Over the years, OECD work on productivity and globalisation has closely mirrored the work of the GGDC on these issues, reflecting considerable cooperation over the past 25 years. Dirk Pilat, Deputy Director of the OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation, presented OECD work on productivity and Global value chains - an overview and cooperation with the GGDC.
Colloquium on innovation, high-tech sectors and knowledge space by Sandrine K...innovationoecd
Sandrine Kergroach, Policy Analyst, of the OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation, presented the Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook.
Science, Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship: A comparative overview ...innovationoecd
Presentation by Andy Wyckoff, OECD Director for Science, Technology and Innovation, at 2nd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 12 May 2017.
OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2017: Presentation at Global Parliamentary Netwo...innovationoecd
The Digital Economy Outlook 2017 shows how Internet infrastructure and usage varies across countries and firms in the OECD area. It looks at policy implications of the digital transformation as well as a wide array of trends. Report available at http://oe.cd/deo2017
G20 “Digital Economy” Task Force Meeting - Andrew Wyckoffinnovationoecd
The OECD Background Report: “Key Issues for the Digital Transformation in the G20”. G20 “Digital Economy”
Task Force Meeting, 13 January 2017, Berlin, Germany
Colloquium on innovation, high-tech sectors and knowledge space by Sandrine K...innovationoecd
Sandrine Kergroach, Policy Analyst, of the OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation, presented the Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook.
Science, Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship: A comparative overview ...innovationoecd
Presentation by Andy Wyckoff, OECD Director for Science, Technology and Innovation, at 2nd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 12 May 2017.
OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2017: Presentation at Global Parliamentary Netwo...innovationoecd
The Digital Economy Outlook 2017 shows how Internet infrastructure and usage varies across countries and firms in the OECD area. It looks at policy implications of the digital transformation as well as a wide array of trends. Report available at http://oe.cd/deo2017
G20 “Digital Economy” Task Force Meeting - Andrew Wyckoffinnovationoecd
The OECD Background Report: “Key Issues for the Digital Transformation in the G20”. G20 “Digital Economy”
Task Force Meeting, 13 January 2017, Berlin, Germany
Opening keynote on our Let's get 'phygital' event (24/10/2019). Learn from Trevor Miles (Supply Chain thought leader) why we should equally focus on the transformation within digital transformation.
Presentation by the OECD - Session 1: Towards a new generation of indicators ...Marie-Claude Gohier
Presentation by the OECD on "Towards a new generation of indicators measuring digital government" at the Workshop on Digital Government Indicators 6 September 2016. More information can be found at: www.oecd.org/gov/digital-government/
M. Grazzi, G. Domini, D. Moschella, T. Treibich, 30 Novembre - 1 Dicembre 2021 -
Webinar: I cambiamenti strutturali: imprese, digitalizzazione, produttività, cultura e turismo
Titolo: L'impatto dell'automazione su diseguaglianze salariali e di genere: una analisi a livello di impresa
The growing role of the digital economy in daily life has heightened demand for new data and measurement tools. “Measuring the Digital Economy: A New Perspective” provides an internationally comparable and timely snap-shot of the state of the Digital Economy covering key parameters including the build-out of the infrastructure, uptake and usage across different segments of the population, the importance of information and communication technologies as drivers of innovation and as a transformational force on jobs and skills. It is clear from this stocktaking that a number or critical thresholds have been crossed and the Digital Economy is now the economy. The pace of change described by the report underscores that the ICT revolution is far from being over, and policy makers need to be attentive to its impact on the economy and society. Given the complexity of the changes, the report identifies a number of gaps in the measurement framework and proposes actions to advance the measurement agenda.
Rhode Island innovates: A competitive strategy for the Ocean State
In the fall and winter of 2015–2016, the Metropolitan Policy Program at Brookings worked in association with Battelle Technology Partnership Practice (now TEConomy Partners, LLC) and Monitor Deloitte to advance a new competitive strategy for the state of Rhode Island.
This slideshow summary of the project’s final conclusions finds that Rhode Island possesses unique assets for building an advanced economy that works for all but stands weakened by the decline of its core “advanced industries.” Given that erosion, the slideshow asserts that five advanced industry and two “opportunity industry” growth areas hold out solid potential for growth in the Ocean State and recommends that Rhode Island should embark on a three-part strategy to strengthen its advanced industries and improve its statewide platform for growth.
