A pro of initiatives and referendums is that they allow every voter to express their views directly and can be used to resolve misunderstandings or conflicts.
The correct answers are:
C) Russ Feingold and John McCain
A) Citizens united v. Federal Elections Commission
B) Buckley v. Valeo
C) Campaign Finance Reform Act
D) Hard money, soft money
B) Federal Election Commission
The document discusses the dominance of wealthy interests in politics undermining middle-class views. It proposes a constitutional amendment for public funding of elections to address this issue. It would prohibit private contributions and expenditures to political campaigns, with campaigns receiving only public funds. The amendment could be proposed through a joint congressional resolution or citizen ballot initiatives in states allowing them. If approved by Congress and ratified by 38 states, it would become a constitutional amendment.
The Congress has three types of powers - expressed, implied, and inherent. Expressed powers include regulating commerce, taxation, borrowing, and currency. Implied powers allow Congress to pass laws necessary to exercise its expressed powers. Inherent powers derive from Congress creating the national government. Congress shares war powers with the presidency and has powers over foreign relations, territories, judicial system creation, and impeachment.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 19 on individual rights and liberties from the US Constitution. It discusses the following main points:
1) The Bill of Rights and later amendments expanded protections for individual freedoms against government overreach.
2) Rights are balanced and limited to prevent infringing on others, with tensions arising around issues like freedom of speech versus fair trials.
3) Religious freedom is protected through non-establishment and free exercise clauses, though debates continue around school prayer and funding private religious schools.
4) Other freedoms like speech, press, assembly, and petition allow open debate but have reasonable limits for issues like sedition, obscenity or trespassing on private property
The document discusses key aspects of federalism in the United States, including:
1) Federalism divides power between the national and state governments, with both getting power from the Constitution rather than each other.
2) The Founders adopted a federal system to balance unity and diversity in the large nation and check tyranny.
3) Over time the balance of power has shifted, from dual federalism where states and national government had distinct spheres, to cooperative federalism where responsibilities are shared.
The document discusses the various powers granted to Congress under the U.S. Constitution. It covers expressed powers, implied powers, and non-legislative powers. Specifically, it mentions Congress' powers to regulate commerce, tax, borrow and spend money, declare war, and conduct investigations and impeachments.
The document outlines the various powers granted to Congress under the US Constitution. It discusses expressed powers like the power to tax, borrow money, regulate commerce, and declare war. It also examines implied powers Congress has assumed over time like creating a national bank and implied from the Necessary and Proper Clause. Non-legislative powers of Congress include impeaching officials, confirming nominees, and holding investigations. Key Supreme Court cases like McCulloch v. Maryland have expanded the scope of Congressional authority in the US government.
The Second New Deal was launched in 1935 to further boost the economy and Roosevelt's reelection chances as unemployment remained high. It created new programs like the Works Progress Administration to generate more jobs and the Social Security Act to provide support for the elderly and unemployed. However, the New Deal still faced criticism from both the left and right, with opposition leaders like Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and Francis Townsend advocating for more relief programs or restrictions on banks and the wealthy.
The correct answers are:
C) Russ Feingold and John McCain
A) Citizens united v. Federal Elections Commission
B) Buckley v. Valeo
C) Campaign Finance Reform Act
D) Hard money, soft money
B) Federal Election Commission
The document discusses the dominance of wealthy interests in politics undermining middle-class views. It proposes a constitutional amendment for public funding of elections to address this issue. It would prohibit private contributions and expenditures to political campaigns, with campaigns receiving only public funds. The amendment could be proposed through a joint congressional resolution or citizen ballot initiatives in states allowing them. If approved by Congress and ratified by 38 states, it would become a constitutional amendment.
The Congress has three types of powers - expressed, implied, and inherent. Expressed powers include regulating commerce, taxation, borrowing, and currency. Implied powers allow Congress to pass laws necessary to exercise its expressed powers. Inherent powers derive from Congress creating the national government. Congress shares war powers with the presidency and has powers over foreign relations, territories, judicial system creation, and impeachment.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 19 on individual rights and liberties from the US Constitution. It discusses the following main points:
1) The Bill of Rights and later amendments expanded protections for individual freedoms against government overreach.
2) Rights are balanced and limited to prevent infringing on others, with tensions arising around issues like freedom of speech versus fair trials.
3) Religious freedom is protected through non-establishment and free exercise clauses, though debates continue around school prayer and funding private religious schools.
4) Other freedoms like speech, press, assembly, and petition allow open debate but have reasonable limits for issues like sedition, obscenity or trespassing on private property
The document discusses key aspects of federalism in the United States, including:
1) Federalism divides power between the national and state governments, with both getting power from the Constitution rather than each other.
