The document provides an overview of insulators for transmission and distribution systems. It discusses the functions of insulators as mechanical supports that maintain electrical separation between energized conductors and ground. The document outlines the history of insulator development and different types used for distribution lines, transmission lines, and substations. It also covers insulator design criteria, focusing on mechanical load ratings and electrical characteristics like leakage distance and strike distance. The document notes that polymer insulators offer improved performance in contaminated environments compared to porcelain insulators.
Comparision Lightning Protection Systems s per IEC 62305-3 and NFC 17-102(2011)/UNE21-1186 India NBC2016 / Project Building and Infra Projects /MEP ,Architect ,Electrical Consultants
Lightning is Disaster when it's hit to Surface and damage only possible to assess Lost of Human Lives and Assets.
The Agencies who claim Said Protection is from Lightning Product ,Design and Installation is Accordingly EN62305/IEC62305 and NFC17-102 .
Lightning Protection Standard Committee member is from Industries who are having Experience ,Knowledge and they are business man and better know how to safe guard to make more profit from their Business like other Industries.
If we Compare One Area Like Calculation Hight , Lenght and Width as per ZONE 1,2,3&4 Now Threat from Lightning Design as per IEC62305 and Prepare BOQ Considering Reputed Makes from Manufacturer .
According to IEC62305 our Cost will be 3-5 Time High as Compare to NFC17-102.
Now you can understand why IEC do not support NFC .
Latest now CENELEC Given their Acceptance Mentioning IEC 62035 and NFC17-102 not having any Conflict and Claims are Different and Accepted by Countries.
Plz go through presentation.
In India Lightning Documents is adopted under National Disaster and Every State is Declare Documents to offer Awareness Common Public what action they have to do.
NFC17-102 Acceptance in India CERC,SECI,RDSO.CPWD,PWD and Other Industries and Growing because We want to have Protection from Lightning ,
The document discusses a presentation on innovations in air cooled 3 phase transformer design by Michael Larkin of Tortech Pty Ltd. The presentation will cover Tortech's research on IP56 stainless steel enclosures for 3 phase transformers used by NSW State Railways. It will also discuss their solar isolation transformer design that improves efficiency and temperature characteristics. The talk will review calculations for temperature rise in enclosed transformers, the use of different core materials, IP56 enclosure design, solutions for in rush current, and aluminum windings in air cooled transformers.
Let Use best and Adavnace Protection Systems for our Facilities to protect from Lightning Follow International • Member EU state and complies with the following standards: NFC 17 102, EN 50164-1, CTE SU, UNE 21186, UNE21185also Compliance and Design IEC 62305-2 follow Risk Assesmet
Hybrid battery +solar pv grid tie power project presentation by jmv lpsMahesh Chandra Manav
JMV provides electrical safety equipment including earthing and lightning protection systems. A presentation covered best practices for electrical equipment installation and safety, including earthing design and lightning protection standards. Earthing is critical for safety and must follow standards to be below certain ohm levels. Lightning can cause fires, so proper protection like early streamer emission air terminals that protect an area of 120 meters are recommended. JMV offers clients surge protection, earthing materials, and expertise in lightning risk assessment to protect lives and property from electrical hazards.
Rectifier Operations & Maintenance - Don Olson - 2.4.2020nacetwincities
This document provides an overview of a basic cathodic protection rectifier training course. The course covers principles of cathodic protection, safety practices, rectifier circuitry, types of rectifiers and their applications, basic rectifier theory, installation and maintenance procedures, and hands-on troubleshooting of standard rectifier units. The instructor has over 30 years of experience in cathodic protection and rectifier technologies.
Comparision Lightning Protection Systems s per IEC 62305-3 and NFC 17-102(2011)/UNE21-1186 India NBC2016 / Project Building and Infra Projects /MEP ,Architect ,Electrical Consultants
Lightning is Disaster when it's hit to Surface and damage only possible to assess Lost of Human Lives and Assets.
The Agencies who claim Said Protection is from Lightning Product ,Design and Installation is Accordingly EN62305/IEC62305 and NFC17-102 .
Lightning Protection Standard Committee member is from Industries who are having Experience ,Knowledge and they are business man and better know how to safe guard to make more profit from their Business like other Industries.
If we Compare One Area Like Calculation Hight , Lenght and Width as per ZONE 1,2,3&4 Now Threat from Lightning Design as per IEC62305 and Prepare BOQ Considering Reputed Makes from Manufacturer .
According to IEC62305 our Cost will be 3-5 Time High as Compare to NFC17-102.
Now you can understand why IEC do not support NFC .
Latest now CENELEC Given their Acceptance Mentioning IEC 62035 and NFC17-102 not having any Conflict and Claims are Different and Accepted by Countries.
Plz go through presentation.
In India Lightning Documents is adopted under National Disaster and Every State is Declare Documents to offer Awareness Common Public what action they have to do.
NFC17-102 Acceptance in India CERC,SECI,RDSO.CPWD,PWD and Other Industries and Growing because We want to have Protection from Lightning ,
The document discusses a presentation on innovations in air cooled 3 phase transformer design by Michael Larkin of Tortech Pty Ltd. The presentation will cover Tortech's research on IP56 stainless steel enclosures for 3 phase transformers used by NSW State Railways. It will also discuss their solar isolation transformer design that improves efficiency and temperature characteristics. The talk will review calculations for temperature rise in enclosed transformers, the use of different core materials, IP56 enclosure design, solutions for in rush current, and aluminum windings in air cooled transformers.
Let Use best and Adavnace Protection Systems for our Facilities to protect from Lightning Follow International • Member EU state and complies with the following standards: NFC 17 102, EN 50164-1, CTE SU, UNE 21186, UNE21185also Compliance and Design IEC 62305-2 follow Risk Assesmet
Hybrid battery +solar pv grid tie power project presentation by jmv lpsMahesh Chandra Manav
JMV provides electrical safety equipment including earthing and lightning protection systems. A presentation covered best practices for electrical equipment installation and safety, including earthing design and lightning protection standards. Earthing is critical for safety and must follow standards to be below certain ohm levels. Lightning can cause fires, so proper protection like early streamer emission air terminals that protect an area of 120 meters are recommended. JMV offers clients surge protection, earthing materials, and expertise in lightning risk assessment to protect lives and property from electrical hazards.
Rectifier Operations & Maintenance - Don Olson - 2.4.2020nacetwincities
This document provides an overview of a basic cathodic protection rectifier training course. The course covers principles of cathodic protection, safety practices, rectifier circuitry, types of rectifiers and their applications, basic rectifier theory, installation and maintenance procedures, and hands-on troubleshooting of standard rectifier units. The instructor has over 30 years of experience in cathodic protection and rectifier technologies.
