The document discusses the internal anatomy of permanent teeth, including pulp chamber anatomy, root canal classifications, isthmuses, accessory canals, and variations in individual tooth anatomy. It provides details on pulp chamber roof and pulp horns, classifications by Weine, Vertucci, and Gulabivala, prevalence of isthmuses by tooth type, location of accessory canals, and examples from studies on mandibular first molars and other teeth. Micro-CT images are also included to illustrate anatomical features.

1. INTERNALANATOMYOFPERMANENTTEETH
GUIDED BY
Dr NANDINI T
N
PRESENTE
D BY
PROTIM G
D 1

2. CONTENTS:
• INTRODUCTION
• PULP CHAMBERANATOMY
• APICAL CONSIDERATIONS
• CANAL CURVATURESAND TYPES
• C SHAPED CANALS
• INDIVIDUAL TOOTH ANATOMYANDVARIATIONS
• COMMONANOMALIES
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
2

3. INTRODUCTI
ON:
ROOT
CANAL
PULP
CHAMB
ER
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.:BC
Decker,; 2008.
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015 Oct 2.
3
ROO
T
CANA
LS

4. INTRODUCTI
ON: Latera
l
canal
s
Apical
foramin
a
Accessor
y
canals
Apical
ramification
s
Furcatio
n
canals
Canal
orifice
s
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.:BC
Decker,; 2008.
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015 Oct 2.
4

5. INTRODUCTI
ON:
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.:BC
Decker,; 2008.
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015 Oct 2.
5

6. PULP CHAMBER
ANATOMY:
6
Pulp chamber
roof
Cusps, mamelons,
incisal edges
Projections and
prominences
Pulp
horns
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.:BC
Decker,; 2008.
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015 Oct 2.

7. 7
PULP CHAMBER
ANATOMY:
Acc to Krasner and
Rankow,
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.:BC
Decker,; 2008.
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015 Oct 2.

8. 8
PULP CHAMBER
ANATOMY:
Magnificatio
n
Ultrasound
tips
Illuminatio
n
Additional
aids!
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomyin
permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun18.

9. 9
PULP CHAMBER
ANATOMY:
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.

10. 10
CLASSIFICATI
ON:
Acc to Weine et
al,
Radiograph
ic
Sectionin
g
Division of main root canal from
pulp chamber to root apex
Weine FS. Endodontic therapy. CV Mosby; 2003 Sep 1.

11. 11
CLASSIFICATI
ON:
Acc to Vertucci et
al,
200 maxillary
2nd
premolars
Dye
staining
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BCDecker,;
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences;
2008.

12. 12
CLASSIFICATI
ON:
Acc to Gulabivala et
al,
Burmese
population
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences;
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.:BC
Decker,; 2008.

13. CLASSIFICATI
ON:
Acc to Sert and
Beyarli,
1400 male
and
female
Turkish
origin
14
additional
morpholog
y
Male
mandibular
central
Female
mandibular
central
Female
mandibular
central
Female
mandibular
central
Male
mandibula
r canine
1-3-1-
2
1-2-4-
2
1-3-4-
1
1-2-3-2-1-
3
1-2-4-
31
Sert S, Bayirli GS. Evaluation of the root canal configurations of the mandibular and maxillary permanent teeth by gender in the Turkishpo1p3ulation.
Journal of endodontics. 2004 Jun 1;30(6):391-8.

14. CLASSIFICATI
ON:
Acc to Sert and
Beyarli,
1400 male
and
female
Turkish
origin
14
additional
morpholog
y
Female
mandibular
central
Female
mandibular
lateral
Female
mandibular
central
Female
mandibular
lateral
Female
mandibular
central
2-3-
2
1-2-3-
2
1-2-3-2-
1
1-2-3-
1
2-1/2-
1
Sert S, Bayirli GS. Evaluation of the root canal configurations of the mandibular and maxillary permanent teeth by gender in the Turkishpo1p4ulation.
Journal of endodontics. 2004 Jun 1;30(6):391-8.