2) The Founders adopted a federal system to balance unity and diversity in the large nation and check tyranny.
3) Over time the balance of power has shifted, from dual federalism where states and national government had distinct spheres, to cooperative federalism where responsibilities are shared.
The document discusses the various powers granted to Congress under the U.S. Constitution. It covers expressed powers, implied powers, and non-legislative powers. Specifically, it mentions Congress' powers to regulate commerce, tax, borrow and spend money, declare war, and conduct investigations and impeachments.
The document outlines the various powers granted to Congress under the US Constitution. It discusses expressed powers like the power to tax, borrow money, regulate commerce, and declare war. It also examines implied powers Congress has assumed over time like creating a national bank and implied from the Necessary and Proper Clause. Non-legislative powers of Congress include impeaching officials, confirming nominees, and holding investigations. Key Supreme Court cases like McCulloch v. Maryland have expanded the scope of Congressional authority in the US government.
The Second New Deal was launched in 1935 to further boost the economy and Roosevelt's reelection chances as unemployment remained high. It created new programs like the Works Progress Administration to generate more jobs and the Social Security Act to provide support for the elderly and unemployed. However, the New Deal still faced criticism from both the left and right, with opposition leaders like Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and Francis Townsend advocating for more relief programs or restrictions on banks and the wealthy.
A2 Edexcel Government & Politics Unit 4 examples and case studiesitskit
This document provides information on checks and balances between the three branches of government in the US (executive, legislative, judicial) and discusses key concepts in federalism. It outlines powers and examples of interactions between Congress, the President, and Supreme Court, such as Obama's nominations, Congressional overrides of vetoes, and landmark Supreme Court cases. Trends during Obama's presidency emphasized increased funding to states but maintained federal policy influence. The document also examines the "imperial presidency" concept and approaches to constitutional interpretation.
The document traces the evolution of the American presidency from the Constitutional Convention to the present day. It discusses how the presidency has expanded in power and influence over time through both constitutional and non-constitutional means. Presidential power has grown due to factors like crises that require strong leadership, the increasing complexity of government, and the rise of mass media. However, checks and balances remain through Congress, the courts, and other oversight mechanisms.
The document discusses the roles of mass media in politics, including providing free publicity to candidates, influencing public opinion on issues, and acting as a watchdog on politicians. It also covers how the First Amendment protects freedom of the press and the precedent set by New York Times v. Sullivan that requires proof of malice for libel claims against media. Finally, it defines different types of interest groups and how they try to influence government through elections, litigation, and lobbying. Critics are concerned about outsized influence from well-funded interest groups.
The document provides an overview of the executive branch of the US government. It discusses the constitutionally established role and powers of the President, as well as the evolution of the presidency over time. Key points covered include the President's role as head of state, commander-in-chief, and chief legislator. It also examines the Vice President, Cabinet, Executive Office of the President including the White House Office and key positions like the Chief of Staff, and the extensive federal bureaucracy. Historical examples of influential presidents and crises that expanded presidential power are provided.
The document discusses U.S. citizenship and immigration policies. It notes that citizenship can be obtained by birth or naturalization and includes responsibilities like obeying laws and paying taxes. Immigration levels have fluctuated over time, with numbers rising in recent decades. While refugees enter under separate policies, most undocumented immigrants come from Latin America and there are debates around their economic contributions versus impacts on government services.
The document discusses the presidential veto power granted by the Constitution. It allows the president to return unsigned bills to Congress with objections. Congress can override a veto with a two-thirds majority vote in both the House and Senate. The document provides examples of past presidents' veto records, showing Bill Clinton had the highest success rate at blocking legislation, while George W. Bush had the lowest due to multiple overrides by Congress.
Brandon, paul, and monica's template (federalism)bklew707
The document discusses various concepts related to federalism in the United States, including the division of power between the federal and state governments. It covers topics such as implied and enumerated powers, the commerce clause, layers of federalism (layer cake and marble cake), and forms of fiscal federalism including block grants and revenue sharing. The document provides clues and definitions for over 30 terms related to the U.S. federal system of government.
The document summarizes the 27 amendments to the US Constitution. It provides details on the purpose and key aspects of the 1st through 10th amendments, which are known as the Bill of Rights. It then more briefly outlines the remaining amendments, often providing a mnemonic device to help remember their focus or purpose.
How Lesli Gooch Tried To Funnel $25 Million To Jeffrey Burumsamca31
Lesli Gooch, a lobbyist, and Jeffrey Burum, a real estate developer, each gave campaign contributions to the same four politicians sitting on the House Financial Services Committee. This committee passed a bill that authorized $25 million to Burum's nonprofit. Records show Gooch lobbied for this bill on behalf of Burum's company and his nonprofit.
