing reforms in these areas will be important for Vietnam to transition to a productivity-driven growth model.
International trade plays an important role in the development of economy as a whole. India is the 19th largest exporter with a share of 1.7 to the total global trade and 10th largest importer with share of 2.65 to the global merchandise trade, according to the WTO ranking for the year 2018. International trade enables the countries to widen the scope of marketing for its output. Exports of goods and services of a nation provide better employment opportunities to the people and higher standard of living of home as well as host countries. Exports lead to increase the efficiency on the national output and productivity of factors of production. Export of a country may become a growth driver of national economy. Expansion of foreign trade may bring variety of benefits to the people and economy of the country. Dr. S Senthil | Dr. S Kowsalya "An Analysis on India’s Foreign Trade" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30785.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/30785/an-analysis-on-india%E2%80%99s-foreign-trade/dr-s-senthil
This document is the embargoed press release for the World Investment Report 2015 from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). It discusses reforming international investment governance. The contents cannot be quoted or summarized before 24 June 2015 at 17:00 GMT. The World Investment Report 2015 examines key challenges in international investment protection and promotion, including the right to regulate, investor-state dispute settlement, and investor responsibility. It also analyzes the fiscal treatment of international investment and proposes options for reforming the international investment treaties regime.
The paper surveys the theoretical and empirical research on how trade and trade liberalization affect poverty and income distribution. The impact of globalization on poverty reduction has been uneven but the findings in the literature are sensitive to modelling choices. Trade liberalization improves aggregate welfare but the gains are small and unequally distributed. The welfare effects are measured basically through price changes, focusing on the effect on the relative demand for domestic factors of production and, in particular, the demand for skilled relative to unskilled labour. The literature shows that poverty constraints originate from various sources including infrastructure, skills, incomplete markets, and policy.
Mba1014 global economic environment 200413Stephen Ong
This document discusses globalization and its impact on businesses. It begins with an introduction to globalization and defining it as the deepening interdependence between countries through increased cross-border trade and financial flows. It then provides statistics on major economies and discusses factors driving globalization like declining trade barriers and technological advances. The document also covers debates around globalization, how it affects companies, and challenges they face in the global marketplace.
The document summarizes the findings of a study on inclusive trade policy making processes in five African countries: Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. It identifies the main stakeholders in trade policy making as government ministries, other relevant government agencies, the private sector, and civil society organizations. It also describes the various consultative mechanisms used by the different countries and analyzes challenges to participation faced by each stakeholder group. Finally, it introduces an Inclusive Trade Policy Making Index developed to measure inclusiveness of trade policy processes.
The document discusses Portugal's slowing productivity growth and strategies to address key economic challenges. It notes that productivity growth has declined since 1970 in Portugal as in other OECD countries. Prior policies focused too much on reducing costs and not enough on innovation, education, and investment. The new Growth and Competitiveness Strategy aims to boost economic growth through macroeconomic stability, innovation programs, improving competitiveness, and simplifying the business environment. The strategy includes initiatives like StartUP Portugal, Industry 4.0, increasing tech transfer, and the Simplex program to streamline bureaucracy.
World Investment Report 2015 of UNITED NATIONS from UNCTADIra Tobing
When implementing IIA reform, policymakers have to determine the most effective means to safeguard the right
to regulate while providing for the protection and facilitation of investment.
foreign trade as an engine of economic growthMitikaAnjel
Foreign trade acts as an "engine" of economic growth in three key ways: 1) It enlarges a country's market for exports, leading to greater production and utilization of resources; 2) Expanding exports provides more employment opportunities and economies of scale, lowering costs; 3) Access to global markets encourages innovation as businesses compete with international counterparts, improving efficiency and productivity. For example, the opening of the Suez Canal increased India's exports of commercial crops like cotton and tea, fueling economic growth. Export processing zones also create jobs and incomes, stimulating demand and further domestic manufacturing. Overall, specialization, competition and technological adoption spurred by foreign trade can power economic expansion.
