This document discusses muscle contractions and responses. It begins by explaining that a kymograph is an instrument used to record muscle movements such as twitches, heartbeats, etc. It then describes the three periods of a single muscle contraction: latent period, tension period, and relaxation period. It also discusses different types of muscle responses including single contractions, summation of stimuli, and tetanic contractions.

1. 4.5 Tanggapan
Otot

2. Kimograf merupakan sebuah alat pencatat gerakan,
misalnya kerutan otot, denyut jantung, dan sebagainya.
Alat ini terdiri dari tabung aluminium yang dapat diputar
oleh motor listrik atau oleh per, dan kecepatan putarannya
dapat diatur. Tabung aluminium biasanya ditempeli kertas
licin dan halus yang diberi jelaga.
Kimograf

4. Kontraksi tunggal adalah
tanggapan yang timbul jika kita
merangsang otot dengan
rangsangan yang cukup kuat.
Kontraksi tunggal di bagi dalam
3 perioda, yaitu:
1) Perioda tersembunyi (laten),
adalah waktu antara saat
pemberian rangsang dengan
permulaan terjadinya
tanggapan
2) Perioda penegangan, adalah
waktu berlangsungnya ototo
memendek.
3) Peroda pengenduran, adalah
lamanya waktu kembalinya
otot pada bentuk dan
ukuran semula.
Kontrasi Tunggal

5. 3 Macam Tanggapan
1. Kontraksi tunggal berturut-turut. Rangsangan yang kedua
diberikan setelah kontraksi yang pertaman selesai, sehingga terjadi
dua buah kontraksi tunggal berturut-turut.
2. Penjumlahan rangsang. Rangsangan kedua diberikan pada waktu
otot berada dalam keadaan refrakter, sehingga rangsangan yang
kedua tidak mengakibatkan pengaruh apapun.
3. Penjumlahan kontraksi. Rangsangan kedua diberikan segera
setelah rangsangan pertama.

6. Kebanyakan kontraksi otot rangka bersifat
tetanus, bahkan pergerakan yang cepat
seperti misalnya kedip mata juga
melibatkan tetanus. Tanggapan yang
timbul selama tetanus adalah kali atau
lebih dibandingkan dengan selama
kontraksi tunggal.
Frekuensi rangsangan yang
diperlukan untuk
menimbulkan tetanus
sempurna tergantung dari
jenis otot.
Contoh :
• Otot bola mata
membutuhkan 350
rangsangan per detik
• Otot betis katak 30
rangsangan per detik
• Otot betis manusia 100
rangsangan per detik

7. Setelah otot dirangsang, untuk waktu yang singkat otot kehilangan sifat
iritabilitasnya dan selama waktu ini otot tidak akan menimbulkan
tanggapan bila diberi rangsangan yang kedua. Waktu ini disebut perioda
refrakter.
Perioda refreakter ini sangat
singkat untuk otot rangka, sedikit
lama untuk otot jantung dan lama
untuk otot polos. Setelah
pemberian rangsangan dilakukan
berulang-ulang, nampaklah kuat
kontraksi lambat laun meningkat
meskipun tidak ada penambahan
intensitas rangsang.

8. Kecapaian (fatigue) adalah suatu keadaan
yang ditandai oleh menurunnya kepekaan
dan kemampuan menegang.
Jika otot yang dalam keadaan capai dialiri
dengan larutan garam fisiologis, keadaan
capai otot akan berkurang.
Hal ini disebabkan karena dibebaskannya
beberapa zat seperti CO2, asam laktat,
asam piruvat dan asam fosfat.
Kecapaian (fatigue)

9. REVIEW OF SYSTEMS
Select one or more of the patient's symptoms
DIARRHEA
SMELL
THROAT PAIN
FEVER
COUGH
MUSCLE PAIN
FATIGUE
HEADACHE
TASTE
CONGESTION
NAUSEA
VOMITING
STOMACH
CONFUSION
CHEST PAIN

10. REVIEW OF SYSTEMS
What questions would you like to ask initially?
HOW LONG HAS THIS BEEN GOING ON?
Venus is the second planet from the Sun
WHAT OTHER QUESTIONS WOULD YOU LIKE TO ASK YOUR PATIENT?
Jupiter is the biggest planet in the Solar System
WHAT OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION MIGHT BE USEFUL?
Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings

11. MARS
NEPTUNE
VENUS
MERCURY
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Mars is actually a very
cold place
It’s the farthest planet
from the Sun

12. A PICTURE IS WORTH A THOUSAND WORDS

13. A PICTURE
ALWAYS
REINFORCES
THE CONCEPT
Images reveal large amounts of data, so
remember: use an image instead of a
long text. Your audience will appreciate
it