This document discusses the history and development of the US Constitution from the colonial period through the ratification debates. It describes colonial experiences with self-government, the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and calls for a stronger national government. The document then outlines the key compromises reached during the Constitutional Convention, including the bicameral legislature, three-fifths compromise on slavery, and the Federalist strategy for ratification. It concludes by examining how the Constitution established a system of limited and separated powers to protect liberty within a representative republic.
Our founding fathers established federalism and the system of checks and balances to prevent tyranny and abuse of power. Federalism balanced national and state power by giving states authority, while checks and balances divided the government into the legislative, executive, and judicial branches to limit each branch's power. The Constitution provides for impeachment of federal officials for treason, bribery or other high crimes, with a trial in the House and Senate requiring a two-thirds majority vote to convict. Sixteen federal officials have been impeached so far, with two presidents - Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton - acquitted after Senate trials.
The document outlines the executive powers of the President related to foreign affairs, the military, legislation, and the courts. It discusses the President's powers to make treaties and executive agreements, recognize foreign governments, serve as Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, and issue reports and directives related to military actions according to the War Powers Resolution. The President can also influence legislation through the State of the Union address and veto power, and influence the courts through judicial appointments and the power to pardon or grant amnesty. There is sometimes conflict between the executive and legislative branches over the scope of the President's war powers.
The document discusses the provisions and defects of the Articles of Confederation, which established a weak federal government after the American Revolutionary War. It led to issues like states imposing tariffs on each other. This prompted the drafting of a new Constitution at the Constitutional Convention to create a stronger federal government with powers like taxation. However, there were disagreements between large and small states over representation. Compromises were reached, including equal representation of states in the Senate and proportional representation based on population in the House.
The document discusses the division of powers between the national and state governments in the US federal system. It explains that states have reserved powers not delegated to the national government by the Constitution according to the 10th Amendment. It also outlines the national government's expressed powers enumerated in Article I, Section 8 and the supremacy of the Constitution over state laws according to the Supremacy Clause. Finally, it lists five relations among the states, including requiring each state to recognize other states' laws and legal proceedings.
The document compares the 1993 and 1994 editions of Vibe Magazine, noting that both editions kept the masthead in the same place and font style to maintain brand identity. The main image featured popular hip-hop artists to appeal to the target audience. Other artists were listed at the top to further reinforce the magazine's branding.
The document contains the results of a questionnaire about music preferences and magazine reading habits. The summary is:
1) The top three most liked music genres were rap, hip-hop, and R&B. Most respondents in these genres did not buy music magazines.
2) Of those who did buy magazines, most purchased Vibe magazine monthly.
3) Respondents reported listening to music most often on YouTube and purchasing music online rather than in stores. Most would pay £2-£2.50 for a magazine and prefer a monthly release schedule.
The document discusses location choices for photographs featuring an artist that will appear in a magazine. It notes that front covers and contents pages typically use plain black or white backgrounds, while double page spreads sometimes feature outdoor locations. It decides to use a plain background for the cover and contents page, but a different location, a studio, for the double page spread, so readers can better relate to the artist.
From analyzing the questionnaire results, the following key points were found:
- The top three favorite music genres were rap, hip-hop, and R&B.
- Most people who like those genres do not buy music magazines.
- Of those who do buy magazines, most read Vibe magazine.
- Magazines are typically purchased once a month.
- The target audience listens to music most on YouTube.
- They buy music online rather than in stores.
- Illegal downloading of music is common.
- Respondents would pay £2-£2.50 for a magazine.
- The preferred publication schedule is monthly.
Initiative and Referendums process- Anderson High Schoolzneal
A pro of initiatives and referendums is that they allow every voter to express their views directly and can be used to resolve misunderstandings or conflicts.
The document analyzes the front covers of 8 issues of "Vibe" magazine to identify patterns and shared features. It finds that all covers feature a solo music artist as the main image to attract fans. Males are depicted as strong while females are shown as sex objects, supporting traditional gender stereotypes. Other common elements include the placement of the magazine masthead, use of sell lines and article listings, and consistent color scheme of red, white, and black. The repetitive style across issues helps maintain the magazine's brand identity and recognition among its target audience.
The document analyzes the front covers of eight issues of "Vibe" magazine to identify patterns and conventions. It finds that each cover features a solo hip-hop, rap or R&B artist as the main image to attract fans. The covers also consistently include the magazine's distressed font masthead in the same place, with the artist's head partially covering it. Additional repeated elements are a strapline above the masthead about featured artists, heavy use of sell lines, and a color scheme of red, white and black appealing to the target male readership. These repeated visual elements help maintain the magazine's brand identity and recognition.