Dirk Pilat-La nueva revolución de la producción: la transformación digitalFundación Ramón Areces
'La nueva revolución de la producción: la transformación digital'. Este fue el hilo conductor de la jornada que celebramos el 14 de marzo de 2017 en la Fundación Ramón Areces con la OCDE. Inaugurada por Ángel Gurría, Secretario general de la OCDE, y por Álvaro Nadal, Ministro de Energía, Turismo y Agenda Digital, intervinieron diferentes expertos y emprendedores que explicaron cómo la tecnología está revolucionando la industria y los negocios.
Asia is second only to North America in generating large successful platform companies. The growing significance of platform companies is perhaps inevitable, given the size and scale of Asia in the global economy, a large and growing middle class, rapidly growing internet usage and a knack for quickly trying and adapting new business models. Platforms such as Tencent, Alibaba, Naver, Flipkart and Garena — to name but a few — are becoming important vehicles to efficiently provide services to the region’s large and growing middle class as it embraces digital technology. The survey identified 62 major platform companies operating across Asia, with a market capitalization of $800 million or more. The final list of companies is diverse. The companies serve 10 major industry sectors, with headquarters in 18 different cities. They have grown dramatically in the past decade, with a significant number of platforms now servicing hundreds of millions of users. These companies have also attracted significant investor attention. The market value of the 62 companies now exceeds $1.1 trillion, and they are having a growing influence on shaping markets throughout the region.
Opening keynote on our Let's get 'phygital' event (24/10/2019). Learn from Trevor Miles (Supply Chain thought leader) why we should equally focus on the transformation within digital transformation.
Presentation by the OECD - Session 1: Towards a new generation of indicators ...Marie-Claude Gohier
Presentation by the OECD on "Towards a new generation of indicators measuring digital government" at the Workshop on Digital Government Indicators 6 September 2016. More information can be found at: www.oecd.org/gov/digital-government/
M. Grazzi, G. Domini, D. Moschella, T. Treibich, 30 Novembre - 1 Dicembre 2021 -
Webinar: I cambiamenti strutturali: imprese, digitalizzazione, produttività, cultura e turismo
Titolo: L'impatto dell'automazione su diseguaglianze salariali e di genere: una analisi a livello di impresa
The growing role of the digital economy in daily life has heightened demand for new data and measurement tools. “Measuring the Digital Economy: A New Perspective” provides an internationally comparable and timely snap-shot of the state of the Digital Economy covering key parameters including the build-out of the infrastructure, uptake and usage across different segments of the population, the importance of information and communication technologies as drivers of innovation and as a transformational force on jobs and skills. It is clear from this stocktaking that a number or critical thresholds have been crossed and the Digital Economy is now the economy. The pace of change described by the report underscores that the ICT revolution is far from being over, and policy makers need to be attentive to its impact on the economy and society. Given the complexity of the changes, the report identifies a number of gaps in the measurement framework and proposes actions to advance the measurement agenda.
Rhode Island innovates: A competitive strategy for the Ocean State
In the fall and winter of 2015–2016, the Metropolitan Policy Program at Brookings worked in association with Battelle Technology Partnership Practice (now TEConomy Partners, LLC) and Monitor Deloitte to advance a new competitive strategy for the state of Rhode Island.
This slideshow summary of the project’s final conclusions finds that Rhode Island possesses unique assets for building an advanced economy that works for all but stands weakened by the decline of its core “advanced industries.” Given that erosion, the slideshow asserts that five advanced industry and two “opportunity industry” growth areas hold out solid potential for growth in the Ocean State and recommends that Rhode Island should embark on a three-part strategy to strengthen its advanced industries and improve its statewide platform for growth.
Dirk Pilat-La nueva revolución de la producción: la transformación digitalFundación Ramón Areces
'La nueva revolución de la producción: la transformación digital'. Este fue el hilo conductor de la jornada que celebramos el 14 de marzo de 2017 en la Fundación Ramón Areces con la OCDE. Inaugurada por Ángel Gurría, Secretario general de la OCDE, y por Álvaro Nadal, Ministro de Energía, Turismo y Agenda Digital, intervinieron diferentes expertos y emprendedores que explicaron cómo la tecnología está revolucionando la industria y los negocios.
Asia is second only to North America in generating large successful platform companies. The growing significance of platform companies is perhaps inevitable, given the size and scale of Asia in the global economy, a large and growing middle class, rapidly growing internet usage and a knack for quickly trying and adapting new business models. Platforms such as Tencent, Alibaba, Naver, Flipkart and Garena — to name but a few — are becoming important vehicles to efficiently provide services to the region’s large and growing middle class as it embraces digital technology. The survey identified 62 major platform companies operating across Asia, with a market capitalization of $800 million or more. The final list of companies is diverse. The companies serve 10 major industry sectors, with headquarters in 18 different cities. They have grown dramatically in the past decade, with a significant number of platforms now servicing hundreds of millions of users. These companies have also attracted significant investor attention. The market value of the 62 companies now exceeds $1.1 trillion, and they are having a growing influence on shaping markets throughout the region.