15. 15
CLASSIFICATI
ON:
Acc to Sert and
Beyarli,
1400 male
and
female
Turkish
origin
14
additional
morpholog
y
Male maxillary
1st
molar
Female maxillary
2nd molar
Female maxillary
2nd molar
(single root)
Male maxillary
first molar
3-2-
1
2-3-1-3-1-
4
2-3-2-1-
2
3-2-
1
Sert S, Bayirli GS. Evaluation of the root canal configurations of the mandibular and maxillary permanent teeth by gender in the Turkishpopulation.
Journal of endodontics. 2004 Jun 1;30(6):391-8.

16. CLASSIFICATI
ON:
16

17. CLASSIFICATI
ON:
Need for new
classification???
17
Ahmed HM, Versiani MA, De‐Deus G, Dummer PM. A new system for classifying root and root canal morphology.International
endodontic journal. 2017Aug;50(8):761-70.

18. CLASSIFICATI
ON:
Ahmed HM, Versiani MA, De‐Deus G, Dummer PM. A new system for classifying root and root canal morphology. International
endodontic journal. 2017Aug;50(8):761-70.
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
18

19. CLASSIFICATI
ON:
Ahmed HM, Versiani MA, De‐Deus G, Dummer PM. A new system for classifying root and root canal morphology. International
endodontic journal. 2017Aug;50(8):761-70.
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
19

20. CLASSIFICATI
ON:
Ahmed HM, Versiani MA, De‐Deus G, Dummer PM. A new system for classifying root and root canal morphology. International
endodontic journal. 2017Aug;50(8):761-70.
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
20

21. 21
ISTHMU
S:
Root
canal
Lateral
canals
(isthmuse
s,
accessory
canals)
Main
canal
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences;
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BCDecker,;
2008.

22. ISTHMU
S:
An isthmus also known as transverse anastomosis or a narrow ribbon shaped
communication between two root canals that may contain vital tissue, necrotic
pulps, biofilms or residual filling material.- Cohen 11th edition
Type of
tooth
Root
level
Patient
age
Hsu YY, Kim S. The resected root surface. The issue of canal isthmuses. Dental Clinics of NorthAmerica. 1997 Jul;41(3):529-40.
22
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences;

23. ISTHMU
S:
Classificatio
n
Acc to Hsu and
Kim,
Hsu YY, Kim S. The resected root surface. The issue of canal isthmuses. Dental Clinics of NorthAmerica. 1997 Jul;41(3):529-40.
23
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences;

24. ISTHMU
S:
Micro-CT
images
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
24

25. 25
ISTHMU
S:
Prevalence
rates
15% in anterior teeth
Maxillary premolars
16% apical third
52% middle third
More prevalent in MB root of maxillary
molars 30-50% junction of middle and
apical third
Mesial roots of mandibular molars
80% junction of middle and apical
third More in distal root
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.:BC
Decker,; 2008.
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015 Oct 2.

26. 26
ACCESSORY
CANALS:
Accessory canals are minute canals that extend in a horizontal,
vertical and lateral direction from pulp space towards the
periodontium.
Apic
al
third
74%
Middl
e
third
11%
Coron
al
third
15%
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.:BC
Decker,; 2008.
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015 Oct 2.

27. 27
ACCESSORY
CANALS:
Entrapment of
periodontal
vessels
Calcificatio
n
Hertwigs epithelial
root sheath
Passage of
irritants Pulp to
periodontium
Accessory canal located in the coronal and middle third of
root- Lateral canal
Accessory canal located in the bifurcation and trifurcation
of
multirooted teeth- Furcation canals
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.:BC
Decker,; 2008.
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015 Oct 2.

28. 28
ACCESSORY
CANALS:
Acc to Vertucci and
Williams,
Mandibular first
molars
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BCDecker,;
2008.
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences;

29. 29
ACCESSORY
CANALS:
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.