The document describes a student's process in creating a music magazine for their Foundation Production. They created a front cover, contents page, and double page spread using original photos and analyzed conventions from real music magazines. They followed typical conventions of rap/hip-hop/R&B magazines and researched magazines like XXL, Vibe, and The Source to understand genre conventions. The student used an example from Vibe magazine to inform their design ideas and incorporated typical elements such as prominent sell lines and pull quotes. Through the process, the student learned new skills like using Photoshop and developed their understanding of music magazine production.
A2 Edexcel Government & Politics Unit 4 examples and case studiesitskit
This document provides information on checks and balances between the three branches of government in the US (executive, legislative, judicial) and discusses key concepts in federalism. It outlines powers and examples of interactions between Congress, the President, and Supreme Court, such as Obama's nominations, Congressional overrides of vetoes, and landmark Supreme Court cases. Trends during Obama's presidency emphasized increased funding to states but maintained federal policy influence. The document also examines the "imperial presidency" concept and approaches to constitutional interpretation.
The document traces the evolution of the American presidency from the Constitutional Convention to the present day. It discusses how the presidency has expanded in power and influence over time through both constitutional and non-constitutional means. Presidential power has grown due to factors like crises that require strong leadership, the increasing complexity of government, and the rise of mass media. However, checks and balances remain through Congress, the courts, and other oversight mechanisms.
The document discusses the roles of mass media in politics, including providing free publicity to candidates, influencing public opinion on issues, and acting as a watchdog on politicians. It also covers how the First Amendment protects freedom of the press and the precedent set by New York Times v. Sullivan that requires proof of malice for libel claims against media. Finally, it defines different types of interest groups and how they try to influence government through elections, litigation, and lobbying. Critics are concerned about outsized influence from well-funded interest groups.
The document provides an overview of the executive branch of the US government. It discusses the constitutionally established role and powers of the President, as well as the evolution of the presidency over time. Key points covered include the President's role as head of state, commander-in-chief, and chief legislator. It also examines the Vice President, Cabinet, Executive Office of the President including the White House Office and key positions like the Chief of Staff, and the extensive federal bureaucracy. Historical examples of influential presidents and crises that expanded presidential power are provided.
The document discusses U.S. citizenship and immigration policies. It notes that citizenship can be obtained by birth or naturalization and includes responsibilities like obeying laws and paying taxes. Immigration levels have fluctuated over time, with numbers rising in recent decades. While refugees enter under separate policies, most undocumented immigrants come from Latin America and there are debates around their economic contributions versus impacts on government services.
The document discusses the presidential veto power granted by the Constitution. It allows the president to return unsigned bills to Congress with objections. Congress can override a veto with a two-thirds majority vote in both the House and Senate. The document provides examples of past presidents' veto records, showing Bill Clinton had the highest success rate at blocking legislation, while George W. Bush had the lowest due to multiple overrides by Congress.
Brandon, paul, and monica's template (federalism)bklew707
The document discusses various concepts related to federalism in the United States, including the division of power between the federal and state governments. It covers topics such as implied and enumerated powers, the commerce clause, layers of federalism (layer cake and marble cake), and forms of fiscal federalism including block grants and revenue sharing. The document provides clues and definitions for over 30 terms related to the U.S. federal system of government.
The document summarizes the 27 amendments to the US Constitution. It provides details on the purpose and key aspects of the 1st through 10th amendments, which are known as the Bill of Rights. It then more briefly outlines the remaining amendments, often providing a mnemonic device to help remember their focus or purpose.
How Lesli Gooch Tried To Funnel $25 Million To Jeffrey Burumsamca31
Lesli Gooch, a lobbyist, and Jeffrey Burum, a real estate developer, each gave campaign contributions to the same four politicians sitting on the House Financial Services Committee. This committee passed a bill that authorized $25 million to Burum's nonprofit. Records show Gooch lobbied for this bill on behalf of Burum's company and his nonprofit.
This document discusses the history and development of the US Constitution from the colonial period through the ratification debates. It describes colonial experiences with self-government, the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and calls for a stronger national government. The document then outlines the key compromises reached during the Constitutional Convention, including the bicameral legislature, three-fifths compromise on slavery, and the Federalist strategy for ratification. It concludes by examining how the Constitution established a system of limited and separated powers to protect liberty within a representative republic.
Our founding fathers established federalism and the system of checks and balances to prevent tyranny and abuse of power. Federalism balanced national and state power by giving states authority, while checks and balances divided the government into the legislative, executive, and judicial branches to limit each branch's power. The Constitution provides for impeachment of federal officials for treason, bribery or other high crimes, with a trial in the House and Senate requiring a two-thirds majority vote to convict. Sixteen federal officials have been impeached so far, with two presidents - Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton - acquitted after Senate trials.