HLEG thematic workshop on measuring economic, social and environmental resili...StatsCommunications
HLEG thematic workshop on Measuring economic, social and environmental resilience, 25-26 November 2015, Rome, Italy, More information at: http://oe.cd/StrategicForum2015
Presentación de Dirk Pilat, Director Adjunto de la Dirección de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de la OCDE en el 31º Encuentro de de la Economía Digital y las Telecomunicaciones: La realidad digital de España, celebrado en la UIMP en septiembre de 2017
Does the New Economy demand New Statistical Approaches?Ian Miles
Discusses how indicators and statistical systems may need revision in light of socioeconomic macrochanges in advanced countries, proposes scenario workshop approach to progressing the issue.
Digital Business. Countries – leaders, issues, initiatives. Companies – shift...Natalia Berdyeva
Objectives:
- Provide analysts and some industry leaders view on Digital development and future, on Countries and Companies levels
- Outline key issues, shifts, implications. Not everything, but certainly important things to consider
How Digital Transformations Impact Regional Ecosystem: The Case of SofiaBagryan Malamin
Dr. Vassil Kirov’ BEYOND4.0 presentation at the “Regional Development and the Factors of Success: Education, Economy and Social Policy in the Regions” conference organized by the ISSK-BAS and Konrad Adenauer Stiftung.
How Digital Transformations Impact Regional Ecosystem: The Case of SofiaBEYOND4.0
Dr. Vassil Kirov’ BEYOND4.0 presentation at the “Regional Development and the Factors of Success: Education, Economy and Social Policy in the Regions” conference organized by the ISSK-BAS and Konrad Adenauer Stiftung.
OECD bibliometric indicators: Selected highlights, April 2024innovationoecd
This document summarizes bibliometric indicators from the OECD based on data from Elsevier's Scopus database. It shows trends in scientific publication output, citation rates, collaboration, and mobility for countries and regions from 2011-2022. It also includes perspectives on artificial intelligence research and research related to long term challenges like environmental science and energy. The data can be explored further using the OECD's STI.Scoreboard platform (https://oe.cd/sti-scoreboard) and OECD Data Explorer (https://data-explorer.oecd.org) bibliometric datasets.
Presentation of the OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2023innovationoecd
OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2023: Enabling Transitions in Times of Disruption.
Find out more and access the publication at https://www.oecd.org/sti/science-technology-innovation-outlook/
Countries across the OECD have developed ambitious plans for STI policy to contribute to socio-technical transitions as the world recovers from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. These plans contain a broad variety of policy goals and instruments designed to support STI in a changing global environment, to tackle new and growing challenges in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to apply new tools and approaches to STI policy making, especially digital tools, that emerged in the context of the pandemic.
Countries across the OECD have developed ambitious plans for STI policy to contribute to socio-technical transitions as the world recovers from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. These plans contain a broad variety of policy goals and instruments designed to support STI in a changing global environment, to tackle new and growing challenges in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to apply new tools and approaches to STI policy making, especially digital tools, that emerged in the context of the pandemic.
Countries across the OECD have developed ambitious plans for STI policy to contribute to socio-technical transitions as the world recovers from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. These plans contain a broad variety of policy goals and instruments designed to support STI in a changing global environment, to tackle new and growing challenges in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to apply new tools and approaches to STI policy making, especially digital tools, that emerged in the context of the pandemic.
Analysis of scientific publishing activity: Key findings, December 2021innovationoecd
OECD bibliometric data has been updated and now includes preliminary data for 2020. The indicators are based on Scopus Custom Data, Elsevier, Version 5.2021.
Find out more about OECD work on scientometrics and bibliometrics at https://oe.cd/scientometrics
Recommandation du Conseil de l'OCDE sur l'amélioration de l'accès aux données...innovationoecd
Optimiser les bénéfices intersectoriels et transfrontières de l'accès aux données et de leur partage, tout en protégeant les droits des parties prenantes
Recommandation adoptée en octobre 2021. En savoir plus : https://oe.cd/easd21fr
OECD Council Recommendation on Enhancing Access to and Sharing of Datainnovationoecd
Maximising the cross-sectoral and cross-border benefits of data access and sharing while protecting the rights of stakeholders
Recommendation adopted in October 2021. Find our more at https://oe.cd/easd21
2020.01.12 OECD STI Outlook launch - Impacts of COVID-19: How STI systems res...innovationoecd
On January 12, join OECD iLibrary, the OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation, and ACRL/Choice for a presentation of the key findings from the new STI Outlook, followed by a conversation with OECD STI Director Andrew Wyckoff and RAND Corporation Senior Policy Researcher Marjory Blumenthal about the implications for research and innovation in the US.