The document discusses copper clad steel wire which has the strength of steel with the conductivity and corrosion resistance of copper, making it suitable for lightning protection installations. It also discusses exothermic welding, which uses an exothermic reaction to provide a strong permanent molecular bond between conductors. Standards for early streamer emission lightning protection systems are discussed, including the French standard NFC 17-102 and its recognition at the European and international levels through CENELEC and IEC.
This document discusses the design, development, and testing of insulation piercing connectors (IPCs) for low voltage applications. IPCs provide a connection between main and derived cables by piercing the cable insulation with tinned copper teeth. The document outlines the parts of the IPC including the bottom and top bodies, bolt, nut, teeth, cap, and shearing head. It also details the materials used, applicable standards, and tests performed on IPCs, which include dimensional control, material verification, continuity testing, dielectric withstand testing, thermal cycling, and percussion testing. The tests confirm IPCs meet design specifications and provide a reliable electrical connection without stripping cable insulation.
JMV LPS LTD provides electrical equipment installation and safety products for solar power projects. They manufacture, design, supply and install products such as earthing systems, lightning protection systems, and surge protection devices. JMV aims to optimize solar project costs without compromising technical and safety standards through their in-house design experience, strong documentation, and on-site support for installation, operation and maintenance. Their team of professionals provides consultation on best practices for electrical safety and product installation.
This document discusses and compares international and North American electrical standards. It provides an overview of standards organizations like IEC, UL, and ANSI and their respective standards. Key points covered include test sequences defined in standards like IEC 947-2, UL 489, and ANSI C37-50. The document also outlines requirements for circuit breakers, like short circuit and overload testing, and notes both standards ensure safety while allowing for different cultural and historical approaches.
This document discusses and compares international and North American electrical standards. It provides an overview of standards organizations like IEC, UL, and ANSI and their respective standards. Key points covered include test sequences defined in standards like IEC 947-2, UL 489, and ANSI C37-50. The document also outlines requirements for circuit breakers, like short circuit and overload testing, and notes both standards ensure safety while allowing for different cultural and historical approaches.
Phelps Dodge International (Thailand) Limited is a leading manufacturer of medium and high voltage power cables. It has state-of-the-art facilities in Thailand that can produce cables rated up to 245kV. The company uses high quality materials and stringent quality control processes to ensure reliable cables that meet international standards. It has extensive experience in manufacturing cables for power distribution systems.
This document provides information on best practices for electrical safety and lightning protection. It discusses maintaining copper-bonded grounding rods, using exothermic welding for joints, surge protection for power and communication ports, and adopting lightning protection standards. The document recommends specific practices adopted by various state police departments in India, including the Delhi, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra police. It also presents information on earthing products, fail-proof joints, copper-clad wires, lightning arrestors, and surge protection devices for electrical installations and systems.
JMV presented on best practices for electrical safety products including maintenance free earthing using copper bonded rods and earthing enhancement compounds, exothermic welding for joints, copper clad steel wire to replace GI, and external lightning protection using ESE type lightning arrestors. The presentation covered surge protection for power, control, and communication and discussed how various state police departments in India have adopted these electrical safety practices. JMV also discussed their products for solar installations including earthing, lightning protection, and surge protection products and provided an overview of standards for lightning protection.
This document provides information on best practices for electrical safety and lightning protection. It discusses maintaining copper-bonded grounding rods, using exothermic welding for joints, surge protection for power and communication ports, and adopting IEC 62305 standards for lightning protection. The document outlines electrical safety measures implemented by various state police departments in India including maintenance-free earthing systems, lightning arrestors, and surge protection of AC and DC power. It also introduces JMV products for electrical safety and lightning protection including earthing rods, joints, surge protection devices, and early streamer emission lightning rods.
This document discusses the mechanical design of overhead transmission lines. It describes the key components of overhead lines including conductors, supports, insulators, and cross arms. For supports, it discusses different material options like wooden poles, steel poles, and reinforced concrete poles. It also covers conductor materials, insulator types including pin, suspension, and strain insulators, and causes of insulator failure.
This document provides information about different types of electrical cables. It discusses the basic components and properties of cables, including the conductor, dielectric, and sheath. Various cable materials and types are described, such as coaxial cable, unshielded twisted pair (UTP), shielded twisted pair (STP), armored cable, control cable, telephone cable, and fiber optic cable. Thermocouples are also discussed, including how they work using the Seebeck effect to convert thermal energy to electrical energy. Common thermocouple types like Type E, J, K, M, N, T, and B are listed. The document was authored by Dr. Aneela Wakeel and provides her official email address
This document discusses various methods for testing and locating faults in power cables, including DC hipot (high potential) testing and AC hipot testing. It provides details on the types of cables, their typical designs and insulation faults. DC hipot testing can effectively detect insulation faults but may accelerate deterioration in aged cables. AC hipot testing is commonly used for new cable installation testing but the equipment is large and expensive. Other methods like VLF hipot testing are better for maintenance testing on cables in service. The document compares the advantages and limitations of different cable testing methods.
This document provides an overview of low voltage power cables. It discusses cable design principles including voltage ratings, conductor materials and sizes, insulation types, core identification, assembly processes, bedding, armoring, sheathing, and relevant standards. The key points are that low voltage cables operate between 300/500V and 600/1000V, use copper or aluminum conductors, and common insulation materials are PVC, XLPE, and EPR. Cores are typically identified by color and the document outlines the assembly, bedding, armoring, and sheathing processes. Finally, common international and national standards for low voltage cables are listed.
This document provides information on lightning protection systems for electrical installations in India. It discusses different lightning protection methods including simple rods, meshed cages, catenary wires, and early streamer emission (ESE) air terminals. ESE systems are presented as the best practice as they can protect large structures with a single terminal by generating an upward leader earlier than simple rods. The document outlines the components of an ESE system and provides an example of using one ESE terminal, two down conductors, and two earthing systems to protect an area. Standards for lightning protection in India are also mentioned.
The manufacturing process of electric wires and cables involves several steps. Raw materials like copper are obtained and drawn into thin wires. These wires are then stranded and insulated with materials like PVC or polyethylene. The insulated wires are tested extensively before being packed and delivered to customers. The precise process ensures the wires and cables safely conduct electricity.
8 step-by-step processes of manufacturing of electrical cableDevanshVarma1
The manufacturing process of electrical wires and cables is complicated. If the manufacturers don’t provide good quality products, the wires will not be the perfect conductor to produce electricity.
This document provides information on electrical safety products and best practices for electrical installations for police facilities. It discusses maintaining maintenance-free earthing systems, using exothermic welding for joints, surge protection for power and communication ports, and lightning protection. Several Indian state police departments have adopted practices like maintenance-free earthing, lightning arrestors, and surge protection for all incoming power and equipment ports. The document also provides information on earthing products, exothermic welding, copper clad wires, lightning protection systems, and surge protection devices.