The document outlines the executive powers of the President related to foreign affairs, the military, legislation, and the courts. It discusses the President's powers to make treaties and executive agreements, recognize foreign governments, serve as Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, and issue reports and directives related to military actions according to the War Powers Resolution. The President can also influence legislation through the State of the Union address and veto power, and influence the courts through judicial appointments and the power to pardon or grant amnesty. There is sometimes conflict between the executive and legislative branches over the scope of the President's war powers.
The document discusses the provisions and defects of the Articles of Confederation, which established a weak federal government after the American Revolutionary War. It led to issues like states imposing tariffs on each other. This prompted the drafting of a new Constitution at the Constitutional Convention to create a stronger federal government with powers like taxation. However, there were disagreements between large and small states over representation. Compromises were reached, including equal representation of states in the Senate and proportional representation based on population in the House.
The document discusses the division of powers between the national and state governments in the US federal system. It explains that states have reserved powers not delegated to the national government by the Constitution according to the 10th Amendment. It also outlines the national government's expressed powers enumerated in Article I, Section 8 and the supremacy of the Constitution over state laws according to the Supremacy Clause. Finally, it lists five relations among the states, including requiring each state to recognize other states' laws and legal proceedings.
The document compares the 1993 and 1994 editions of Vibe Magazine, noting that both editions kept the masthead in the same place and font style to maintain brand identity. The main image featured popular hip-hop artists to appeal to the target audience. Other artists were listed at the top to further reinforce the magazine's branding.
The document contains the results of a questionnaire about music preferences and magazine reading habits. The summary is:
1) The top three most liked music genres were rap, hip-hop, and R&B. Most respondents in these genres did not buy music magazines.
2) Of those who did buy magazines, most purchased Vibe magazine monthly.
3) Respondents reported listening to music most often on YouTube and purchasing music online rather than in stores. Most would pay £2-£2.50 for a magazine and prefer a monthly release schedule.
The document discusses location choices for photographs featuring an artist that will appear in a magazine. It notes that front covers and contents pages typically use plain black or white backgrounds, while double page spreads sometimes feature outdoor locations. It decides to use a plain background for the cover and contents page, but a different location, a studio, for the double page spread, so readers can better relate to the artist.
From analyzing the questionnaire results, the following key points were found:
- The top three favorite music genres were rap, hip-hop, and R&B.
- Most people who like those genres do not buy music magazines.
- Of those who do buy magazines, most read Vibe magazine.
- Magazines are typically purchased once a month.
- The target audience listens to music most on YouTube.
- They buy music online rather than in stores.
- Illegal downloading of music is common.
- Respondents would pay £2-£2.50 for a magazine.
- The preferred publication schedule is monthly.
Initiative and Referendums process- Anderson High Schoolzneal
A pro of initiatives and referendums is that they allow every voter to express their views directly and can be used to resolve misunderstandings or conflicts.
The document analyzes the front covers of 8 issues of "Vibe" magazine to identify patterns and shared features. It finds that all covers feature a solo music artist as the main image to attract fans. Males are depicted as strong while females are shown as sex objects, supporting traditional gender stereotypes. Other common elements include the placement of the magazine masthead, use of sell lines and article listings, and consistent color scheme of red, white, and black. The repetitive style across issues helps maintain the magazine's brand identity and recognition among its target audience.
The document analyzes the front covers of eight issues of "Vibe" magazine to identify patterns and conventions. It finds that each cover features a solo hip-hop, rap or R&B artist as the main image to attract fans. The covers also consistently include the magazine's distressed font masthead in the same place, with the artist's head partially covering it. Additional repeated elements are a strapline above the masthead about featured artists, heavy use of sell lines, and a color scheme of red, white and black appealing to the target male readership. These repeated visual elements help maintain the magazine's brand identity and recognition.
The document describes a student's process in creating a music magazine for their Foundation Production. They created a front cover, contents page, and double page spread using original photos and analyzed conventions from real music magazines. They followed typical conventions of rap/hip-hop/R&B magazines and researched magazines like XXL, Vibe, and The Source to understand genre conventions. The student used an example from Vibe magazine to inform their design ideas and incorporated typical elements such as prominent sell lines and pull quotes. Through the process, the student learned new skills like using Photoshop and developed their understanding of music magazine production.
The document summarizes the conventions and layout styles typically found in the contents pages of Vibe Magazine. Some key conventions included featuring the main artist(s) on the cover, categorizing articles and listing titles/details, using fonts and colors consistent with the magazine's brand identity. Photos of artists generally depicted aggressive or sexy poses that reinforced masculine and successful personas that appealed to the target hip-hop/rap male audience.