Read more at https://oe.cd/STIO21-EES
Global Forum on Digital Security for Prosperity November 2019 event photo bookinnovationoecd
Global Forum on Digital Security for Prosperity: Encouraging Digital Security Innovation, London, 14-15 November 2019. Programme and event information available at oe.cd/gfdsp
Global Forum on Digital Security for Prosperity December 2018 event photo bookinnovationoecd
These photos were taken at the first meeting of the OECD Global Forum on Digital Security for Prosperity, held on 13-14 December 2018 in Paris, France. The Global Forum brings together experts and policy makers to foster regular sharing of experiences and good practice on digital security risk and its management, as well as mutual learning and convergence of views on digital security for economic and social prosperity. It is an international multilateral and multidisciplinary setting for all stakeholder communities. Global Forum website: oe.cd/gfdsp
#GFDSP
Participants at the December 2018 event examined the roles and responsibilities of actors for digital security and cybersecurity, with a focus on good practice for the governance of digital security risk in organisations, and improving digital security of technologies throughout their lifecycle.
The event included speakers from:
- Cybersecurity agencies of France (ANSSI), Germany (BSI), Israel (INCD), United States (DHS CISA), Malaysia, European Union (ENISA)
- Ministries from Brazil (Foreign Affairs), France (Foreign Affairs), Germany (Foreign Affairs), Japan (Min. of Economy, Trade and Industry - METI, Min. of Internal Affairs and Communication - MIC), Mexico (Instituto Federal de
Telecomunicaciones), Netherlands (Economic Affairs and Climate Policy), Norway (Min. of Local Government and Modernisation), United Kingdom (Dept. of Culture, Media, and Sports - DCMS), United States (Dept. of Commerce, Dept. of Homeland Security - DHS)
- Business: A.P. Møller – Maersk, Airbus, Deutsche Telekom, Intel, Microsoft, TÜV SÜD, YesWeHack.
- Civil society, Academia, Technical community (incl. CERT Brazil)
- Other organisations: Federation of European Risk Management Associations (FERMA), Digital Infrastructure Netherlands Foundation (DINL), FS-ISAC, Internet Society ISOC & Online Trust Alliance OTA, BEUC, CEPS, BIAC, CSISAC, ITAC
Other key speakers included:
- Angel Gurría, Secretary-General, OECD
- Guillaume Poupard, Director General, Agence Nationale de la Sécurité des Systèmes d'Information, ANSSI, France
- Pascal Andrei, Chief Security Officer, Airbus
- Arne Schönbohm, President, Federal Office for Information Security (BSI), Germany
- Bruce Schneier, Author
- Marietje Schaake, Member of European Parliament
- Henri Verdier, Ambassador for Digital Affairs, France
- Ambassador Thomas Fitschen, Special Representative for Cyber Foreign Policy and
Cybersecurity, Germany
- Matthew Travis, Deputy Director, Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), United States
- Carlos da Fonseca, Head of the Information Society Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Brazil
The Oslo Manual is the international reference guide for collecting and using data on innovation. In this new 4th edition, published in October 2018, the manual has been updated to take into account a broader range of innovation-related phenomena as well as the experience gained from recent rounds of innovation surveys in OECD countries and partner economies and organisations.
OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2017: Setting the foundations for the digital tr...innovationoecd
The Digital Economy Outlook 2017 shows how Internet infrastructure and usage varies across countries and firms in the OECD area. It looks at policy implications of the digital transformation as well as a wide array of trends. Report available at http://oe.cd/deo2017 - See also the OECD Going Digital project: www.oecd.org/going-digital
Presentation for the OECD Telecommunication and Broadcasting Review of Mexico...innovationoecd
4 years after Mexico overhauled its telecommunication and broadcasting sectors with a major legal and regulatory reform, a new OECD Review assesses the impact on communication markets, businesses and households. It recommends further measures for the telecommunication and broadcasting sectors to build on this progress and ensure Mexico reaps maximum benefits from the digital transformation. Gabriela Ramos, the OECD Chief of Staff, G20 Sherpa and Special Advisor to the Secretary-General, presented the OECD Telecommunication and Broadcasting Review of México 2017 along with Andrew Wyckoff, Director of Science, Technology and Innovation, OECD, Communications and Transport Minister Gerardo Ruiz Esparza and Federal Telecommunications Institute President Commissioner Gabriel Oswaldo Contreras Saldívar on 31 August 2017 at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Mexico City.