Modern underground power cables are sophisticated assemblies of insulators, conductors and protective materials. Within these components are sensors, which enable cable operators to monitor conditions along the cable in real time.
The condition of the cable insulation is usually monitored through the following two main methods:
Loss tangent measurements
Partial discharge (PD) measurements
This document discusses India's space program and use of satellites. It outlines several ways satellites can be used, including for border monitoring, weather monitoring, disaster management, communications, broadcasting, GPS, device connectivity, data storage, surveillance, transportation monitoring, and more. It also discusses India's commitment to developing world-class facilities and putting India at the top globally. The document promotes JMV India, an electrical safety solutions company, and their products for earthing, lightning protection and surge protection.
Department of Space ,Electrical Contractors, Equipment Manufacturing, Launching Systems,Controls,Monitoring and Electrical Systems, Design and development DRDO
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
The document discusses copper clad steel wire which has the strength of steel with the conductivity and corrosion resistance of copper, making it suitable for lightning protection installations. It also discusses exothermic welding, which uses an exothermic reaction to provide a strong permanent molecular bond between conductors. Standards for early streamer emission lightning protection systems are discussed, including the French standard NFC 17-102 and its recognition at the European and international levels through CENELEC and IEC.
This document discusses the design, development, and testing of insulation piercing connectors (IPCs) for low voltage applications. IPCs provide a connection between main and derived cables by piercing the cable insulation with tinned copper teeth. The document outlines the parts of the IPC including the bottom and top bodies, bolt, nut, teeth, cap, and shearing head. It also details the materials used, applicable standards, and tests performed on IPCs, which include dimensional control, material verification, continuity testing, dielectric withstand testing, thermal cycling, and percussion testing. The tests confirm IPCs meet design specifications and provide a reliable electrical connection without stripping cable insulation.
JMV LPS LTD provides electrical equipment installation and safety products for solar power projects. They manufacture, design, supply and install products such as earthing systems, lightning protection systems, and surge protection devices. JMV aims to optimize solar project costs without compromising technical and safety standards through their in-house design experience, strong documentation, and on-site support for installation, operation and maintenance. Their team of professionals provides consultation on best practices for electrical safety and product installation.
This document discusses and compares international and North American electrical standards. It provides an overview of standards organizations like IEC, UL, and ANSI and their respective standards. Key points covered include test sequences defined in standards like IEC 947-2, UL 489, and ANSI C37-50. The document also outlines requirements for circuit breakers, like short circuit and overload testing, and notes both standards ensure safety while allowing for different cultural and historical approaches.
This document discusses and compares international and North American electrical standards. It provides an overview of standards organizations like IEC, UL, and ANSI and their respective standards. Key points covered include test sequences defined in standards like IEC 947-2, UL 489, and ANSI C37-50. The document also outlines requirements for circuit breakers, like short circuit and overload testing, and notes both standards ensure safety while allowing for different cultural and historical approaches.
Phelps Dodge International (Thailand) Limited is a leading manufacturer of medium and high voltage power cables. It has state-of-the-art facilities in Thailand that can produce cables rated up to 245kV. The company uses high quality materials and stringent quality control processes to ensure reliable cables that meet international standards. It has extensive experience in manufacturing cables for power distribution systems.
This document provides information on best practices for electrical safety and lightning protection. It discusses maintaining copper-bonded grounding rods, using exothermic welding for joints, surge protection for power and communication ports, and adopting lightning protection standards. The document recommends specific practices adopted by various state police departments in India, including the Delhi, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra police. It also presents information on earthing products, fail-proof joints, copper-clad wires, lightning arrestors, and surge protection devices for electrical installations and systems.
JMV presented on best practices for electrical safety products including maintenance free earthing using copper bonded rods and earthing enhancement compounds, exothermic welding for joints, copper clad steel wire to replace GI, and external lightning protection using ESE type lightning arrestors. The presentation covered surge protection for power, control, and communication and discussed how various state police departments in India have adopted these electrical safety practices. JMV also discussed their products for solar installations including earthing, lightning protection, and surge protection products and provided an overview of standards for lightning protection.
This document provides information on best practices for electrical safety and lightning protection. It discusses maintaining copper-bonded grounding rods, using exothermic welding for joints, surge protection for power and communication ports, and adopting IEC 62305 standards for lightning protection. The document outlines electrical safety measures implemented by various state police departments in India including maintenance-free earthing systems, lightning arrestors, and surge protection of AC and DC power. It also introduces JMV products for electrical safety and lightning protection including earthing rods, joints, surge protection devices, and early streamer emission lightning rods.
This document discusses the mechanical design of overhead transmission lines. It describes the key components of overhead lines including conductors, supports, insulators, and cross arms. For supports, it discusses different material options like wooden poles, steel poles, and reinforced concrete poles. It also covers conductor materials, insulator types including pin, suspension, and strain insulators, and causes of insulator failure.
This document provides information about different types of electrical cables. It discusses the basic components and properties of cables, including the conductor, dielectric, and sheath. Various cable materials and types are described, such as coaxial cable, unshielded twisted pair (UTP), shielded twisted pair (STP), armored cable, control cable, telephone cable, and fiber optic cable. Thermocouples are also discussed, including how they work using the Seebeck effect to convert thermal energy to electrical energy. Common thermocouple types like Type E, J, K, M, N, T, and B are listed. The document was authored by Dr. Aneela Wakeel and provides her official email address
This document discusses various methods for testing and locating faults in power cables, including DC hipot (high potential) testing and AC hipot testing. It provides details on the types of cables, their typical designs and insulation faults. DC hipot testing can effectively detect insulation faults but may accelerate deterioration in aged cables. AC hipot testing is commonly used for new cable installation testing but the equipment is large and expensive. Other methods like VLF hipot testing are better for maintenance testing on cables in service. The document compares the advantages and limitations of different cable testing methods.
This document provides an overview of low voltage power cables. It discusses cable design principles including voltage ratings, conductor materials and sizes, insulation types, core identification, assembly processes, bedding, armoring, sheathing, and relevant standards. The key points are that low voltage cables operate between 300/500V and 600/1000V, use copper or aluminum conductors, and common insulation materials are PVC, XLPE, and EPR. Cores are typically identified by color and the document outlines the assembly, bedding, armoring, and sheathing processes. Finally, common international and national standards for low voltage cables are listed.
This document provides information on lightning protection systems for electrical installations in India. It discusses different lightning protection methods including simple rods, meshed cages, catenary wires, and early streamer emission (ESE) air terminals. ESE systems are presented as the best practice as they can protect large structures with a single terminal by generating an upward leader earlier than simple rods. The document outlines the components of an ESE system and provides an example of using one ESE terminal, two down conductors, and two earthing systems to protect an area. Standards for lightning protection in India are also mentioned.