This document discusses the instruction set of the 8085 microprocessor. It is divided into 5 categories: data transfer, arithmetic, logic, branch, and stack/I/O control. Examples are provided for common instructions like MOV, ADD, SUB, AND, OR, etc. along with explanations of how they work and which flags they affect. An example program is given that performs a logical operation to reset the last 4 bits of a number and stores the result in memory.
The document discusses the Intel 8086 microprocessor. It provides details about its introduction, architecture, registers, addressing modes, and operation. Specifically:
- The Intel 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor introduced in 1978 that gave rise to the x86 architecture. It has approximately 29,000 transistors and a 16-bit data bus.
- The architecture is divided into two units - the Bus Interface Unit which handles fetching and memory/I/O operations, and the Execution Unit which decodes/executes instructions.
- It has segment registers to address memory segments, general purpose registers like AX, BX, CX and DX, and a flag register. Addressing modes include register, direct
This document provides an overview of microprocessors and microcomputers. It defines a microprocessor as a computer processor contained on a microchip that incorporates most or all of a central processing unit's functions. The document discusses typical microcomputer components like the input, control, arithmetic, memory, and output units. It also describes the von Neumann model, instruction and program definitions, computer languages, bus systems, the fetch-execute cycle, and internal CPU organization. Common microprocessor bit sizes are also outlined.
The document provides information about the Intel 8085 microprocessor system. It discusses the history of Intel microprocessors before 8085 including the 4004, 8008, and 8080. It then provides details about the 8085 such as its year of release, number of transistors, clock speed, pin configuration, and functions of the pins. The document also describes the architecture of the 8085 including its functional blocks like registers, ALU, data/address buffer, and interrupt control. It explains the different instruction word sizes and addressing modes in the 8085.
The Motorola 6800 was an 8-bit microprocessor introduced in 1974. It had a 16-bit address bus and 8-bit data bus. The 6800 architecture included six registers - two 8-bit accumulators, three 16-bit registers for the program counter, stack pointer, and index register, and an 8-bit status register. It supported seven addressing modes and had 72 instructions. The document provides details on the 6800 register set, addressing modes, and architecture.
California allows citizens to directly participate in the legislative process through initiatives, referendums, and recalls. While some argue this makes democracy more direct, others counter that these tools are actually used by wealthy elites and special interest groups to push their agendas. Additionally, many initiatives end up being poorly written or invalidated in court due to the public not having sufficient expertise to craft legislation. Overall, there is debate around whether direct democracy through these processes truly empowers citizens or is susceptible to manipulation.
BISC The Ballot Initiative Strategy Center How It Promotes Big Labor’s Politi...James Dellinger
In 2006, voters in 37 states faced a total of 203 state ballot initiatives and supporters and opponents of these measures raised and spent more than $350 million. Many ballot initiatives were sponsored and supported by labor unions, and often they received help from the little-known Washington, D.C.- based Ballot Initiative Strategy Center,
which quietly provides assistance in promoting ballot initiative campaigns in states where the initiative process exists.
But the Center plays another increasingly important role for Big Labor and its allies. It devises tactics for blocking
ballot initiatives by union opponents using aggressive methods.
The document discusses California's system of direct democracy through initiatives, referendums, and recalls. It provides background on their origins in the early 20th century as a way for citizens to have more direct control over laws and policies. There are arguments that they empower ordinary citizens but also that they are tools that mostly benefit wealthy individuals and organizations. While initiatives allow for progressive laws, some that passed received major funding from conservative groups and targeted immigrant and minority rights. Critics argue citizens may lack expertise to make complex decisions and be swayed by emotions over long-term impacts. Many initiatives are challenged in courts with around half being invalidated.
The document discusses voting and political participation in the United States. It covers the history of voting rights in the country, from only white male landowners being allowed to vote initially, to the gradual expansion of suffrage to all adult citizens over time through constitutional amendments and legislation. The document also examines factors that influence voter turnout, such as demographics, methods of voting, and comparisons to turnout rates in other established democracies.
RepresentationProfessor Kelly RiveraOutlineI. .docxkellet1
Representation
Professor Kelly Rivera
Outline
I. Introduction
II. The People
a. Legally
b. Politically
III. The Process
a. Elections
b. Governance
IV. Linking the People and the Process
V. Representation in American Politics
Introduction
2005 Bankruptcy Reform
Emphasized Personal Responsibility
Chapter 7 Chapter 13
…but barely touched
• Homestead Exemption
• Tax Shelters
• Court Shopping
• Predatory Lending
“The People”
Legally
The Declaration of Independence
says that governments are
constituted among men to secure the
rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit
of happiness. Any powers they
have are dependent on the consent
of the governed.
“The People”
Legally
Not only do you get a say in what the
government does, but you also get
certain protections.
Civil Liberties
• Freedom of Expression
• Criminal Protections
“The People”
Legally
But for more than 100 years, “the people”
didn’t mean everyone. Indeed, the rights of
suffrage and citizenship rights only extended
slowly, and with a fight.