30. ACCESSORY
CANALS:
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
30

31. ACCESSORY
CANALS:
Micro-CT
Mandibular
premolar
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
31

32. ACCESSORY
CANALS:
Identification???
??
Localized
thickening
of PDL Lesion lateral
surface of the
root
CBC
T
Acc to Weine, lateral lesions radiographically can be
classified as:
Type
I
Type
II
Type
III
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.:BC
Decker,; 2008.
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015 Oct 2.
32

33. ACCESSORY
CANALS:
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.:BC
Decker,; 2008.
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015 Oct 2.
33

34. CANAL
CURVATURE:
Pruett’
s
metho
d
Schneider’
s
method
Weine’s
method
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
34

35. 35
CANAL
CURVATURE:
Schneider
’s
method
Line drawn parallel to the long axis of
canal
Second line drawn from apical foramen to intersect with the
first line at a point where the canal began to leave the
long axis
Measured
in
degrees
Straight
(<5
degrees)
Moderate
10-20
degree
Severe
25-70
degree
Schneider SW. A comparison of canal preparations in straight and curved root canals. Oral surgery, Oral medicine, Oral
pathology. 1971 Aug 1;32(2):271-5.

36. 36
Weine’
s
metho
d
CANAL
CURVATURE:
Weine FS. Endodontic therapy. CV Mosby; 2003 Sep 1.
Straight line drawn from canal orifice to the point of
curvature
Second line drawn from the apex of apical curvature to the
first line
Angle measured at the point of
intersection

37. 37
CANAL
CURVATURE:
Pruett’
s
metho
d
Angle of
curvature
Radius of
curvature
Length of radius of circle measured in
millimetres
Abruptness/severity
Smaller
r.o.c
More abrupt
a.o.c
Effect on instrument
fatigue
Pruett JP, Clement DJ, Carnes Jr DL. Cyclic fatigue testing of nickel-titanium endodontic instruments. Journal of endodontics. 1997 Feb
1;23(2):77-85.

38. 38
CANAL
CURVATURE:
Coronal and apical part of rc
curvature
Schneid
er
Heigh
t
radiu
s
Canal access
angle
Distanc
e
Most accurate
First study to use CAA for calculation of
root
canal curvature
Acc to Shiva
Sadeghi
Sadeghi S, Poryousef V.A novel approach in assessment of root canal curvature. Iranian endodontic journal.2009;4(4):131.

39. 39
APICAL
CONSIDERATIONS:
The apical anatomy of root canal is complex and variable
which includes ramifications and lateral canals that are
frequently present.
Landmark studies,
Dummer,
1984
Wu,
2000
Kuttler,
1955
Stein,
1990
DUMMER PM, McGINN JH, REES DG. The position and topography of the apical canal constriction and apical foramen. International
Endodontic Journal. 1984 Oct;17(4):192-8.
Kuttler Y. Microscopic investigation of root apexes. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1955 May 1;50(5):544-52.
Wu MK, Wesselink PR, Walton RE. Apical terminus location of root canal treatment procedures. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral
Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2000 Jan 1;89(1):99-103.

40. 40
APICAL
CONSIDERATIONS:
Apical delta
Intricate system of spaces within the root canal that allows free passage of blood
vessels and nerves from periapical compartment to the pulp tissue.
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton,Ont.:
BC Decker,; 2008.

41. 41
APICAL
CONSIDERATIONS:
Ricucci and Siqueira, 75% prevalence of apical deltas
Vertucci, 73.5% in apical third, 11% in middle third and 15% in
coronal third
De Deus, apical deltas seen more common in posterior teeth and greater
incidence in apical region
Literature
review
DUMMER PM, McGINN JH, REES DG. The position and topography of the apical canal constriction and apical foramen. International
Endodontic Journal. 1984 Oct;17(4):192-8.
Stein TJ.Anatomy of root apex and histological changes with age. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1990;69:266-70.
• Kuttler Y. Microscopic investigation of root apexes. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1955 May 1;50(5):544-52.

42. 42
APICAL
CONSIDERATIONS:
Acc to
Dummer,
Mean apex to
foramen
distance
0.38mm
0.36mm
Only
anteriors
Similar to
Chapman(1969)
DUMMER PM, McGINN JH, REES DG. The position and topography of the apical canal constriction and apical foramen. International
Endodontic Journal. 1984 Oct;17(4):192-8.