The manufacturing process of electric wires and cables involves several steps. Raw materials like copper are obtained and drawn into thin wires. These wires are then stranded and insulated with materials like PVC or polyethylene. The insulated wires are tested extensively before being packed and delivered to customers. The precise process ensures the wires and cables safely conduct electricity.
8 step-by-step processes of manufacturing of electrical cableDevanshVarma1
The manufacturing process of electrical wires and cables is complicated. If the manufacturers don’t provide good quality products, the wires will not be the perfect conductor to produce electricity.
This document provides information on electrical safety products and best practices for electrical installations for police facilities. It discusses maintaining maintenance-free earthing systems, using exothermic welding for joints, surge protection for power and communication ports, and lightning protection. Several Indian state police departments have adopted practices like maintenance-free earthing, lightning arrestors, and surge protection for all incoming power and equipment ports. The document also provides information on earthing products, exothermic welding, copper clad wires, lightning protection systems, and surge protection devices.
Modern underground power cables are sophisticated assemblies of insulators, conductors and protective materials. Within these components are sensors, which enable cable operators to monitor conditions along the cable in real time.
The condition of the cable insulation is usually monitored through the following two main methods:
Loss tangent measurements
Partial discharge (PD) measurements
This document discusses India's space program and use of satellites. It outlines several ways satellites can be used, including for border monitoring, weather monitoring, disaster management, communications, broadcasting, GPS, device connectivity, data storage, surveillance, transportation monitoring, and more. It also discusses India's commitment to developing world-class facilities and putting India at the top globally. The document promotes JMV India, an electrical safety solutions company, and their products for earthing, lightning protection and surge protection.
Department of Space ,Electrical Contractors, Equipment Manufacturing, Launching Systems,Controls,Monitoring and Electrical Systems, Design and development DRDO
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project entitled "Gas Agency" is done to make the manual process easier by making it a computerized system for billing and maintaining stock. The Gas Agencies get the order request through phone calls or by personal from their customers and deliver the gas cylinders to their address based on their demand and previous delivery date. This process is made computerized and the customer's name, address and stock details are stored in a database. Based on this the billing for a customer is made simple and easier, since a customer order for gas can be accepted only after completing a certain period from the previous delivery. This can be calculated and billed easily through this. There are two types of delivery like domestic purpose use delivery and commercial purpose use delivery. The bill rate and capacity differs for both. This can be easily maintained and charged accordingly.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 08 Doors and Windows.pdf
Insulators101PanelFinalA.ppt
1. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
“Insulators 101”
Section A – Introduction
Presented by Andy Schwalm
IEEE Chairman, Lightning and Insulator Subcommittee
IEEE/PES 2010 Transmission and Distribution
Conference and Exposition
New Orleans, Louisiana
April 20, 2010
2. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
What Is an Insulator?
An insulator is a “dam***” poor conductor!
And more, technically speaking!
An insulator is a mechanical support!
Primary function - support the “line” mechanically
Secondary function– electrical
Air is the insulator
Outer shells/surfaces are designed to increase
leakage distance and strike distance
3. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
What Does an Insulator Do?
Maintains an Air Gap
Separates Line from Ground
length of air gap depends primarily on system voltage,
modified by desired safety margin, contamination, etc.
Resists Mechanical Stresses
“everyday” loads, extreme loads
Resists Electrical Stresses
system voltage/fields, overvoltages
Resists Environmental Stresses
heat, cold, UV, contamination, etc.
4. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Where Did Insulators Come From?
Basically grew out of the needs of the telegraph
industry – starting in the late 1700s, early 1800s
Early history centers around what today we would
consider very low DC voltages
Gradually technical needs increased as AC
voltages grew with the development of the electric
power industry
5. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
History
Glass plates used to insulate telegraph line DC to
Baltimore
Glass insulators became the ”norm” soon
thereafter – typical collector’s items today
Many, many trials with different materials – wood –
cement – porcelain - beeswax soaked rag wrapped
around the wire, etc.
Ultimately porcelain and glass prevailed
6. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
History
Wet process porcelain developed for high voltage
applications
Porcelain insulator industry started
Application voltages increased
Insulator designs became larger, more complex
Ceramics (porcelain, glass) still only choices at
high voltages
7. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
History
US trials of first “NCIs” – cycloaliphatic based
Not successful, but others soon became interested
and a new industry started up
Europeans develop “modern” style NCI – fiberglass
rod with various polymeric sheds
Now considered “First generation”
8. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
History
NCI insulator industry really begins in US with field
trials of insulators
Since that time - new manufacturers, new designs,
new materials
NCIs at “generation X” – there have been so many
improvements in materials, end fitting designs, etc.
Change in materials have meant changes in line
design practices, maintenance practices, etc.
Ceramic manufacturers have not been idle either
with development of higher strength porcelains, RG
glazes, etc.
9. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
History
Domestic manufacturing of insulators decreases,
shift to offshore (all types)
Engineers need to develop knowledge and skills
necessary to evaluate and compare suppliers and
products from many different countries
An understanding of the basics of insulator
manufacturing, design and application is more
essential than ever before
10. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Insulator Types
For simplicity will discuss in terms of three broad
applications:
Distribution lines (thru 69 kV)
Transmission lines (69 kV and up)
Substations (all voltages)
11. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Insulator Types
Distribution lines
Pin type insulators -mainly porcelain, growing use
of polymeric (HDPE – high density polyethylene),
limited use of glass (in US at least)
Line post insulators – porcelain, polymeric
Dead end insulators – polymeric, porcelain, glass
Spool insulators – porcelain, polymeric
Strain insulators, polymeric, porcelain
12. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Types of Insulators – Distribution
13. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Insulator Types
Transmission lines
Suspension insulators - new installations mainly
NCIs, porcelain and glass now used less frequently
Line post insulators – mainly NCIs for new lines
and installations, porcelain much less frequent now
17. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Insulator Types - Comparisons
Ceramic
• Porcelain or toughened
glass
• Metal components fixed with
cement
• ANSI Standards C29.1
through C29.10
Non Ceramic
• Typically fiberglass rod with
rubber (EPDM or Silicone)
sheath and weather sheds
• HDPE line insulator
applications
• Cycloaliphatic (epoxies)
station applications, some
line applications
• Metal components normally
crimped
• ANSI Standards C29.11 –
C29.19
18. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Insulator Types - Comparisons
Ceramic
• Materials very resistant to
UV, contaminant degradation,
electric field degradation
• Materials strong in
compression, weaker in
tension
• High modulus of elasticity -
stiff
• Brittle, require more careful
handling
• Heavier than NCIs
Non Ceramic
• Hydrophobic materials
improve contamination
performance
• Strong in tension, weaker in
compression
• Deflection under load can be
an issue
• Lighter – easier to handle
• Electric field stresses must
be considered
19. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Insulator Types - Comparisons
Ceramic
• Generally designs are
“mature”
• Limited flexibility of
dimensions
• Process limitations on sizes
and shapes
• Applications/handling
methods generally well
understood
Non Ceramic
• “Material properties have
been improved – UV
resistance much improved
for example
• Standardized product lines
now exist
• Balancing act - leakage
distance/field stress – take
advantage of hydrophobicity
• Application parameters still
being developed
• Line design implications
(lighter weight, improved
shock resistance)
20. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
“Insulators 101”
Section B - Design Criteria
Presented by Al Bernstorf
IEEE Chairman, Insulator Working Group
IEEE/PES 2010 Transmission and Distribution
Conference and Exposition
New Orleans, Louisiana
April 20, 2010
21. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Design Criteria - Mechanical
An insulator is a mechanical support!