The document discusses how global value chains (GVCs) present different challenges and opportunities for productivity compared to traditional trade models. It notes that GVCs encompass entire supply networks across borders rather than just final goods trade. Participating in GVCs through importing inputs or exporting outputs can increase productivity by providing access to higher quality inputs from abroad. However, GVCs also require firms to achieve sufficient scale to participate directly. Ongoing research aims to better understand how a country or firm's position in GVCs, such as being a central hub versus more peripheral, affects productivity growth and resilience to supply chain shocks. The document raises implications for policies around trade, standards, domestic competition, SME participation, and innovation
Vietnam has experienced rapid economic growth over the past 25 years, transitioning from an agricultural economy to one focused on manufacturing and services. However, Vietnam now faces challenges to sustaining its growth, including rising wages and a need to increase productivity. The report recommends a four-point agenda to address these challenges: upgrading industries, developing human capital, improving infrastructure, and strengthening institutions. Implementing reforms in these areas would help Vietnam transition to a productivity-driven model and sustain its economic success.
What: An effective policy for the development of SMEs needs to focus on identifying real constraints and determine how these could be realistically addressed. The most productive and reliable way of identifying such constraints and possible solutions is through public–private sector interaction and dialogue. UNCTAD undertook a survey of good practice and set up a project entitled “Enhancing public–private sector dialogue in LDCs”. This survey aims to distil key principles of effective dialogue that will serve as benchmarks for evaluating the practice of public–private sector dialogue and interaction. Who: Useful for anyone teaching on how to strengthen public–private sector interaction. How: Can be used as by teachers to assign students to conduct surveys using this model.
This document provides an overview and analysis of the ICC Open Markets Index (OMI) 2013. The OMI measures the openness of 75 economies across 4 components: observed openness to trade, trade policy, foreign direct investment openness, and infrastructure for trade. It finds that while governments have pledged to keep markets open, protectionism has increased since the 2008 financial crisis. The OMI aims to evaluate countries' performance on openness indicators and identify areas for improvement, in order to encourage open trade policies and monitor progress over time. The report discusses the methodology used to construct the index and analyze results, finding that some countries have more open markets than others and outlining categories of openness performance.
Digital and Green Transformation for Developing Economies.docxDr. Monideep Dey
Recently, several international development organizations and civil society have focused their efforts to assist developing economies in a green and digital transformation. A green transformation is necessary to address Climate Action (SDG 13). Digital transformation has been identified as key to development and to addresses several SDGs. Sustainability concepts are to be a fundamental part of the digital transformation. It is recognized that it is essential to ensure the new technologies in the digital, biological and physical worlds are adopted to remain human-centered and serve society and the planet as a whole for the prosperity of all. Society can thus promote economic development and solve social problems simultaneously. This paper discusses the elements of a green and digital transformation, initiatives currently underway by international development organizations, civil society and developing economies, and progress to date toward the common goals established in the SDGs.
Global Value Chains: Challenges, Opportunities and Implications for PolicyDr Lendy Spires
Global value chains (GVCs) have increased the interconnectedness of economies. Participation in GVCs varies by country and is determined by factors like infrastructure and human capital that governments can influence through policy. Horizontal policies promoting competitiveness like education are widely embraced, while sector-specific subsidies often fail. For countries to benefit from GVCs, policy must address challenges like reducing trade costs and improving services, as well as developing strong institutions, education, and social policies to maximize gains from GVC participation, especially in developing economies.
This document provides an overview of the role of BRICS and the G20 in reforming the global financial architecture (GFA). It defines BRICS and the G20, describes the key components and issues with the current GFA, and outlines the roles and achievements of both the G20 and BRICS in addressing GFA reforms, including through initiatives like the New Development Bank established by BRICS. Challenges to GFA reforms led by the G20 are also discussed, such as differing priorities among members and slow implementation.
The document is an introduction to the World Economic Forum's report "The Global Enabling Trade Report 2014". It discusses the report's focus on measuring countries' trade facilitation performance and identifying obstacles to trade. It also acknowledges the data providers that contributed to the report.
OECD and China 1995 - 2015: 20 years of partnershipOECDglobal
Trade and investment were the focus of the agenda in 1995 when China and the OECD initiated their co-operation with a first workshop. The partnership now extends across the broad range of core OECD policy areas and includes more than 30 Chinese ministries and government institutions.
SEPTEMBER 2013
Where next for the development agenda?
With only days before the UN General Assembly debates the post-2015 development agenda, DACnews explores key related issues: a “ZEN” approach to post-2015, as well as the limitations of the current MDG framework and key ways to move forward (feature article). This issue of DACnews also covers important discussions of tax and development at the G8 Summit in Lough Erne, as well as the Fourth Global Review of Aid for Trade. Finally, it looks at the “how” of building resilience on the ground.