Conference on the knowledge base for research and innovation policy by Andrew...innovationoecd
On March 2, Andrew Wyckoff, Director for Science, Technology and Innovation at the OECD, presented the OECD’s analysis of what future research and innovation policy will look like. A number of foresight analyses conducted in a Norwegian and Nordic context were also presented.
Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2016 - EC/OECD Launch eventinnovationoecd
European Commission/OECD event - Launch of OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2016
8 December 2016, EC Covent Garden, Auditorium Nowotny, Place Charles Rogier 16, 1210 Brussels.
The OECD's biennial publication of the Science, Technology and Industry Outlook "OECD STI Outlook" reviews key global trends in science, technology and innovation (STI) policies and performance in OECD countries and other major international economies. Through comparative analysis, it informs policy makers about recent and anticipated changes in global patterns of STI and their possible implications for national science and innovation policies.
Since 2015 the OECD and the European Commission pursue a joint approach in support of innovation policy through their "International Survey on Science, Technology and Innovation Policies". Unique in nature, coverage and scope, this common survey streamlines data collection and develops a coordinated approach in support of better informed innovation policy making. Its results feed into the country-based policy information in the STI Outlook.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Body fluids_tonicity_dehydration_hypovolemia_hypervolemia.pptx
Groningen Growth and Development Centre (GGDC) 25th anniversary | 28-30 June 2017
1. OECD WORK ON PRODUCTIVITY
AND GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS –
LESSONS LEARNED AND NEW
DIRECTIONS
Dirk Pilat, Paul Schreyer, Colin Webb and Norihiko Yamano,
OECD
GGDC Anniversary Conference, Groningen, 28 June 2017
2. Outline
2
1. Some background
2. Productivity – data, methods and
analysis
3. GVCs – data, methods and analysis
4. Conclusions
3. – OECD – currently 35 member countries, but close
engagement with over 100 countries
– Productivity was already a key focus of the OECD’s
predecessor, the OEEC, e.g.:
• European Productivity Agency from 1953 to 1960
• Studies inspiring GGDC work, e.g. Paige and
Bombach (1959)
– Globalisation also a natural focus – GVCs only later
– Regular focus on both productivity and globalisation as
drivers of growth. Three aspects to the work:
1. Methodology
2. Data
3. Analysis and policy recommendations
1. Background – the OECD
3
4. Initially, little interaction between productivity analysis &
national accounts and large gaps in the national accounts
framework, e.g.:
– no recognition of capital services, and no breakdown
in the price and volume of capital services;
– the use of index number formulas with a fixed base
year
– an asset boundary largely confined to tangible or
physical capital.
2. Productivity - methodology
4
5. Convergence through:
1. SNA revisions, especially 1993 (e.g. index numbers,
software as intangible asset)
2. OECD Productivity Manual (2001)
3. Extensive debate on ICT and productivity and impacts
on measurement in 1990s (e.g. hedonic prices and
OECD Handbook by Jack Triplett)
4. Blueprint for US accounts (Jorgenson and Landefeld,
2005) and 2008 SNA revision (e.g. R&D)
5. EUKLEMS project – dialogue on measurement
6. OECD Manual on Capital Measurement and Handbook
on Capital Measures of IPR
7. Expert group on Supply-Use Tables
8. Natural resources and capital
2. Productivity - methodology
5
6. At first, mainly analysis at aggregate level:
– But inconsistencies in data and gaps, e.g. in hours
worked and capital
– OECD Productivity Database since 2003
STAN database developed as of 1990, first released in
1992
Also, growing number of policy indicators, e.g. product
market regulation, labour markets, trade, FDI, etc.
2. Productivity – data and the STAN
database, …
6
7. … enabling the 2017 OECD Compendium
of Productivity Indicators
7
www.oecd.org/std/productivity-stats
8. Beyond aggregates and sectoral data:
• Administrative data, such as patent data.
• Private sources of micro data, notably the ORBIS database
developed by Bureau Van Dijk, e.g. in Future of Productivity
(OECD, 2015a).
• Official micro data from statistical offices that are used in
OECD analysis through the use of software routines that are
applied by national statistical agencies to generate new and
policy-relevant micro-aggregated indicators, e.g. in MultiProd
project.