14. SATURN
MARS
FINDINGS
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then
paste the new one here. For more info, click here
Mars is actually a very
cold place
It’s composed of
hydrogen and helium
VENUS
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
30%
25%
45%

15. “Venus has a beautiful
name and is the
second planet from
the Sun”
DR. JENNA
DOE
“Mercury is the
closest planet to the
Sun and the smallest
in the Solar System”
DR. JOHN
JAMES
DR. DANIEL
PATTERSON
“Despite being red,
Mars is actually a cold
place. It’s full of iron
oxide dust”
DISCUSSION

16. DISCUSSION
SUMMARY
“Mercury is the closest planet
to the Sun and the smallest one
in the Solar System. This
planet's name has nothing to do
with the liquid metal”

17. JUPITER
MARS
NEPTUNE
MERCURY VENUS
SATURN
Mars is actually a very
cold place
It’s the farthest planet
from the Sun
DIAGNOSIS
It’s the closest planet
to the Sun
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Jupiter is the biggest
planet of them all
It’s composed of
hydrogen and helium
What examination (s) would be appropriate in this case?

18. MARS
VENUS
TREATMENT
Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
It’s the biggest planet
in the Solar System
Saturn is a gas giant
and has several rings
Medical treatment
JUPITER
SATURN

19. SYMPTOMS
BASED ON THE
HISTORY
WHAT ARE SOME
KNOWN CAUSES?
SOME SYSTEMIC
CAUSES
FEVER Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
Pluto is considered a
dwarf planet
Ceres is in the main
asteroid belt
COUGH Venus has a beautiful
name, but it’s hot
Neptune is far away
from the Sun
The Moon is a
natural satellite
MUSCLE PAIN Earth is the third
planet from the Sun
Saturn is a gas giant
and has rings
Mercury is the
smallest planet
FATIGUE Jupiter is the biggest
planet of them all
Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place
Venus is even hotter
than Mercury
COMPARISON
Differential diagnoses

20. JUPITER
VENUS
Jupiter is the biggest
planet of them all
PATIENT MONITORING
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
MARS
Mars is actually a
very cold place
SATURN
Saturn is a gas giant
with rings
W.1 W.4
W.2 W.3

21. CONTRAINDICATIONS INDICATIONS
INDICATIONS
● You can describe the reason to
follow the treatment here
● You can describe the reason to
follow the treatment here
● You can describe the reason to
follow the treatment here
● You can describe the reason to
follow the treatment here
● You can describe the reason to
stop the treatment here
● You can describe the reason to
stop the treatment here
● You can describe the reason to
stop the treatment here
● You can describe the reason to
stop the treatment here
Contraindications and indications

22. POST-PREVENTION
NEPTUNE JUPITER
MARS SATURN
Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place
It’s the farthest planet
from the Sun
It’s the biggest planet
in the Solar System
Saturn is a gas giant
and has several rings
VENUS MERCURY
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
It’s the closest planet
to the Sun
02
01
06
05
04
03

23. MARS
WEEK 1
NEPTUNE
WEEK 3
JUPITER
WEEK 5
SATURN
WEEK 2
VENUS
WEEK 4
CASE TIMELINE
Despite being red, Mars
is a cold place
Saturn is a gas giant and
has several rings
It’s the farthest planet
from the Sun
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
It’s the biggest planet in
the Solar System

24. CLINIC LOCATIONS
JUPITER
SATURN
It’s the biggest planet
in the Solar System
Saturn is a gas giant
and has several rings
MERCURY
It’s the closest planet
to the Sun

25. CONCLUSIONS
Do you know what helps you make your
point clear?
Lists like this one:
● They’re simple
● You can organize your ideas clearly
● You’ll never forget to buy milk!
And the most important thing: the audience
won’t miss the point of your presentation

26. REFERENCES
1.AUTHOR (YEAR).
Title of the publication. Publisher
1.AUTHOR (YEAR).
Title of the publication. Publisher
1.AUTHOR (YEAR).
Title of the publication. Publisher
1.AUTHOR (YEAR).
Title of the publication. Publisher

27. DESKTOP
SOFTWARE
You can replace the image on
the screen with your own work.
Just right-click on it and select
“Replace image”

28. OUR TEAM
JENNA DOE
You can talk a bit about
this person here
TIMMY JIMMY
You can talk a bit about
this person here
SUSAN BONES
You can talk a bit about
this person here

29. 150,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention

30. 9h 55m 23s
It’s Jupiter's rotation perio d
333,000
Earths is the Sun’s mass
386,000 km
It’s the distance between Earth and the Moon

31. AWESOME
WORDS

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“Despite being red,
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and the smallest”
“Neptune is the
farthest-known
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“Saturn is a gas
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“Venus is the
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