43. 43
APICAL
CONSIDERATIONS:
Acc to Kuttler,
The narrowest part of the canal in all tooth types is an approx. 0.59mm
from the foramen.
0.5mm in young teeth
0.75mm in adults
Acc to Chapman,
Vast majority of constrictions were at 0.5-1mm from
apex
DUMMER PM, McGINN JH, REES DG. The position and topography of the apical canal constriction and apical foramen. International
Endodontic Journal. 1984 Oct;17(4):192-8.
Stein TJ.Anatomy of root apex and histological changes with age. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1990;69:266-70.

44. 44
APICAL
CONSIDERATIONS:
Apical constriction is the
narrowest part of the canal
Limit for
instrumentation
and obturation
Mean distance between major and minor apical
diameter 0.5mm young
0.67mm older
en. Internat
DUMMER PM, McGINN JH, REES DG. The position and topography of the apical canal constriction andapic
Endodontic Journal. 1984 Oct;17(4):192-8.
Stein TJ.Anatomy of root apex and histological changes with age. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1990;69:266-70.

45. APICAL
CONSIDERATIONS:
Size of apical
foramina
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008
45

46. APICAL LIMIT OF
INSTRUMENTATION:
Controversial?
??
Ricucci D. Apical limit of root canal instrumentation and obturation, part 1. Literature review. International Endodontic Journal. 1998 Nov;31(6):384-
93.
DUMMER PM, McGINN JH, REES DG. The position and topography of the apical canal constriction and apical foramen. InternationalEndodontic
Journal. 1984 Oct;17(4):192-8.
Wu MK, Wesselink PR, Walton RE. Apical terminus location of root canal treatment procedures. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral
Radiology, and Endodontology. 2000 Jan 1;89(1):99-103.
The apical constriction is advocated generally to be the ideal and most
practical point of termination of endodontic procedures and results in
optimal healing conditions.
Necrotic
pulp???
Vital
pulp???
46

47. 47
APICAL LIMIT OF
INSTRUMENTATION:
Controversial?
??
Ricucci D, Russo J, Rutberg M, Burleson JA, Spångberg LS. A prospective cohort study of endodontic treatments of 1,369 root canals: results after
5 years. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2011 Dec 1;112(6):825-42.
Wu MK, Wesselink PR, Walton RE. Apical terminus location of root canal treatment procedures. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral
Radiology, and
Endodontology. 2000 Jan 1;89(1):99-
Vital pulp???
2-3 mm short of the
apex
Prevents extrusion into
the periradicular spaces
Promotes healing
Apical 3mm-pulp
stump
Necrotic pulp???
At or within 2mm of
radiographic apex
Apical level of
bacterial
infection
Clinical
identification
difficult
As close to canal
terminus as
possible

48. C SHAPED
CANALS:
Failure of hertwig’s epithelial root sheath to fuse on the lingual or
buccal
surface.
Cooke and
Cox,
1979
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
48

49. C SHAPED
CANALS:
Ribbon
shaped
Acc to Melton in
1991,
Type
I
Type
II
Type
III
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
49

50. C SHAPED
CANALS:
Fan et
al
Micro-CT
sections
Type
I
Type
II
Type
III
Type
IV
Type
V
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
50

51. C SHAPED
CANALS:
Radiographic
basis by
Fan,
Mesial and distal canal
merged and exited as
one (I)
Mesial and distal canal
exited as 2 separate
(II)
One canal
superimposed, other
continuous to apex (III)
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
51

52. C SHAPED
CANALS:
Micro-CT
images
52
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.

53. C SHAPED
CANALS:
Micro-CT
images
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
53

54. C SHAPED
CANALS:
Gao et
al,
Based on 3-
D
imaging
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
54

55. C SHAPED
CANALS:
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
55

56. C SHAPED
CANALS:
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
56

57. C SHAPED
CANALS:
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
57

58. C SHAPED
CANALS:
Min et
al,
Morphology of pulp chamber floor 3mm above the
orifice
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
58