2. Productivity analysis – a growing
use of micro data
8
9. 2. Productivity – breaking down
growth differences
9
-5 0 5 10
TUR
IRL
KOR
POL
SWE
DEU
JPN
OECD
USA
CAN
GBR
AUS
EU28
FRA
BEL
NLD
FIN
ESP
ITA
2009-2015 2001-2007
Growth in GDP
per capita
-5 0 5 10
2009-2015 2001-2007
= Growth in GDP per hour
worked
-5 0 5 10
2009-2015 2001-2007
+ Growth in hours worked
per capita
Contributions to growth in GDP per capita (% change at annual rate)
OECD (2017), OECD Compendium of Productivity Indicators 2017, OECD Publishing, Paris.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/pdtvy-2017-en
10. 2. Productivity – looking beyond the
aggregate growth rate (with Orbis)
10
The productivity gap between the globally most productive firms and other firms has widened
Note: “Frontier firms” is the average labour productivity (value added per worker) of the 100 or 5% globally most productive firms in each
two-digit industry. “Non-frontier firms” is the average of all firms, except the 5% globally most productive firms.
Source: OECD preliminary results based on Andrews, D., C. Criscuolo and P. Gal (2016), “Mind the Gap: Productivity Divergence
between the Global Frontier and Laggard Firms”, OECD Productivity Working Papers, Orbis database of Bureau van Dijk.
11. In some sectors, the productivity divergence is
more marked
ICT services Non-ICT services
Note: Excluding the financial sector
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Frontier firms
Laggards
Top 10%
Top 2%
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Frontier firms
Laggards
Top 10%
Top 2%
Source: Andrews, D., Criscuolo C., and Gal P. N., “The Best versus the Rest: The Global Productivity Slowdown, Divergence
across Firms and the Role of Public Policy”, OECD Productivity Working Papers, 2016-05, OECD Publishing, Paris.
The divergence in multi-factor productivity growth
12. 2. But is the problem about succeeding at the top
or dragging at the bottom... or both?
Bottom decile 4th-6th decile Top decile
Source: OECD Multiprod project, preliminary results, May 2016, see: http://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/multiprod.htm
Canada manufacturing sector Canada non-financial business services
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Denmark manufacturing sector Denmark non-financial business services
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
13. 13
Productivity Divergence is more marked at
the bottom of the distribution
Year fixed effects of a regression of dispersion in log(LP_VA) and in log(MFP_Wooldridge),
Within country-sector pairs
Source: OECD Multiprod project, preliminary results, October 2016, see: http://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/multiprod.htm
14. Compare year fixed effects for
divergence at:
• Top (90-50 wage ratio)
• Bottom (50-10 wage ratio)
of wage distribution.
Results:
– Divergence more pronounced
for the bottom half of the
wage distribution.
Wage dispersion also comes mostly from the
bottom of the distribution
Source: OECD Multiprod project, preliminary results, October 2016, see: http://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/multiprod.htm
15. 2. Productivity – the Global Forum on
Productivity
15
• 2017 Annual Conference of the
Global Forum on Productivity
(26-27 June), Budapest
– “Openness, global value chains,
and productivity-enhancing
policies”
• Opening speeches from OECD
Secretary General Angel Gurría
and Hungarian Minister of
National Economy, Mihály
Varga
• Themes to include productivity
benefits from openness and
GVCs; MNEs, knowledge
spillovers and upgrading; digital
transformation, GVCs and
productivity…
http://oe.cd/GFP2017.
16. 2. Productivity – the OECD’s work today
16
• Productivity has become a central part of the OECD’s agenda:
– Part of overall OECD narrative on inclusive and sustainable growth
– Focus on understanding and ultimately addressing the slowdown in
productivity growth
– Important links to other challenges, e.g. environmental
sustainability and inequality
• More demand-driven:
– Strong interest from governments
– Establishment of Global Forum on Productivity
• Stronger foundation in (cross-country) microdata, to complement
analysis based on aggregate and structural data – many new
insights emerging
17. Genesis of IO work at OECD
Early 1990s
Structural change and impact of embodied R&D on
productivity
Data Requirements:
- Business R&D expenditure by industry
- Output, value added and employment by industry
- Bilateral trade by industry
- Harmonised national Input-Output tables
Birth of the STAN family of databases …
3. The origins of GVC and IO analysis
17
18. - 10 countries
- 5 benchmark years from ≈ 1970 to 1990
- 36 industries – ISIC Rev.2 (SNA68)
- Current and constant prices
- Investment matrices.