G20 and G8 endorse OECD work on tax and development
G20 logoAt the G20 Leaders' Summit in St. Petersburg (5-6 September 2013), leaders “fully endorse(d) the ambitious and comprehensive Action Plan – originated in the OECD – aimed at addressing base erosion and profit shifting” (paragraph 50). They also endorsed OECD’s work on tax transparency (para 51), calling on the global community to work with OECD to help developing countries benefit from these initiatives. Tax Inspectors without Borders initiative, a new OECD initiative aimed at sharing knowledge and increasing domestic capacities in developing countries in the tax area was highlighted (para 52).
The 2021 edition of the Global Innovation Index (GII) presents the latest global innovation ranking of 132 economies, relying on 81 different indicators. While tracking the most recent global innovation trends in the new Global Innovation Tracker, this edition also focuses on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on innovation.
The GII's overall formula for measuring an economy's innovative capacity and output provides clarity for decision makers in government, business and elsewhere as they look forward to creating policies that enable their people to invent and create more efficiently.
The following table shows the rankings of Viet Nam over the past three years, noting that data availability and changes to the GII model framework influence year-on-year comparisons of the GII rankings. The statistical confidence interval for the ranking of Viet Nam in the GII 2021 is between ranks 42 and 47.
Source: https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/
Vietnam has experienced strong economic growth over the past 25 years, transitioning from an agricultural economy to one focused on manufacturing and services. However, Vietnam now faces challenges to sustaining its growth, including a declining demographic dividend and need to improve productivity. The report recommends a four-point agenda to address these challenges: raising agricultural productivity; developing a skilled workforce; improving infrastructure, especially transport; and enhancing private sector competitiveness through reforms and investment in innovation.
Vietnam has experienced strong economic growth over the past 25 years, transitioning from an agricultural to a manufacturing and services-based economy. However, Vietnam now faces challenges to sustaining its growth, including declining productivity growth and an aging workforce. To continue growing, Vietnam will need to pursue a four-point agenda focused on boosting productivity, developing human capital, improving competitiveness, and strengthening institutions. Implementing reforms in these areas will be important for Vietnam to transition to a productivity-driven growth model.
International trade plays an important role in the development of economy as a whole. India is the 19th largest exporter with a share of 1.7 to the total global trade and 10th largest importer with share of 2.65 to the global merchandise trade, according to the WTO ranking for the year 2018. International trade enables the countries to widen the scope of marketing for its output. Exports of goods and services of a nation provide better employment opportunities to the people and higher standard of living of home as well as host countries. Exports lead to increase the efficiency on the national output and productivity of factors of production. Export of a country may become a growth driver of national economy. Expansion of foreign trade may bring variety of benefits to the people and economy of the country. Dr. S Senthil | Dr. S Kowsalya "An Analysis on India’s Foreign Trade" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30785.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/30785/an-analysis-on-india%E2%80%99s-foreign-trade/dr-s-senthil
This document is the embargoed press release for the World Investment Report 2015 from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). It discusses reforming international investment governance. The contents cannot be quoted or summarized before 24 June 2015 at 17:00 GMT. The World Investment Report 2015 examines key challenges in international investment protection and promotion, including the right to regulate, investor-state dispute settlement, and investor responsibility. It also analyzes the fiscal treatment of international investment and proposes options for reforming the international investment treaties regime.
The paper surveys the theoretical and empirical research on how trade and trade liberalization affect poverty and income distribution. The impact of globalization on poverty reduction has been uneven but the findings in the literature are sensitive to modelling choices. Trade liberalization improves aggregate welfare but the gains are small and unequally distributed. The welfare effects are measured basically through price changes, focusing on the effect on the relative demand for domestic factors of production and, in particular, the demand for skilled relative to unskilled labour. The literature shows that poverty constraints originate from various sources including infrastructure, skills, incomplete markets, and policy.
Mba1014 global economic environment 200413Stephen Ong
This document discusses globalization and its impact on businesses. It begins with an introduction to globalization and defining it as the deepening interdependence between countries through increased cross-border trade and financial flows. It then provides statistics on major economies and discusses factors driving globalization like declining trade barriers and technological advances. The document also covers debates around globalization, how it affects companies, and challenges they face in the global marketplace.