• Its primary function is to support the line
mechanically
• Electrical Characteristics are an afterthought.
• Will the insulator support your line?
• Determine The Maximum Load the Insulator Will
Ever See Including NESC Overload Factors.
22. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Design Criteria - Mechanical
Suspension Insulators
• Porcelain
- M&E (Mechanical & Electrical) Rating
Represents a mechanical test of the unit while energized.
When the porcelain begins to crack, it electrically punctures.
Average ultimate strength will exceed the M&E Rating when new.
- Never Exceed 50% of the M&E Rating
• NCIs (Polymer Insulators)
- S.M.L. – Specified Mechanical Load
Guaranteed minimum ultimate strength when new.
R.T.L. – Routine Test Load – Proof test applied to each NCI.
- Never Load beyond the R.T.L.
23. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Design Criteria - Mechanical
Line Post insulators
• Porcelain
- Cantilever Rating
Represents the Average Ultimate Strength in Cantilever – when new.
Minimum Ultimate Cantilever of a single unit may be as low as 85%.
- Never Exceed 40% of the Cantilever Rating – Proof Test Load
• NCIs (Polymer Insulators)
- S.C.L. (Specified Cantilever Load)
Not based upon lot testing
Based upon manufacturer testing
- R.C.L. (Rated Cantilever Load) or MDC or MDCL (Maximum Design
Cantilever Load) or MCWL or WCL (Working Cantilever Load)
- Never Exceed RCL or MDC or MDCL or MCWL or WCL
- S.T.L. (Specified Tensile Load)
- Tensile Proof Test=(STL/2)
24. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Design Criteria - Mechanical
Other Considerations
• Suspensions and Deadends – Only apply tension loads
• Line Posts –
- Cantilever is only one load
- Transverse (tension or compression) on line post – loading
transverse to the direction of the line.
- Longitudinal – in the direction of travel of the line
- Combined Loading Curve –
Contour curves representing various Longitudinal loads
Available Vertical load as a function of Transverse loading
Manufacturers have different safety factors!!!
26. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Design Criteria - Electrical
An Insulator is a mechanical support!
Air imparts Electrical Characteristics
Strike Distance (Dry Arcing Distance) is the
principal constituent to electrical values.
• Dry 60 Hz F/O and Impulse F/O – based on strike distance.
• Wet 60 Hz F/O
- Some would argue leakage distance as a principal factor.
- At the extremes that argument fails – although it does play a role.
- Leakage distance helps to maintain the surface resistance of the
strike distance.
Leakage Requirements do play a role!!!
27. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Design Criteria - Electrical
Dry Arcing Distance –
(Strike Distance) – “The
shortest distance through
the surrounding medium
between terminal
electrodes….” 1
1 – IEEE Std 100 - 1992
28. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Design Criteria - Electrical
Define peak l-g kV
Determine Leakage Distance
Required
Switching Over-voltage
Requirements
Impulse Over-voltage
Chart Courtesy of Ohio Brass/HPS – EU1429-H
69 kV (rms)
41.8 kV (rms)
(line A/1.732)*1.05
59.1 kV (peak)
e=(line B * 1.414)
1
H. INSULATOR LEAKAGE (MIN.)
41.8 inches
I. SSV = (line B) * 3.0 125 kV (peak)
J. PEAK IMPULSE WITHSTAND = (I(t) * R(f))+e
I(t) = 20 kA (typical value = 50 kA)
R(f) = 15 ohm (typical value = 10 - 20 ohm)
e = 59.1 (line C)
K. IMPULSE WITHSTAND = 359 kV
(typical values) (inches/(kV line-to-ground))
SWITCHING OVERVOLTAGE REQUIREMENTS
IMPULSE OVERVOLTAGE REQUIREMENTS
1.00 - 1.25
1.50 - 1.75
2.00 - 2.50
G. HEAVY
UP TO 1.00
A. NOMINAL SYSTEM LINE-TO-LINE VOLTAGE
B. MAXIMUM SYSTEM LINE-TO-GROUND VOLTAGE
C. MAXIMUM PEAK LINE-TO-GROUND VOLTAGE (e)
LEAKAGE DISTANCE REQUIREMENTS
SELECT INSULATOR BASED ON REQUIREMENTS:
(line B)*(inches/kV) =
Enter inches/kV -
PICKING A SUITABLE INSULATOR
ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS
SUGGESTED LEAKAGE
CONTAMINATION LEVEL
D. ZERO
E. LIGHT
F. MODERATE
POLYMER VALUES
NUMBER OF
PORCELAIN BELLS
K. IMPULSE
WITHSTAND
T. SELECT
INSULATOR
41.8
125
359
SYSTEM
REQUIREMENT
VALUE FROM
PAGE 1
H. LEAKAGE
DISTANCE
I. SWITCHING
SURGE VOLTAGE
29. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Design Criteria – Leakage Distance
What is Leakage
Distance?
“The sum of the shortest
distances measured along
the insulating surfaces
between the conductive
parts, as arranged for dry
flashover test.” 1
1 – IEEE Std 100 - 1992
30. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Design Criteria - Electrical
What’s an appropriate Leakage Distance?
• Empirical Determination
- What’s been used successfully?
- If Flashovers occur – add more leak?
• ESDD (Equivalent Salt Deposit Density) Determination
- Measure ESDD
Pollution Monitors
Dummy Insulators
Remove in-service insulators
- Evaluate ESDD and select appropriate Leakage Distance
31. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Design Criteria - Electrical
“Application Guide for Insulators in a Contaminated Environment”
by K. C. Holte et al – F77 639-8
ESDD (mg/cm2) Site Severity
Leakage Distance
I-string/V-string
(“/kV l-g)
0 – 0.03 Very Light 0.94/0.8
0.03 – 0.06 Light 1.18/0.97
0.06 – 0.1 Moderate 1.34/1.05
>0.1 Heavy 1.59/1.19
32. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Design Criteria - Electrical
IEC 60815 Standards
ESDD (mg/cm2) Site Severity
Leakage Distance
(“/kV l-g)
<0.01 Very Light 0.87
0.01 – 0.04 Light 1.09
0.04 – 0.15 Medium 1.37
0.15 – 0.40 Heavy 1.70
>0.40 Very Heavy 2.11
34. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Improved Contamination Performance
Flashover Vs ESDD
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.01 0.1
ESDD (mg/cm^2)
Flashover
Voltage
Porcelain
New EPDM
Aged EPDM
New SR
Aged SR
CEA 280 T 621
SR units - leakage equal to porcelain
EPDM Units - leakage 1.3 X Porcelain
35. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Improved Contamination Performance
Polymer insulators offer better contamination
flashover performance than porcelain?