The Founding & 3/5th Clause
Dred Scott
13th, 14th, 15th
Women’s Rights (19th)
Civil Rights Movement
CRA ’64, VRA ’65
ADA ’90
“The People”
Legally
“The People”
Legally
Nowadays, virtually everyone
enjoys equal status under the law.
“The People”
Politically
However, legal equality isn’t political equality.
“The People”
Politically
Voters vs. Non-Voters
Organized vs. Unorganized
Attentive vs. Inattentive
Intense vs. Apathetic
Contributors vs. Everyone Else
The Process
If it is “the people” who are to govern, then the question is how?
As we talked about, one way would be to have every citizen vote on every
issue requiring a decision. Of course, such a direct democracy is
impractical almost anywhere, much less in a nation as big as ours.
So instead we delegate to representatives who act on our behalf. Such is
the basis of our representative democracy. The question we asked was
how we can keep those officials focused on our goals (rather than their
own, or someone else’s).
The Process
Republican Government
The answer, we said, was to have a government where…
1. Elections are free, fair, competitive, and frequent.
2. Governance is transparent, debated, and widely covered.
The Process
Elections
Free? Essentially Yes
- questions of registration and former felons and such
Fair? Pretty much
- questions of campaign funding, ballot technology, and such
Competitive? Debated
- gerrymandering, fundraising, media, public apathy
Frequent? Some say too frequent.
The Process
Governance
Transparent? Mixed
- way more public than old days…but lots of complexity
Contested? Mixed
- House rules
- Senate rules
- Parties encourage cheerleading w/in party.
Widely Covered? Yes and No
- Inside and Outside Beltway
- President vs. Everyone Else
- State to State (Media Market to Media Market)
Linking People and Process
Even if process is competitive, transparent,.
Citizens have several options for political participation including voting, campaigning, running for office, lobbying, filing legal challenges, petitioning, demonstrating, and picketing. The document discusses each of these options in one or two paragraphs, providing definitions and examples. Campaigning involves planned events to show support or opposition, while running for office allows citizens to directly attempt to change laws by holding political office. Lobbying involves influencing legislators and policymakers, often done by interest groups that spend millions annually.
Elections allow citizens a direct say in who leads through voting. While providing accountability, elections can also lead to instability if the victor lacks a clear majority. The US system incorporates mechanisms like the Electoral College to prevent pure direct democracy and reduce instability. Over time, constitutional amendments and laws have expanded voting rights and standardized election procedures, though turning out voters remains a challenge and money plays a large role in political campaigns.
WHY TEXANS NEED INITIATIVE & REFERENDUMArt Bedford
The document discusses the initiative and referendum process (I&R), which allows citizens in some states to directly propose legislation or constitutional amendments via petition, and vote to repeal existing laws. It argues that I&R is needed in Texas to give citizens more voice and limit the influence of special interests, citing polls showing most Texans support I&R. It outlines the process required to amend the Texas constitution to establish I&R rights for citizens.
A2 Edexcel Government & Politics Unit 3 examples and case studiesitskit
This document provides information on various topics related to government and politics in the United States, including elections and voting processes, political parties, pressure groups, and racial and ethnic politics. It describes primary election systems used by different states, campaign fundraising and voter turnout in presidential elections, and factors that influence congressional voting. It also discusses the decline and attempted renewal of political parties, the roles of prominent pressure groups, Supreme Court rulings impacting racial issues, and debates around affirmative action.
This document provides an outline of key concepts related to US government and politics elections, including primaries, caucuses, campaign financing, and direct democracy measures like referendums, initiatives, and recalls. It discusses these concepts and provides examples, such as open/closed primaries, momentum in campaigns, and California's Proposition 14 which eliminated primaries. The document also outlines some elected positions in California state and local government.
The document discusses several topics related to political parties in the United States including what they are, their functions, the origins of the two-party system, different types of party systems, and aspects of how U.S. political parties operate such as nominating candidates, funding campaigns, and enforcing campaign finance laws.
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This document discusses proposed ballot Proposition 1 in New York, which would reform the state's redistricting process. It argues that the current process allows legislators to gerrymander districts for political gain. Proposition 1 would establish a bipartisan commission to handle redistricting, with rules to prevent gerrymandering and encourage public input. If approved, it would curb legislative power over redistricting and create a fairer process. The document urges voting yes on Proposition 1 to reform New York's redistricting system.
This document summarizes key issues regarding election systems in New York and the United States, focusing on campaign finance, access to voting, and voter eligibility. It provides a brief history of laws and debates around each issue area. For campaign finance, it discusses the history of expenditure limits, contribution limits, disclosure requirements, and public financing. For access, it examines voting methods and identification requirements. For eligibility, it outlines who is allowed to vote. The document also summarizes current debates around strengthening enforcement of campaign finance laws in New York State.