- Data still available on request …
OECD’s first I-O publication - 1995
18
19. IO revisited
Early 2000s
- 24 countries
- benchmark year ≈ 1995
- 36 industries – ISIC Rev.3 (SNA93)
- Current prices
Ahmad, N. and A. Wyckoff (2003), "Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Embodied in International Trade of Goods", STI Working
Paper, No. 2003/15, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/421482436815
Phase 2 Embodied CO2 - Part 1
19
20. consolidation of IO work
2006 - 2009
- 40+ countries (most OECD, G20)
- Years ≈ 1995, 2000 and 2005
- 48 industries – ISIC Rev.3 (SNA93)
- Current prices
Nakano, S., et al. (2009), "The Measurement of CO2
Embodiments in International Trade: Evidence from the
Harmonised Input-Output and Bilateral Trade
Database", OECD STI Working Papers, No. 2009/03,
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/227026518048
Phase 2 Embodied CO2 - Part 2
20
22. From harmonised IOTs to
Inter-Country Input Output (ICIO) system
2009 +++
- Financial Crisis 2008-09 … led to worldwide collapse in
international trade and … some head-scratching: why so
widespread ?
- Calls for new metrics to understand GVCs
- Strong advocacy from WTO and other international orgs
1st release of TiVA indicators 16th January 2013.
BIG LAUNCH – press conference (OECD SG / WTO DG etc).
40 countries, 18 aggregate industries; 3 years: 2005, 2008, 2009;
supporting documentation, dedicated website and A VIDEO
Phase 3 of the IO work: The TiVA explosion
22
25. Then expansion
25
January 2013
40 countries
18 industries
3 years
May 2013
57 countries
18 industries
5 years
October 2015
61 countries
34 industries
7 years
December 2016
63 countries
34 industries
17 years
Underlying ICIO
tables:
6.9 million cells
per year
26. 63 Countries
Covering all 35 OECD countries, all EU28, all G20, most ASEAN
and APEC economies and selection of South American countries
(most recent additions: Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Morocco,
Peru and Tunisia)
Firm heterogeneity within manufacturing industry :
China (exporters and non-exporters) and Mexico (global
manufacturing firms)
34 Industries:
from including 16 manufacturing sectors and 14 service sectors
17 years: 1995-2011
First set of “nowcasts” now available up to 2014
Latest set of indicators – TiVA 2016
26
27. Exports require imports
27
Services matter
New bilateral trade patterns emerge
Country / industry integration into GVCs
Some basic messages from the TIVA work
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
USA JPN DEU KOR IND GBR FRA CAN AUS RUS
Gross exports Domestic value added embodied in foreign final demand
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
JPN USA KOR DEU AUS TWN SAU RUS BRA HKG
Gross imports Foreign value added in domestic final demand
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
TWN
SGP
KOR
MYS
THA
KHM
VNM
FIN
TUN
POL
CHN
MEX
SWE
CRI
ESP
ITA
TUR
DEU
FRA
IND
PHL
CAN
GBR
CHE
HKG
CHL
NLD
ZAF
NOR
NZL
USA
JPN
AUS
ARG
RUS
IDN
BRA
COL
BRN
SAU
2011 2009 2008
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
SAU
BRN
COL
IDN
CHL
MEX
VNM
NOR
KOR
MYS
CHN
RUS
THA
ARG
ZAF
CAN
AUS
TWN
PHL
BRA
JPN
TUN
DEU
POL
TUR
FIN
ITA
KHM
USA
CRI
NZL
IND
ESP
SWE
CHE
FRA
GBR
SGP
NLD
HKG
Domestic VA content Foreign VA content SNA service export share
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Agriculture
Mining
Foodproducts
Textiles&apparel
Wood&paper
Coke&petroleum
Chemicals
Rubber&plastics
Non-metallic
minerals
Basicmetals
Fabricatedmetals
Machinery
ICT&electronics
Electricalmachinery
Motorvehicles
Othertransport
Othermanufactures
Wholesale,retail&
hotels
Transport&
telecoms
Finance&
insurance
Businessservices
Otherservices
Total
FVA share of gross exports, 2011 FVA share of gross exports, 1995
28. Challenges of constructing ICIO
DATA
- Compiling and validating maximum official statistics – from
various collections (SNA, international trade, industry stats, HH
consumption, TSA etc) from numerous sources: e.g. OECD,
UNSD, Eurostat and national statistics offices
- Filling gaps and dealing with inconsistencies in data: across sources
and both within and between countries.