Smaller core and weathershed diameter increase
leakage current density.
Higher leakage current density means more
Ohmic Heating.
Ohmic Heating helps to dry the contaminant layer
and reduce leakage currents.
In addition, hydrophobicity helps to minimize
filming
36. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Improved Contamination Performance
“the contamination performance of composite
insulators exceeds that of their porcelain counterparts”
“the contamination flashover performance of silicone
insulators exceeds that of EPDM units”
“the V50 of polymer insulators increases in proportion
to the leakage distance”
CEA 280 T 621, “Leakage Distance Requirements for Composite Insulators Designed for Transmission Lines”
37. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Insulator Selection
Where do I get these values?
Leakage Distance or Creepage Distance
• Manufacturer’s Catalog
Switching Surge
• Wet W/S
• ((Wet Switching Surge W/S)/√2) ≥ 60 Hz Wet Flashover (r.m.s.)
• Peak Wet 60 Hz value will be lower than Switching Surge Wet W/S
Impulse Withstand
• Take Positive or Negative Polarity, whichever is lower
• If only Critical Impulse Flashover is available – assume 90%
(safe estimate for withstand)
38. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Insulator Selection
Select the 69 kV Insulator
shown at right.
I-string – Mechanical
• Worst Case – 6,000 lbs
• Suspension: ≥ 12k min
ultimate
Leakage Distance ≥ 42”
Switching Surge ≥ 125 kV
Impulse Withstand ≥359
kV
69 kV (rms)
41.8 kV (rms)
(line A/1.732)*1.05
59.1 kV (peak)
e=(line B * 1.414)
1
H. INSULATOR LEAKAGE (MIN.)
41.8 inches
I. SSV = (line B) * 3.0 125 kV (peak)
J. PEAK IMPULSE WITHSTAND = (I(t) * R(f))+e
I(t) = 20 kA (typical value = 50 kA)
R(f) = 15 ohm (typical value = 10 - 20 ohm)
e = 59.1 (line C)
K. IMPULSE WITHSTAND = 359 kV
(typical values) (inches/(kV line-to-ground))
SWITCHING OVERVOLTAGE REQUIREMENTS
IMPULSE OVERVOLTAGE REQUIREMENTS
1.00 - 1.25
1.50 - 1.75
2.00 - 2.50
G. HEAVY
UP TO 1.00
A. NOMINAL SYSTEM LINE-TO-LINE VOLTAGE
B. MAXIMUM SYSTEM LINE-TO-GROUND VOLTAGE
C. MAXIMUM PEAK LINE-TO-GROUND VOLTAGE (e)
LEAKAGE DISTANCE REQUIREMENTS
SELECT INSULATOR BASED ON REQUIREMENTS:
(line B)*(inches/kV) =
Enter inches/kV -
PICKING A SUITABLE INSULATOR
ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS
SUGGESTED LEAKAGE
CONTAMINATION LEVEL
D. ZERO
E. LIGHT
F. MODERATE
POLYMER VALUES
NUMBER OF
PORCELAIN BELLS
K. IMPULSE
WITHSTAND
T. SELECT
INSULATOR
41.8
125
359
SYSTEM
REQUIREMENT
VALUE FROM
PAGE 1
H. LEAKAGE
DISTANCE
I. SWITCHING
SURGE VOLTAGE
39. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Insulator Selection
Porcelain – 5-3/4 X 10” bells X 4 units
Characteristic Required Available
Leakage
Distance
42” 46”
Wet Switching
Surge W/S
125 kV 240 kV
Impulse W/S 359 kV 374 kV
M & E 12,000 lbs 15,000 lbs
40. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Grading Rings
Simulate a larger, more spherical object
Reduce the gradients associated with the shielded object
Reduction in gradients helps to minimize RIV & TVI
Porcelain or Glass –
• Inorganic – breaks down very slowly
NCIs
• Polymers are more susceptible to scissioning due to corona
• UV – short wavelength range – attacks polymer bonds.
• Most short wavelength UV is filtered by the environment
• UV due to corona is not filtered
41. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
NCIs and Rings
Grading (Corona) Rings
• Due to “corona cutting” and water droplet corona – NCIs may
require the application of rings to grade the field on the
polymer material of the weathershed housing.
• Rings must be:
- Properly positioned relative to the end fitting on which they are
mounted.
- Oriented to provide grading to the polymer material.
• Consult the manufacturer for appropriate instructions.
• As a general rule – rings should be over the polymer –
brackets should be on the hardware.
43. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Insulators 101
Section C - Standards
Presented by Tony Baker
IEEE Task Force Chairman, Insulator Loading
IEEE/PES 2010 Transmission and Distribution
Conference and Exposition
New Orleans, Louisiana
April 20, 2010
44. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
American National Standards
Consensus standards
Standards writing bodies must include representatives from
materially affected and interested parties.
Public review
Anybody may comment.
Comments must be evaluated, responded to, and if found to be
appropriate, included in the standard .
Right to appeal
By anyone believing due process lacking.
Objective is to ensure that ANS Standards are developed in an
environment that is equitable, accessible, and responsive to the
requirements of various stakeholders*.
* The American National Standards Process, ANSI March 24, 2005
45. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
American Standards Committee
on Insulators for Electric Power Lines
ASC C-29
EL&P Group
IEEE
NEMA
Independents
46. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
C29 ANSI C29 Insulator Standards (available on-line at nema.org)
.1 Insulator Test Methods
.2 Wet-process Porcelain & Toughened Glass - Suspensions
.3 Wet-process Porcelain Insulators - Spool Type
.4 “ - Strain Type
.5 “ - Low & Medium Voltage Pin Type
.6 “ - High Voltage Pin Type
.7 “ - High Voltage Line Post Type
.8 “ - Apparatus, Cap & Pin Type
.9 “ - Apparatus, Post Type
.10 “ - Indoor Apparatus Type
.11 Composite Insulators – Test Methods
.12 “ - Suspension Type
.13 “ - Distribution Deadend Type
.17 “ - Line Post Type
.18 “ - Distribution Line Post Type
.19 “ - Station Post Type (under development)
47. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
ANSI C29 Insulator Standards
Applies to new insulators
Definitions
Materials
Dimensions & Marking (interchangeability)
Tests
1. Prototype & Design, usually performed once for a given design.
(design, materials, manufacturing process, and technology).