The document discusses key aspects of democratic citizenship. It defines democracy as rule by the people through elections and majority rule. Citizens in a democracy have both rights like free speech and religion, as well as responsibilities to stay informed, vote, and help their community. The document also discusses how citizens can get more directly involved in lawmaking through voter initiatives and reclaiming public airwaves. It emphasizes that democracy requires active participation from citizens to function properly.
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This document discusses ballot measures and initiated measures in South Dakota and other states. It provides data on the number of states that allow initiatives, referendums, and constitutional amendments to be placed on ballots, and the signature requirements to do so in various states. It also shares statistics on the number of ballot measures nationwide in recent elections. The document advocates opposing Initiated Measure 23 in South Dakota, citing concerns that it is vaguely worded and could force workers to pay fees to unions even if they do not want to join. Several arguments opposing the measure are presented and polling data shows most voters oppose it after hearing descriptions of what it does.
AP Gov Final, Campaigns and Elections 2nd periodalyssalei
The document defines and provides details on various terms related to campaigns and elections in the United States. It includes definitions for gerrymandering, political action committees, different types of primaries (open primary, direct primary), women's suffrage, and other historical events and political concepts such as the Australian ballot, malapportionment, and political socialization. For each term, it provides 1-3 clues about the definition and relevant details.
The document defines and provides details on various terms related to campaigns and elections in the United States. It includes definitions for gerrymandering, political action committees, different types of primaries (open primary, direct primary), women's suffrage, and other historical events and political concepts such as the Australian ballot, malapportionment, and political socialization. For each term, it provides 1-3 clues about the definition and relevant details.
This document provides an analysis of the 1993 documentary film "The War Room" by D.A. Pennebaker. It discusses how the film uses editing techniques like cutting between sides of phone conversations to show the interconnected nature of communication within a political campaign. It also contrasts scenes of strategists debating details with the polished final outputs, revealing the intentional work behind constructing a public narrative and image. The analysis argues the film lays bare the hidden layers of communication and shows viewers the tactical brilliance of the campaign staff through Pennebaker's filmmaking choices.
Similar to Initiatives and Referendums process-Anderson High School (20)
2. Initiatives
Initiatives were first adopted in South Dakota in 1898.
Today a total of 24 States have Initiatives with the most
recent being Mississippi in 1992.
The initiative is the process that allows citizens to bypass
their state legislatures and place proposed laws or
constitutional amendments on the ballot.
Referendums-A process by which a legislative measure is
referred to the state’s voters for final approval or
rejection.
Two types: 1.) Legislative Referendum: Legislature refers to
voters for their approval. 2.) Popular Referendum: A
measure that appears on a ballot as a result of a voter
petition.
24 States allow this process.
3. Recalls-allows citizens to remove and replace a public
official before their term in office is up.
This is only permitted by 18 states.
A recent case was Gray Davis being recalled in 2003
and being replaced by Arnold Schwarzenegger in
California for the office of Governor.
The Initiative and Referendum
Process was really big during the
Progressive Era.
4.
5. An initiative that was passed on June 6, 1978.
Prior to Prop. 13 California citizens were losing their
homes due to overwhelming property taxes that they
could not afford.
Prop. 13 cut California’s property taxes by nearly 57%
and capped taxes at 1% of value.
Prop 13 started a revolution in California and the U.S.
showing how powerful the Initiative process could be.
6. Pros
Referendums allow every voter to express their views directly and
can be used to resolve misunderstandings or conflicts
Initiatives can be a good example of direct democracy and helps
separate the important issues that matter most to the community
Also initiatives help citizens bring issues to a vote that might not
be addressed in a public forum
Cons
The results of referendums are unpredictable and can have risks to
the negative sides of a concerned motion
Referendums can weaken representative government and directly
elected political groups
Referendums can boost populism; a political strategy based on a
calculated appeal to the interests or prejudices of ordinary people
Initiatives can be complicated and require good research to make
an educated opinion
7. 1. Voters draft a formal petition in favor of a
certain proposal
2. The petition must collect enough valid
signatures
3. The initiative must then receive enough votes
in favor for it to pass
8. 1.)How many states have initiatives today?
A.) 24 B.) 26 C.)28 D.)0
2.)How many states have referendums today?
A.) 26 B.) 28 C.)24 D.)0
3.)How many states allow the recall process?
A.) 18 B.) 20 C.)24 D.)0
4.)Prop 13 cut California’s property tax by this
much
A.) 50% B.) 55% C.)57% D.)60%
5.)List a pro of Initiatives and Referendums.