The document summarizes the findings of a study on inclusive trade policy making processes in five African countries: Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. It identifies the main stakeholders in trade policy making as government ministries, other relevant government agencies, the private sector, and civil society organizations. It also describes the various consultative mechanisms used by the different countries and analyzes challenges to participation faced by each stakeholder group. Finally, it introduces an Inclusive Trade Policy Making Index developed to measure inclusiveness of trade policy processes.
The document discusses Portugal's slowing productivity growth and strategies to address key economic challenges. It notes that productivity growth has declined since 1970 in Portugal as in other OECD countries. Prior policies focused too much on reducing costs and not enough on innovation, education, and investment. The new Growth and Competitiveness Strategy aims to boost economic growth through macroeconomic stability, innovation programs, improving competitiveness, and simplifying the business environment. The strategy includes initiatives like StartUP Portugal, Industry 4.0, increasing tech transfer, and the Simplex program to streamline bureaucracy.
World Investment Report 2015 of UNITED NATIONS from UNCTADIra Tobing
When implementing IIA reform, policymakers have to determine the most effective means to safeguard the right
to regulate while providing for the protection and facilitation of investment.
foreign trade as an engine of economic growthMitikaAnjel
Foreign trade acts as an "engine" of economic growth in three key ways: 1) It enlarges a country's market for exports, leading to greater production and utilization of resources; 2) Expanding exports provides more employment opportunities and economies of scale, lowering costs; 3) Access to global markets encourages innovation as businesses compete with international counterparts, improving efficiency and productivity. For example, the opening of the Suez Canal increased India's exports of commercial crops like cotton and tea, fueling economic growth. Export processing zones also create jobs and incomes, stimulating demand and further domestic manufacturing. Overall, specialization, competition and technological adoption spurred by foreign trade can power economic expansion.
The document discusses how global value chains (GVCs) present different challenges and opportunities for productivity compared to traditional trade models. It notes that GVCs encompass entire supply networks across borders rather than just final goods trade. Participating in GVCs through importing inputs or exporting outputs can increase productivity by providing access to higher quality inputs from abroad. However, GVCs also require firms to achieve sufficient scale to participate directly. Ongoing research aims to better understand how a country or firm's position in GVCs, such as being a central hub versus more peripheral, affects productivity growth and resilience to supply chain shocks. The document raises implications for policies around trade, standards, domestic competition, SME participation, and innovation
Vietnam has experienced rapid economic growth over the past 25 years, transitioning from an agricultural economy to one focused on manufacturing and services. However, Vietnam now faces challenges to sustaining its growth, including rising wages and a need to increase productivity. The report recommends a four-point agenda to address these challenges: upgrading industries, developing human capital, improving infrastructure, and strengthening institutions. Implementing reforms in these areas would help Vietnam transition to a productivity-driven model and sustain its economic success.
What: An effective policy for the development of SMEs needs to focus on identifying real constraints and determine how these could be realistically addressed. The most productive and reliable way of identifying such constraints and possible solutions is through public–private sector interaction and dialogue. UNCTAD undertook a survey of good practice and set up a project entitled “Enhancing public–private sector dialogue in LDCs”. This survey aims to distil key principles of effective dialogue that will serve as benchmarks for evaluating the practice of public–private sector dialogue and interaction. Who: Useful for anyone teaching on how to strengthen public–private sector interaction. How: Can be used as by teachers to assign students to conduct surveys using this model.
This document provides an overview and analysis of the ICC Open Markets Index (OMI) 2013. The OMI measures the openness of 75 economies across 4 components: observed openness to trade, trade policy, foreign direct investment openness, and infrastructure for trade. It finds that while governments have pledged to keep markets open, protectionism has increased since the 2008 financial crisis. The OMI aims to evaluate countries' performance on openness indicators and identify areas for improvement, in order to encourage open trade policies and monitor progress over time. The report discusses the methodology used to construct the index and analyze results, finding that some countries have more open markets than others and outlining categories of openness performance.
Digital and Green Transformation for Developing Economies.docxDr. Monideep Dey
Recently, several international development organizations and civil society have focused their efforts to assist developing economies in a green and digital transformation. A green transformation is necessary to address Climate Action (SDG 13). Digital transformation has been identified as key to development and to addresses several SDGs. Sustainability concepts are to be a fundamental part of the digital transformation. It is recognized that it is essential to ensure the new technologies in the digital, biological and physical worlds are adopted to remain human-centered and serve society and the planet as a whole for the prosperity of all. Society can thus promote economic development and solve social problems simultaneously. This paper discusses the elements of a green and digital transformation, initiatives currently underway by international development organizations, civil society and developing economies, and progress to date toward the common goals established in the SDGs.