59. C SHAPED
CANALS:
Descending
canal
morphology
2mm below orifice
1/3rd between
orifice and apex
Midpoint between
orifice and apex(
MB, ML)
(MB ML and distal)
3mm from the
apex
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
59

60. 60
C SHAPED
CANALS:
Prevalenc
e
Highest prevalence in mandibular 2nd molars-
2.7%
to 44.9%
Mandibular premolars
Asian population
Chinese and
mongoloid
Decker,; 2008.
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences;
Cooke HG, Cox FL. C-shaped canal configurations in mandibular molars. The Journal of theAmerican DentalAssociation. 1979 Nov 1;99(5):836-
9.
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC

61. 61
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Maxillary central
incisor
Single root
canal
Wider
mesiodistally
Oval in adults
Diameter of foramina
CEJ triangular
in younger
3 pulp
horns
0.4mm
major
0.2mm
minor
12% exhibited
accessory
foramina
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008

62. 62
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Variation
s
Shovel shaped incisor crowns common in Asian
population
Acc to Pecora and Cruz Filho
Radicular grooves seen in 0.9% of
population Fusion
Gemination
Dens invaginatus
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences;
2015 Oct 2.

63. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Case
report
One main
canal
2 distinct canals in apical
third
Only case report with type
V
morphology
Calvert G. Maxillary central incisor with type V canal morphology: Case report and literature review. Journal of endodontics. 2014 Oct
1;40(10):1684-7.
63

64. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Maxillary lateral
incisor
Mostly single rooted
2 rooted documented
Fusion / Gemination
Macrodont crown
Developmental
radicular groove
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18. 64
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008

65. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Maxillary lateral
incisor
Diameter of
foramina
0.2mm
accessory
0.4mm
major
Major apical foramen to anatomic
apex 0.3mm
2 pulp horns
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18. 65
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008

66. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Variation
s
Fusio
n
Accessory
root
Geminatio
n
Dens
invaginatus
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18. 66
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008

67. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Maxillary
canine
Wider
labiolingually
No pulp horn
Single canal
2 canal (3.5%)
Join in apical
third Exit single
foramen
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18. 67
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008

68. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Maxillary
canine
Diameter of
foramina
0.2mm
accessory
0.5mm
major
Major apical foramen to anatomic
apex 0.3mm
Accessory
foramina
12%
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18. 68
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008

69. 69
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Variation
s
Dens
invaginatus
Tubercle/talon
cusp
Lingual surface of
crown
Dens
invaginatus
2
roots
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences;
2015 Oct 2.

70. 70
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Maxillary first
premolar
Ethnicity
Asian higher incidence
one canal
Mostly 2 root
canals
Palatal aspect of
buccal
groove
Developmental
depression
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008

71. 71
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Maxillary first
premolar
Palatal orifice slightly
larger
2 pulp
horns
Buccal
larger
Pulp chamber
wider
buccolingually
2 canals
Buccal,
palatal
3 canals
MB DB
Palatal
Longitudinal sulcus
Buccal surface of buccal
root
2 canals in buccal
root
Acc to
Mattuell
a et al,
Green D. Stereomicroscopic study of 700 root apices of maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral
Pathology and Oral Radiology. 1960 Jun 1;13(6):728-33.

72. 72
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Micro-
CT
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences;
2015 Oct 2.

73. 73
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Maxillary 2nd
premolar
Wider
buccolingually
1, 2 or 3 roots and
canals
2 pulp
horns
Buccal
larger
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008

74. 74
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
variation
s
Taurodontis
m
Distal root
concavity
Dens
invaginatus
3 roots with 3
canals
Often bilateral
Green D. Stereomicroscopic study of 700 root apices of maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral
Pathology and Oral Radiology. 1960 Jun 1;13(6):728-33.
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.:BC
Decker,; 2008

75. 75
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Micro-
CT
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences;
2015 Oct 2.