2. Sample, performed on random samples from lot offered for
acceptance.
3. Routine, performed on each insulator to eliminate defects from lot.
48. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
ANSI C 29 Insulator Standard Ratings
Electrical & Mechanical Ratings
How are they assigned?
How is conformance demonstrated?
What are application limits?
49. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Electrical Ratings
Average flashover values
Low-frequency Dry & Wet
Critical impulse, positive & negative
Impulse withstand
Radio-influence voltage
Applies to all the types of high voltage insulators
Rated values are single-phase line-to-ground voltages.
Dry FOV values are function of dry arc distance and test configuration.
Wet FOV values function of dry arc distance and insulator shape,
leakage distance, material and test configuration.
Tests are conducted in accordance with IEEE STD 4-1995 except
test values are corrected to standard conditions in ANSI C29.1.
-Temperature 25° C
- Barometric Pressure 29.92 ins. of Hg
- Vapor Pressure 0.6085 ins. of Hg
- For wet tests: rate 5±0.5 mm/min, resistivity 178±27Ωm, 10 sec. ws
50. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Dry Arcing Distance
Shortest distance through the surrounding medium between terminal
electrodes , or the sum of distances between intermediate electrodes ,
whichever is shortest, with the insulator mounted for dry flashover test.
51. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Electrical Ratings
Product is designed to have a specified average flashover.
• This is the manufacturer’s rated value, R.
Samples are electrically tested in accordance with standard
• This is the tested value, T.
Due to uncontrollable elements during the test such as atmospheric
fluctuations, minor differences in test configuration, water spray
fluctuations, etc. the test value can be less than the rated value.
Does T satisfy the requirements for the rating R?
• If T/R≥ 𝝃 Yes
where 𝝃 = 0.95 for Low-frequency Dry flashover tests
= 0.90 for Low-frequency Wet flashover tests
= 0.92 for Impulse flashover tests
52. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Electrical Ratings
Dry 60 Hz Flashover Data
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Dry Arcing Distance (inches)
Flashover
(kV)
Station Post and Line Post
Suspension Insulator
53. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Electrical Ratings
ANSI C2 Insulation Level Requirements
ANSI C2-2007, Table 273-1
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Rated Dry
FOV, kV
Nominal Phase-to-Phase Voltage, kV
Higher insulation levels required in areas where severe lightning, high
atmospheric contamination, or other unfavorable conditions exist
54. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Electrical Ratings - Application
Customer determines needs and specifies electrical
requirements:
- 60 Hz Dry & wet flashover
- Impulse flashover and/or withstand
- Leakage distance
Does offered product meet customer’s specification S?
If R ≥ S and T ≥ 𝝃R
yes, otherwise no.
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
55. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Mechanical Ratings
Sample & Routine Mechanical Tests
are based on the primary in-service loading conditions
STD. No. Insulator Type Sample test Routine test
C 29.2 Ceramic Suspension M&E Tension
C29.6 “ Pin Type Cantilever -----
C29.7 “ Line Post Cantilever 4 quad. cantilever
C29.8 “ Cap & Pin Cantilever
Torsion
Tension
Tension
C29.9 “ Station Post Cantilever
Tension
Tension, Cantilever or
Bending Moment
C29.12 Composite Suspension SML Tension
C29.13 “ Deadend SML Tension
C29.17 “ Line Post Cantilever
Tension
Tension
C29.18 “ Dist. Line Post Cantilever Tension
56. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Mechanical Ratings
M&E Test
Ceramic Suspensions
Bending Tests
Composite Posts
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Hubbell Power Systems
Kinectrics
57. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
ANSI C29 High Voltage Insulator Standards
Std.
No.
Insulator
Type
Ult. Strength
QC Test
Lot Acceptance
Criteria
Routine
Test
C29.2 Ceramic
Suspension
Combined M&E strength
of 10 units
Ave. Std. dev. = S
X10 ≥ R +1.2 S
s10 ≤ 1.72 S
3 sec. tension
at 50% of R
C29.7 Ceramic
Line post
Cantilever strength
of 3 units
X3≥ R
no one xi ≮ .85 R
4 quad. bending
at 40% of R
C29.8 Ceramic Apparatus
Cap & Pin
Cantilever, tension, & torsion strength
of 3 units each
X3≥ R
no one xi ≮ .85 R
3 sec. tension
at specified value
C29.9 Ceramic Apparatus
Post Type
Cantilever & tension strengths
of 3 units each
X3≥ R
no one xi ≮ .85 R
Tension
at 50% of R
or
4 quad. bending
at 40% of R
C29.12 Composite
Suspension
Specified Mech. Load (SML)
test of 3 units
xi ≥ .R 10 sec. tension
at 50% of R
C29.13 Composite
Distribution Deadend
SML test
of 3 units xi ≥ .SML rating
10 sec. tension
at 50% of R
C29.17 Composite
Line Post
Cantilever strength of 1 unit
Tension test of 1 unit
Strength ≥ R 10 sec. tension
at 50% of R
C29.18 Composite
Distribution Line Post
Cantilever strength of 1 unit Strength ≥ R 10 sec. tension
at 50% of R
58. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Lot Acceptance Criteria – ANSI C29.2
Lot acceptance according to ANSI C 29.2.
Select ten random units from lot and subject to M&E test.
Requirements are:
M&E rating ≤ X10 -1.2SH
&
s10 ≤1.72SH
s10 is std. dev. of the 10 units
SH is historical std. dev.
If s10= SH then for minimally acceptable lot, ~ 11.5% of
units in lot could have strengths below the rated value.
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
59. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Lot Acceptance Criteria – ANSI C29.2
Possible low strengths for ceramic suspension
units in a lot minimally acceptable according
to ANSI C29.2
Coefficient
of variation, vR
Strength value
at -3σ
5% 90% of M&E rating
10% 79% of M&E rating
15% 67% of M&E rating
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
60. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Lot Acceptance Criteria – CSA C411.1
Possible low strengths for ceramic suspension
units in a lot minimally acceptable according to
CSA C411.1
Requirements
Rating≤ XS – 3s
&
Xi ≥ R
On a -3 sigma basis , minimum strength
that could be expected in a lot is the rated
value regardless of the coefficient of
variation for the manufacturing process
that produced the lot.
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
61. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Lot Acceptance Criteria – ANSI C29
Possible low strengths for ceramic units in a lot
minimally acceptable according to
ANSI C29.7, C29.8 & C29.9
Cantilever rating ≤ X3 & no xi< 85% of rating
Coefficient
of variation, vR
Strength value
at -3 σ
5% 85% of Cantilever rating
10% 70% of Cantilever rating
15% 55% of Cantilever rating
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
62. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Lot Acceptance Criteria
ANSI C29 –Composite Insulators
Random samples selected from an offered lot.