Global Value Chains: Challenges, Opportunities and Implications for PolicyDr Lendy Spires
Global value chains (GVCs) have increased the interconnectedness of economies. Participation in GVCs varies by country and is determined by factors like infrastructure and human capital that governments can influence through policy. Horizontal policies promoting competitiveness like education are widely embraced, while sector-specific subsidies often fail. For countries to benefit from GVCs, policy must address challenges like reducing trade costs and improving services, as well as developing strong institutions, education, and social policies to maximize gains from GVC participation, especially in developing economies.
This document provides an overview of the role of BRICS and the G20 in reforming the global financial architecture (GFA). It defines BRICS and the G20, describes the key components and issues with the current GFA, and outlines the roles and achievements of both the G20 and BRICS in addressing GFA reforms, including through initiatives like the New Development Bank established by BRICS. Challenges to GFA reforms led by the G20 are also discussed, such as differing priorities among members and slow implementation.
The document is an introduction to the World Economic Forum's report "The Global Enabling Trade Report 2014". It discusses the report's focus on measuring countries' trade facilitation performance and identifying obstacles to trade. It also acknowledges the data providers that contributed to the report.
Over the past three decades, global trade has grown and many new exporting countries, particularly in Asia, have been incorporated into the global economy.
The Global Value Chain (GVC) literature emerged as an attempt to describe how multinational firms have integrated production activities in Asia into their global strategies and what the consequences might be for the newly-integrated economies.
The GVC analysis is a useful tool to trace the shifting patterns of global production, link geographically dispersed activities and actors within a single industry, and determine the roles they play in developed and developing countries alike.
This course provides competency sets (mind set, tool set, knowledge set, and skill set) used for analyzing and synthesizing a new value chain system in order to extend the current value chain and to promote participation and upgrading in global value chains.
Aid for trade at a glance 2013 connecting to value chainsDr Lendy Spires
…increasing trade performance, as well as… Econometric analysis suggests that bilateral aid for trade is broadly correlated with increases in trade performance. This report calculates that 1 USD in aid for trade is associated with an increase of nearly 8 USD in additional exports from all developing countries, 9 USD for all low and lower-middle income countries and 20 USD for International Development Association (IDA) countries. …trade in parts and components. Econometric analysis has also found that aid for trade is even more positively and significantly associated with growth in trade of parts and components. There is no need for major refocusing of aid for trade, but…
The progressive proliferation of value chains is changing global trade flows and widening trading opportunities for developing countries’ suppliers. Aid for trade is already addressing the right set of issues to further support this process. No major refocusing of the Aid-for-Trade Initiative seems required. …import efficiency requires more attention. At the same time, improving import efficiency appears to be one area that requires additional attention. Too frequently aid-for-trade programmes fail to exhibit sufficient concerns about this dimension of competitiveness, which is nevertheless vital for connecting developing country suppliers to value chains.
Aid effectiveness principles could better applied, and… All stakeholders emphasize that aid needs to be managed better to deliver tangible trade and development results. Governments that are working with donors to design aid-for-trade programmes with clear targets and performance indicators for each phase of the results chain are likely to have the greatest pay-off. … aid-for-trade programmes should take account of the broader policy environment. Aid-for-trade programmes also need to take into account the broader policy environment, particularly trade policy but also complementary policies.
What seems most needed now is a renewed commitment by all stakeholders to continue supporting developing countries in building the supply-side capacities and infrastructure they need to make trade an engine of growth and poverty reduction. The 4th Global Review in July 2013 and the 9th WTO Ministerial Conference in December 2013 provide important opportunities for Members to discuss how to ensure the continued relevance of the Aid-for-Trade Initiative in a changing environment for trade and development.
AIDFORTRADE AT A GLANCE 2013 CONNECTING TO VALUE CHAINS Dr Lendy Spires
- The document is a report by the OECD and WTO on Aid for Trade, focusing on connecting developing countries to global and regional value chains.
- It provides an overview of the Aid for Trade monitoring exercise and outlines the structure of the report, which examines how partner countries and donors have adapted their strategies to new trade realities, analyzes aid for trade flows and financing, and discusses barriers to integrating into value chains.