- Balancing everything
TECHNICAL
- Since beginnings, always pushing the limits of IT environment (at
least at OECD … )
29. So much data to process
Trade in services
Trade in goods
ICIO
BTDIxE
UN Comtrade
OECD ITCS
EBTSI
eBOPS
TiS
national
SUTs/IOTs
SNA by activity
STAN, UNSD, Eurostat,
SNA main aggregates
OECD, UNSD, National
harmonised
SUTs/ IOTs
TiVA
IND34
VA/PROD
IND34
FD
CO2 Jobs/GVCs
HH Cons - COICOP
Tourism
Satellite
Non-Res
direct
30. Some particular features of ICIO
Accounting for firm heterogeneity in manufacturing:
Split tables for China (processors, other exporters and non-exporters)
and Mexico (“global manufacturers” versus other firms)
To measure Domestic VA in exports or final demand, ideally need to
isolate exporters from non-exporters in ICIO (different production
characteristics). OECD extended-SUTs initiative encouraging other
countries to attempt this. www.oecd.org/sti/ind/tiva/eSUTs_TOR.pdf
Separation of “direct purchases by non-residents” from cross-
border trade: has sparked interest from Tourism policy analysts
Allocation of domestic trade and transport margins from
manufacturing output to services: emphasises the service content
of manufactured exports
None of this is easy …
31. ICIO extensions – Embodied CO2 revisited
UNFCCC COP side events (2009, 2015)
OECD Green growth indicators
CO2 embodied in international trade: http://oe.cd/io-co2.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
GtCO2
CO2 emissions from fuel combustion
Consumption-based (OECD)
Production-based (OECD)
Production-based (non-OECD)
Consumption-based (non-OECD)
Net-imports of embodied CO2
into OECD countries
Net-exports of embodied CO2
of non-OECD countries
32. ICIO Extensions – Jobs
Origin of demand for manufacturing jobs in OECD, 1995-2011
-7
-5
-3
-1
1
3
EU28 NAFTA Southeast and East Asia (Excl. China) Brazil China India Russia Rest of the World Total
Source: OECD (2015), OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2015: Innovation for Growth, OECD Publishing,
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/sti_scoreboard-2015-en.
Millions of persons, annual changes by region of demand
33. TiVA / ICIO: Next steps – from 2017
• Always demand for more countries (Africa?!) and more recent
years
• Recent regional TiVA meeting – March 2017
• New version being developed based on ISIC Rev.4 (NACE
Rev.2) and latest SNA 2008 / BPM6 inputs
• Nowcasting: for more timely information, improve methods for
extrapolating TiVA indicators to provide figures for more recent
years (t-1 rather than t-3).
• Better accounting for firm heterogeneity – beyond China and
Mexico Linking trade, SNA and business statistics? Fruits of
extended SUTs project
• Developing and extending the statistical infrastructure
33
34. 4. Conclusions - The OECD and GGDC
Useful and important cooperation in many ways
• Among the only organisations seeking to develop large
structural databases for policy research – a public good
• Friendly competition/cooperation useful to improve quality
Inspiration of academic research important for the OECD’s
work
- Pioneers in some areas, new research questions
- Active and early users of the data (e.g. STAN and ICIO
test-users)
Both seeking to fill gap between statistical concepts and
analytical needs
Common research interests, e.g. ICT and productivity, GVCs
35. Some differences
• OECD agenda, capacity building & priorities determined by:
- Numerous OECD Committees and their Working Parties. Many
meetings with many Delegates
- Key role in G20 and increasing engagement with non-Members at
a global scale (and with many seeking membership)
• Access to leaders (including via G20 / G7) - high visibility
• Links with regional/international orgs (UN, WTO, EU, APEC etc)
• Deep working level relations with policy analysts in Ministries –
relevancy, but also high level of scrutiny (e.g. TiVA results)
• Active engagement with statistical agencies – setting standards
(e.g. SNA)
• Challenges in managing high level expectations
36. Concluding remarks
Research on productivity (including microdata) and IO-based
analysis of GVCs are now firmly established as major
contributors to economic, environmental and social policy
making – no longer niche areas. High visibility and interest from
policy makers
Increasing numbers of young researchers attracted by the joys of
empirical work with large datasets, e.g. microdata and IO.
National statistical offices motivated to improve underlying
statistics e.g. consistent bilateral trade, extended SUTs project
etc, and provide access to microdata
Regional TiVA initiatives converging towards common
approaches to construct global IOTs (APEC-TiVA, EU Figaro,
NAFTA-TiVA etc.)
37. Thank you
Contacts:
dirk.pilat@oecd.org, paul.schreyer@oecd.org, colin.webb@oecd.org
and norihiko.yamano@oecd.org
Twitter:
@OECDinnovation and @OECD_Stat
Internet resources:
Productivity database: www.oecd.org/std/productivity-stats
STAN: www.oecd.org/sti/stan
TiVA: www.oe.cd/tiva
Global Forum on Productivity: www.oecd.org/global-forum-
productivity
Multiprod: www.oecd.org/sti/ind/multiprod.htm