Ultimate strength tests on samples.
Requirement is:
xi ≥ Rating
The rated value is assigned by the manufacturer based
on ultimate strength tests during design.
However for a lot minimally acceptable according to the
standard, statistical inference for the strength distribution
for entire lot not possible.
Composite Insulators have a well defined damage limit
providing good application direction.
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
63. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Mechanical Ratings – Application Limits
NESC ANSI C Table 277-1
Allowed percentages of strength ratings
Insulator Type % Strength Rating Ref. ANSI Std.
Ceramic
Suspension 50%
Combined
mechanical & electrical strength (M&E) C29.2-1992
Line Post 40%
50%
Cantilever strength
Tension/compression strength
C29.7-1996
Station Post4
40%
50%
Cantilever strength
Tension/compression/torsion strength C29.9-1983
Station
Cap & Pin
40%
50%
Cantilever strength
Tension/compression/torsion strength C29.8-1985
Composite
Suspension 50% Specified mechanical load (SML)
C29.12-1997
C29.13-2000
Line Post 50%
Specified cantilever load (SCL) or
specified tension load (STL)
C29.17-2002
C29.18-2003
Station Post 50% All strength ratings ----------
64. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Mechanical Ratings – Application Limits
Worst loading case load ≤ (% Table 277-1)(Insulator Rating)
In most cases , % from Table 277-1 is equal to the routine
proof -test load.
Bending tests on a production basis are not practicable in
some cases, (large stacking posts, cap & pins , and polymer
posts) and tension proof-load tests are specified.
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
67. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Recent Developments for Application Limits
Component strength cumulative distribution function FR and
probability density function of maximum loads fQ.
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
68. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Component Damage Limit
DAMAGE LIMIT
Strength of a component below ultimate corresponding to a
defined limit of permanent damage or deformation.
For composites the damage limit is fairly well understood.
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
69. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Component Damage Limit
Defining Damage Limit for ceramics more difficult to
define as shown by comparing stress-strain curves for
brittle and ductile materials.
L&I WG on Insulators is addressing this problem now
70. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
“Insulators 101”
Section D – Achieving ‘Quality’
Presented by Tom Grisham
IEEE Task Force Chairman, “Insulators 101”
IEEE/PES – T&D Conference and Exposition
New Orleans, LA
April 20, 2010
71. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Objectives of ‘Quality” Presentation
Present ideas to verify the supplier
qualification, purchasing requirements,
manufacturer inspections of lots,
shipment approval, material handling,
and training information for personnel
Routine inspection of the installation
Identify steps to analyze field complaints
To stimulate “Quality” improvement
72. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
‘Quality’ Defined
QUALITY – An inherent, basic or
distinguishing characteristic; an
essential property or nature.
QUALITY CONTROL – A system of
ensuring the proper maintenance of
written standards; especially by the
random inspection of manufactured
goods.
73. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
What Is Needed in a Quality Plan?
Identifying critical design parameters
Qualifying ‘new’ suppliers
Evaluating current suppliers
Establishing internal specifications
Monitoring standards compliance (audits)
Understanding installation requirements
Establishing end-of-life criteria
Ensuring safety of line workers
Communicating and training
All aspects defined by the company plan
74. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
What Documents Should Be Included?
Catalog specifications and changes
Supplier audit records and lot certification
Qualification testing of the design
• Utility-specific testing
• Additional supplier testing for insulators (vibration,
temperature, long-term performance, etc)
• ANSI or equivalent design reports
Storage methods
• Installation records (where, by whom, why?)
• Interchangeability with other suppliers product
Handling methods (consult manufacturer)
Installation requirements and techniques
76. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Handling of Ceramics – NEMA HV2-1984
Insulators should not be dropped or thrown…..
Insulators strings should not be bent…..
Insulator strings are not ladders…..
Insulators with chips or cracks should be discarded and
companion units should be carefully inspected…..
Cotter keys should be individually inspected for twisting,
flattening or indentations. If found, replace keys and
retest the insulator…..
The maximum combined load, including safety
requirements of NESC, must not exceed the rating…..
Normal operating temperature range for ceramics is
defined as –40 to 150 Degrees F…..
77. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Handling of NCI’s
NEMA is working on a ‘new’ application guide for NCI
products. It will likely include……………………
• “Insulators should not be dropped, thrown, or bent…”
• “Insulators should not be used as ladders…”
• “Cotter keys for ball sockets should be inspected identically to the
instructions for ceramic insulators…”
• “The maximum combined loads should not exceed the RTL…”
• Normal operating temperature is –40 to 150 Degrees F…”
• “Insulators should not be used as rope supports…”
• “Units with damaged housings that expose the core rod should
be replaced and discarded…”
• “Units with cut or torn weathersheds should be inspected by
the manufacturer…”
• “Bending, twisting and cantilever loading should be avoided
during construction and maintenance…”
78. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Line outage Failures
Your objective is to find the problem, quickly!
79. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Inspection Techniques
Subjective: What you already know
• Outage related
• Visual methods from the ground
• Previous problem
• Thermal camera (NCI – live line)
Objective: Answer is not obvious
• Leakage current measurements
• Daycor camera for live line inspections (live)
• Mechanical and electrical evaluations
80. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Porcelain and Glass Failures
Failures are ‘typically’ visible or have a
new ‘history’ or upgrade on the site?
New products may not be your
Grandfather’s Oldsmobile, however!
Have the insulators deteriorated?
• Perform thermal-mechanical test before failing
load and compare to ultimate failing load
• Determine current ultimate strength versus new
Should the insulators be replaced?
• Establish internal criteria by location
81. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Non-Ceramic (NCI) Failures
Cause of failures may NOT be visible!
• More ‘subjective’ methods used for live line replacement
• Some external deterioration may NOT be harmful
• Visual examples of critical issues are available to you
Imperative to involve the supplier!
• Evaluate your expertise to define ‘root’ cause condition
• Verify an ‘effective’ corrective action is in place
• Utilize other sources in the utility industry
Establish ‘subjective’ baselines for new
installations as future reference! Porcelain and
glass, also!
82. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
What To Do for an Insulator Failure?
Inspection of Failure
• What happened?
• Extraordinary factors?
• Save every piece of the unit!
• Take lots of pictures!
• Inspect other insulators!
Supplier Involvement
• Verification of production date?
• Available production records?
• Determination of ‘root’ cause?
• Recommended action?
• Safety requirements?
83. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Summary of ‘Quality’ Presentation
In today’s environment, this presentation suggests that
the use of a well documented ‘quality’ program improves
long term performance and reduces outages.
Application information that is communicated in the
organization will help to minimize installation issues and
reduce costs.
Actively and accurately defining the condition, or
determining the root cause of a failure, will assist in
determining end-of-life decisions.
84. IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Source of Presentation
http://ewh.ieee.org/soc/pes/iwg/