- The report aims to help ensure the Aid for Trade Initiative remains relevant in supporting developing countries to participate in and benefit from world trade.
Groningen Growth and Development Centre (GGDC) 25th anniversary | 28-30 June ...innovationoecd
Over the years, OECD work on productivity and globalisation has closely mirrored the work of the GGDC on these issues, reflecting considerable cooperation over the past 25 years. Dirk Pilat, Deputy Director of the OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation, presented OECD work on productivity and Global value chains - an overview and cooperation with the GGDC.
This report from the International Labour Organization analyzes wage inequality around the world. It finds that global real wage growth dropped sharply during the 2008 economic crisis and has since decelerated, falling below 1% in 2015 excluding China. The report examines wage inequality between enterprises and within enterprises. It finds that wage inequality within large enterprises, particularly among the top 1%, has become substantial and contributed significantly to overall wage inequality. The report discusses how collective bargaining and social dialogue can promote more inclusive wage growth and a narrower wage distribution.
Export Structure and Economic PerformanceMonica Das
This document presents a study examining the relationship between the skill and technology content of exports and GDP per capita in developing countries, using nonparametric methodology. The study analyzes data from 88 developing countries from 1995 to 2007 to assess how low, medium, and high-skill export levels impact economic performance, as measured by GDP per capita. In addition to export structure, the study also controls for factors like institutional quality, human capital, financial capital availability, and market access. The results suggest that as the skill and technology content of a country's exports increase, the impact on GDP per capita also increases significantly, even after controlling for other policy variables.
SMEs make up a large share of businesses and employment worldwide but have low levels of participation in international trade. The report examines how technological changes and participation in global value chains are opening up new opportunities for SMEs to engage in trade. It also analyzes the barriers SMEs face and policies that could help promote more inclusive and widespread SME participation in global markets.
The World Trade Report 2016: Levelling the trading field for SMEs provides a deep understanding of the participation of small and medium -sized enterprises (SMEs) in international trade. It examines how the international trade landscape is changing and what the multilateral trading system does and can do to encourage more widespread and inclusive SME participation in global markets.
http://vi.unctad.org/digital-library?view=search&index=NA&matchMode=all&query=world+trade+report+2016
1) The document discusses the need for strengthened global governance and a more level playing field through setting and enforcing global standards to ensure fairness in international trade, investment, and corporate behavior under globalization.
2) It provides evidence that while globalization has benefits, the gains are not evenly shared and there is a need to address its impacts on labor markets in advanced countries through better domestic and international policies.
3) The outlook focuses on ways to enhance fairness at the global level through stronger rules and cooperation in areas like exchange rates, financial regulation, state-owned enterprises, competition, and responsible business conduct.
The World Trade Report 2013 examines factors that will shape the future of world trade. It analyzes how trade has changed in recent decades due to wider country participation, rising international supply chains, and enabling technologies. The report identifies key factors influencing future trade, including demographics, investment, technology, energy/resources, transportation costs, and institutions. It also discusses socio-economic issues like inequality, unemployment, and the environment. The report provides economic scenarios for future trade and considers challenges for the WTO in addressing these issues and reviving the global trading system. Overall, the report aims to provide perspective on trade's role in the broader global context and future.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its effect on small scale industries. It provides background on the WTO, including its purpose of regulating international trade. It then discusses some of the challenges small scale industries face in international trade, such as lack of skills and access to financing. The WTO has launched several initiatives to help small scale industries participate more in world trade, including an informal working group, a global trade helpdesk, programs focused on trade financing and government procurement, and aid for trade. The conclusion emphasizes the important role small scale industries play in employment and economic development.
This document is the World Investment Report 2016 published by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). It discusses current global investment trends and prospects. In 2015, global foreign direct investment flows increased by about 40% to $1.8 trillion, the highest level since the financial crisis, though this growth did not translate to expanded productive capacity in all countries. The report presents an Investment Facilitation Action Package to further enhance sustainable development. It analyzes national and international investment policies and ownership structures of multinational enterprises. The key findings and recommendations can contribute to efforts to achieve the UN's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris Agreement on climate change.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIG 5 PERSONALITY TRAITS AND LIFE SATISFACTION OF AM...IAEME Publication
The study examines the relationship between the Big five personality traits of NCC
female students and life satisfaction in Tiruchirappalli. This study consists of 208 female
respondents, who had attended the Annual training camp in Tiruchirappalli. Finings
revealed that the Big five personality traits explained about 30.1% of variance in life
satisfaction. Among the Big Five traits, extraversion and neuroticism were found to be
the strongest predictors of life satisfaction.