76. 76
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Maxillary 1st
molar
Palatal wider
mesiodistally 1
canal
MB broad
buccolingually
2 canals
3 roots
( MB DB
P)
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008

77. 77
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Maxillary 1st
molar
Palatal root buccal
curvature Apical
third
Depression distal
surface of MB
root
3 roots most
common
95%
2 roots
rare
3.8%
Fusion
(6.2%)
Single canal with single apical foramen-
predominant
DB and P
Fusio
n
Green D. Stereomicroscopic study of 700 root apices of maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral
Pathology and Oral Radiology. 1960 Jun 1;13(6):728-33.

78. 78
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Maxillary 1st
molar
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences;
2015 Oct 2.

79. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
variation
s
C shaped
canals
Taurodontism
Root fusion
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008
79

80. 80
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Case
reports
Barbizam JV, Ribeiro RG, Tanomaru Filho M. Unusual anatomy of permanent maxillary molars. Journal of endodontics. 2004 Sep1;30(9):668-
71.

81. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Case
reports
Kottoor J, Velmurugan N, Sudha R, Hemamalathi S. Maxillary first molar with seven root canals diagnosed with cone-beam computedtomography
scanning: a case report. Journal of endodontics. 2010 May1;36(5):915-21.
81

82. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Mesiobuccal
2
Greater incidence in
males
The orifice of MB2 is located either mesial to or in the
subpulpal groove within 3.5mm palatally and 2mm
Mesially from MB1
Prevalenc
e
69.6%
Geographic
location
82
Martins JN, Marques D, Silva EJ, Caramês J, MataA, Versiani MA. Second mesiobuccal root canal in maxillary molars—A systematic review and
meta-analysis of prevalence studies using cone beam computed tomography.Archives of oral biology. 2020 May 1;113:104589.

83. 83
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Maxillary 2nd
molars
MB broader b/l
Flutes on mesial and
distal
Closer
High incidence of
fusion
Mostly 3
roots
Palatal broad
mesiodistally
1 canal in each
root
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer;
2018 Jun 18.
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J.Craig

84. 84
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Variation
s
4 rooted
2 palatal 1 canal
each
41 palatal, 1 MB
2 DB
Single
rooted
Single
canal
Taurodontis
m
MB2
31.1%-
46.9%
Green D. Stereomicroscopic study of 700 root apices of maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral
Pathology and Oral Radiology. 1960 Jun 1;13(6):728-33.
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.:BC
Decker,; 2008

85. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Mandibular
centrals
Ovoid/ hourglass
shaped
Single
canal
Root broad labiolingually
Developmental
depression Mesial and
distal
2
canals
26%
Single apical
foramen
2 pulp horns
Larger buccal
Rounded
lingual
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18. 85
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008

86. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Mandibular
centrals
Diameter of
foramen
Accessory
foramen
0.2mm
Major
foramen
0.3mm
AF-
AA
0.2M
M Talon cusp
Labial/lingu
al
Dens
invaginatus
Fusion
Geminatio
n
2 canals
2 separate
foramina
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18. 86
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008

87. 87
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Micro-
CT
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences;
2015 Oct 2.

88. 88
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Mandibular
laterals
Canal
round/ribbo
n shaped
Depressions present
on mesial and distal
root surface
Single rooted
Pulp chamber
wider
labiolingually
2
canals
28.1%
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008

89. 89
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
variation
s
Dens
invaginatus
Fusion
Gemination
Bifid roots
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences;
2015 Oct 2.

90. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Mandibular
canines
2 roots
1.7%-
6.2%
Development
al
depressions
Mesial n
distal
Single
root
Wider
labiolingually
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18. 90
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008

91. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Mandibular
canines
Single
canal
Single AF
Diameter of
foramen
Accessory
foramen
0.2mm
Major
foramen
0.3mm
AF-AA
0.35m
m
Fusio
n
Dens
invaginatus
2 canals with single
AF
2 roots 2
canals
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18. 91
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008

92. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18. 92
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008

93. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Mandibular 1st
premolars
Ethnic
origin
3 rooted
rare
Tome’s root
Single rooted
2 rooted
common
2 pulp
horns
Large
buccal
Small
lingual
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18. 93
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008

94. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Mandibular 1st
premolars
27.8% incidence
More than one canal- Kartal and
Yanikoglu
Enigma to
endodontists!!
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008
94

95. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Variation
s
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008
95

96. 96
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Variation
s
Dens
invaginatus
Most common
Deep mesial
radicular
invagination(13-
27%)
Multiple apical
foramina
(15%-20%)
More prone to
bifurcated
canals(23-30%)
Type I
Most
prevalent
Kottoor J, Albuquerque D, Velmurugan N, Kuruvilla J. Root anatomy and root canal configuration of human permanent mandibular premolars: a
systematic review. Anatomy research international.2013;2013.

97. 97
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Mandibular 2nd
premolars
2 rooted
rare
(0.3%)
Lingual pulp horn
larger
Developmental
depression Distal
surface
Single
rooted
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008

98. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Mandibular 2nd
premolars
Single
AF
91.6%
2 or more
canals
8.9%
Single
canal
91.1%
Green D. Stereomicroscopic study of 700 root apices of maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral
Pathology and Oral Radiology. 1960 Jun 1;13(6):728-33.
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008
98

99. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Variation
s
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008
99

100. 10
0
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Mandibular 1st
molar
Roots
broader
buccolinguall
y
4 pulp
horns
Occasionally
3
2
roots
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18.
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008

101. 10
1
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Mandibular 1st
molar
Mesia
l
Dista
l
MM
1%-
15%
Orifices
Developmental
groove
Distal
DB and
DL
Mid distal
rare
MB and ML
MM
occasionally
2 distal
roots
DL root
smaller
Curves
buccally
Mesial root
curves
distally
towards
apex
Green D. Stereomicroscopic study of 700 root apices of maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth.Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral
Pathology and Oral Radiology. 1960 Jun 1;13(6):728-33.
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH. Cohen's pathways of the pulp expert consult. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015 Oct 2.

102. 10
2
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Mandibular 1st
molar
Multiple
accessory
foramina
furcation

103. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Mandibular 1st
molar
Usually 1
canal
Radix paramolaris is an extra root located
mesiobuccally
Radix entomolaris is a Supernumery root located
distolingually
103
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008

104. 10
4
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
No of roots related
to ethnicity
Type II and IV
most common
mesial root
Distal root
Type I foll by type II and
IV
MM incidence of
2.6%
Root canal
isthmuses 55%
mesial root
20% distal root
Mandibular 1st
molar
de Pablo ÓV, Estevez R, Sánchez MP, Heilborn C, Cohenca N. Root anatomy and canal configuration of the permanent mandibular first molar:a
systematic review. Journal of endodontics. 2010 Dec 1;36(12):1919-31.

105. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Case
report
Independen
t
Confluen
t
Fi
n
Petridis XM, Dechouniotis GP, Kondylidou V, Georgopoulou MK. Middle mesial canal in mandibular molars: review and clinical case reports.
ENDO (Lond Engl). 2012 Jun 1;6(2):143-52. 105

106. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Case
report
Petridis XM, Dechouniotis GP, Kondylidou V, Georgopoulou MK. Middle mesial canal in mandibular molars: review and clinical case reports.
ENDO (Lond Engl). 2012 Jun 1;6(2):143-52. 106

107. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Mandibular 2nd
molar
Single root
fusion
21.8%
Root
concavities
Mesial and
distal
Broader
buccolingually
2 roots
Close
together
Roots sweep
distally Apices
close
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18. 107
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008

108. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Mandibular 2nd
molar
Root
concavities
Mesial and
distal
1 canal in
mesial
14%
2 mesial
canals
1 distal
Distolingual root
incidence
2.2%
Highest incidence of c shaped
canals
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18. 108
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008
May have a common
foramen or separate
Cooke HG, Cox FL. C-shaped canal configurations in mandibular molars. The Journal of theAmerican DentalAssociation. 1979 Nov 1;99(5):836-
9.

109. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Variation
s
Supernumery
roots
Fused/single
root
Taurodontis
m
Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Springer; 2018 Jun 18. 109
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008

110. INDIVIDUAL TOOTH
ANATOMY:
Variation
s
110
Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's endodontics/John I. Ingle, Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker,;2008

111. PULP
STONES:
Tru
e
Fals
e
Pulp stones are compact degenerative masses of calcified
tissue
Based on morphology
Degenerating cells
which
mineralize
Dentine lined
by
odontoblasts
Goga R, Chandler NP, Oginni AO. Pulp stones: a review. International Endodontic Journal. 2008Jun;41(6):457-68.
Hargreaves KM, Goodis HE, Tay FR, editors. Seltzer and Bender's dental pulp. Chicago: Quintessence;2012. 111

112. PULP
STONES:
Fre
e
Embedde
d
Adheren
t
Based on
location
Laminate
d
Non
laminate
d
Higher
incidenc
e in
molars (
45.2%)
Dentin dysplasia
Dentinogenesis
imperfect Van Der
Woude syndrome
Goga R, Chandler NP, Oginni AO. Pulp stones: a review. International Endodontic Journal. 2008Jun;41(6):457-68.
Hargreaves KM, Goodis HE, Tay FR, editors. Seltzer and Bender's dental pulp. Chicago: Quintessence;2012. 112

113. 113
ANOMALIE
S:
Rajendran R. Shafer's textbook of oral pathology. Elsevier India; 2009.

114. ANOMALIE
S:
Dens
invaginatus
Infolding of dental papilla during tooth development
Deep infolding of enamel and dentin starting from foramen
caecum
Socrates in
1856
Maxillary lateral
incisors
Extend upto
roots
Rapid and aggressive proliferation of a part of IEE invading
dental papilla- Rushton
Classification by Oehelers in
1957,
Hülsmann M. Dens invaginatus: aetiology, classification, prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment considerations. International endodontic journal.
1997 Mar;30(2):79-90. 114

115. ANOMALIE
S:
Treatmen
t
Composite
filling
No communication
invagination and
RC
Separate apical/lateral
foramen
RC
treatment
Obturatio
n
Irrigation followed by
ultrasonic
Warm
vertical
Thermoplasti
c
techniques
Efficien
t
Hülsmann M. Dens invaginatus: aetiology, classification, prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment considerations. International endodontic journal.
1997 Mar;30(2):79-90. 115

116. Case
report
Chen YH, Tseng CC, Harn WM. Dens invaginatus: review of formation and morphology with 2 case reports. Oral Surgery, OralMedicine,1O16ral
Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 1998 Sep 1;86(3):347-52.

117. 117
ANOMALIE
S:
Case
report
Bharti R, Chandra A, Tikku AP, Wadhwani KK. “Taurodontism” an endodontic challenge: a case report. Journal of oral science.
2009;51(3):471-4.
Tooth no 16
Canals short and
deeply placed
orifices
Apical third of file
Lateral
condensation
Warm vertical

118. EXTERNAL ANATOMICAL CLUES DEPICTING
EXTRA CANALS:
Gutmann J. Grossman's Endodontic Practice-13 [sup] th Edition. Journal of Conservative Dentistry. 2016 Sep1;19(5):494-.
118

119. RADIOGRAPHIC
IMAGES:
119

120. CLINICAL
TIPS:
Ruddle CJ. LOCATING CANALS. DENTISTRY TODAY. 2017 Feb.
Transilluminatio
n
Angled
radiographs
Oval orifice
Apically curved small file
One orifice not in the
centre 2nd canal
More separation between orifices
Less canal curvature
Red line
test
White line
test
Buccal/lingual
direction 2nd
canal
First file inserted distal canal of
mandibular molar
Champagne bubble
test
Dyes
Ultrasonics
Magnificatio
n
120

121. CONCLUSI
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124. THANK
YOU!
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