Similar to Interconnected Economies: Benefitting from Global Value Chains (20)
RFP for Reno's Community Assistance CenterThis Is Reno
Property appraisals completed in May for downtown Reno’s Community Assistance and Triage Centers (CAC) reveal that repairing the buildings to bring them back into service would cost an estimated $10.1 million—nearly four times the amount previously reported by city staff.
Food safety, prepare for the unexpected - So what can be done in order to be ready to address food safety, food Consumers, food producers and manufacturers, food transporters, food businesses, food retailers can ...
Donate to charity during this holiday seasonSERUDS INDIA
For people who have money and are philanthropic, there are infinite opportunities to gift a needy person or child a Merry Christmas. Even if you are living on a shoestring budget, you will be surprised at how much you can do.
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-to-donate-to-charity-during-this-holiday-season/
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Monitoring Health for the SDGs - Global Health Statistics 2024 - WHOChristina Parmionova
The 2024 World Health Statistics edition reviews more than 50 health-related indicators from the Sustainable Development Goals and WHO’s Thirteenth General Programme of Work. It also highlights the findings from the Global health estimates 2021, notably the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy and healthy life expectancy.
This report explores the significance of border towns and spaces for strengthening responses to young people on the move. In particular it explores the linkages of young people to local service centres with the aim of further developing service, protection, and support strategies for migrant children in border areas across the region. The report is based on a small-scale fieldwork study in the border towns of Chipata and Katete in Zambia conducted in July 2023. Border towns and spaces provide a rich source of information about issues related to the informal or irregular movement of young people across borders, including smuggling and trafficking. They can help build a picture of the nature and scope of the type of movement young migrants undertake and also the forms of protection available to them. Border towns and spaces also provide a lens through which we can better understand the vulnerabilities of young people on the move and, critically, the strategies they use to navigate challenges and access support.
The findings in this report highlight some of the key factors shaping the experiences and vulnerabilities of young people on the move – particularly their proximity to border spaces and how this affects the risks that they face. The report describes strategies that young people on the move employ to remain below the radar of visibility to state and non-state actors due to fear of arrest, detention, and deportation while also trying to keep themselves safe and access support in border towns. These strategies of (in)visibility provide a way to protect themselves yet at the same time also heighten some of the risks young people face as their vulnerabilities are not always recognised by those who could offer support.
In this report we show that the realities and challenges of life and migration in this region and in Zambia need to be better understood for support to be strengthened and tuned to meet the specific needs of young people on the move. This includes understanding the role of state and non-state stakeholders, the impact of laws and policies and, critically, the experiences of the young people themselves. We provide recommendations for immediate action, recommendations for programming to support young people on the move in the two towns that would reduce risk for young people in this area, and recommendations for longer term policy advocacy.
Combined Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Vessel List.Christina Parmionova
The best available, up-to-date information on all fishing and related vessels that appear on the illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing vessel lists published by Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) and related organisations. The aim of the site is to improve the effectiveness of the original IUU lists as a tool for a wide variety of stakeholders to better understand and combat illegal fishing and broader fisheries crime.
To date, the following regional organisations maintain or share lists of vessels that have been found to carry out or support IUU fishing within their own or adjacent convention areas and/or species of competence:
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT)
General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO)
North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC)
South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO)
South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO)
Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA)
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)
The Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List merges all these sources into one list that provides a single reference point to identify whether a vessel is currently IUU listed. Vessels that have been IUU listed in the past and subsequently delisted (for example because of a change in ownership, or because the vessel is no longer in service) are also retained on the site, so that the site contains a full historic record of IUU listed fishing vessels.
Unlike the IUU lists published on individual RFMO websites, which may update vessel details infrequently or not at all, the Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List is kept up to date with the best available information regarding changes to vessel identity, flag state, ownership, location, and operations.
United Nations World Oceans Day 2024; June 8th " Awaken new dephts".Christina Parmionova
The program will expand our perspectives and appreciation for our blue planet, build new foundations for our relationship to the ocean, and ignite a wave of action toward necessary change.