The document defines and provides details on various terms related to campaigns and elections in the United States. It includes definitions for gerrymandering, political action committees, different types of primaries (open primary, direct primary), women's suffrage, and other historical events and political concepts such as the Australian ballot, malapportionment, and political socialization. For each term, it provides 1-3 clues about the definition and relevant details.
Slide show prepared for a series of lectures on public opinion and political socialization for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Fall 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Lecturer.
Slide show prepared for a series of lectures on public opinion and political socialization for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Fall 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Lecturer.
Forms of Political Participation1. Political participation refer.docxshericehewat
Forms of Political Participation
1. Political participation refers to a wide range of activities designed to influence government. Political participation can fall into two major categories: traditional political participation and online digital political participation
2. Common forms of traditional political participation are voting, protest, and volunteering or fund-raising for a campaign
3. Throughout American history, there has been a progressive, if uneven, expansion of suffrage to groups previously denied suffrage, such as African Americans, women, and youths
4. Though the United States now has a system of universal suffrage, voter turnout continues to be low
5. Digital political participation influences government by using the internet, including mobilizing support through email, visiting candidate websites, and campaigning on social networking sites, and signing online petitions
6. By 2016, virtually every serious candidate for higher office has social media accounts to reach supporters, who in turn can signal amplify the candidate's message to their own friends and followers
7. Research suggests that digital politics does have an impact on participation, and new forms, like expressive politics, such as the sharing of hashtags and symbolic profile pictures
8. The 2016 election showed some of the dark side of digital politics, with allegations of Russian attempts to motivate Trump supporters and suppress Clinton supports through fake news, propaganda, and other social media manipulation.
9. Digital participation reproduces some of the inequalities of offline life, but candidates have found campaigning online extremely attractive because it is cost-effective and reaches a wide audience
Who Participates?
1. Americans with a high socioeconomic status are much more likely to participate in politics than those with less education and less income
2. One of the most significant patterns in political participation is that older people have much higher rates of participation than young people
3. Several strategies of mobilization emerged to guide African Americans' quest for equality in the twentieth century, including protest, legal action, and political pressure. But the question remains whether political participation can improve the lives of African Americans, especially the poor
4. Latinos, the largest minority in the United States, have relatively low levels of political participation, partially due to a low naturalization rate. In many years, Latino political organizations have attempted to tap this "sleeping giant" of political influence
5. The diversity of national backgrounds among Asian Americans has impeded the development of group-based political power
6. The ongoing significance of gender issues in American politics are best exemplified by the gender gap and the increase in the number of women holding public office
7. Some of today's most divisive political conflicts hinge on differing religious and moral beliefs, and religious c ...
The US presidential election follows a unique process called the E.docxchristalgrieg
The US presidential election follows a unique process called the Electoral College. When the Founders drafted the Constitution, they set out different voting procedures for each of the elected branches of government. The House of Representatives was elected directly by voters in specific geographic districts: the Senate was elected by the members of the state legislatures: and the president was elected by an entirely different body called the Electoral College.
The Electoral College is made up of electors from each state. The number of electors each state receives is based on its total number of representatives in Congress, that is, the number of members it has in the House of Representatives, plus its two senators. For states with very small populations such as Wyoming and Rhode Island, which have only one member in the House of Representatives, the Electoral College amplifies their influence in the presidential election by adding their two senators, for a total of three Electoral College votes. For large population states such as California and Texas, the addition of two senators to a large number of representatives in the House (53 for CA, 36 for TX), does not increase their political influence significantly.
The Electoral College reflects the compromises that the Framers of the Constitution struggled with in regard to issues of representation, in that both population size through the House of Representatives delegation, as well as equality among the states through the Senate are taken into account. In practice, however, it is neither the largest nor smallest states that hold the most important sway in the Electoral College; it is the “battleground states” that may determine the ultimate outcome of the presidential election in any given year.
Electoral College Votes Allotted by State and District, 2012
A great deal of attention is focused on the “red” vs. “blue” states in the Electoral College map in every presidential election. But in fact the most attention is reserved for the handful of states — usually eight to ten — that will make the difference in reaching the magic number of 270 Electoral College votes for one candidate or the other, and thereby determine the winner of the US presidency.
The total number of Electoral College votes is 538. This is made up of the 435 votes based on the membership of the US House of Representatives, plus the 100 votes from the Senate. Another three Electoral College votes are given to Washington, DC. This is provided for by the 23rd Amendment to the Constitution to ensure that residents of the nation’s capital are represented in presidential elections. A majority of 270 Electoral College votes is therefore needed to win the presidency.
Nearly all states follow the unit rule, meaning that they award all of their Electoral College votes to the candidate who wins the most votes in that state. This is truly a “winner-take-all” system, in which the candidate with a plurality of the vote takes the entire ele ...
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Gerrymandering 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue Two terms involved with this include “Packing” and “Cracking” Is a form of boundary delimitation, in which boundaries are deliberately modified for electoral purposes Was named after Elbridge Gerry
3. Political Action Committee 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue In 2010, the case Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission changed the rules Can not contribute more than $1000 Is commonly known as PAC
4. Cross-Over Vote 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue Motives for this are mainly strategic Can occur during Open Primaries A vote in which a member of one party votes in the other party’s primaries
5. Soft Money 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 dealt with an issue regarding this Buckley v. Valeo Unlimited contributions to organizations and committees
6. Open Primary 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue Form of Direct Primary Also known as a “Pick-a-Party” Primary Can result in Cross-Over Vote
7. Direct Primary 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue Before this, candidates were nominated at conventions and through caucuses Was introduced as early as 1842 A nominating election in which all party member may vote to choose the party’s candidate
8. Women Sufferage 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue A reform Movement Was established in 1920 19th amendment
9. Splintered Democrats 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue 2.4% of the vote 39 electoral votes An independent party that has splintered Democrats and blocked Civil Rights legislation for years
10. Secessionist Democrats 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue 18.1% of the vote and 72 Electoral Votes Third Party One of the two Splinter parties in the realigning election of the 1860 that caused the republicans to win
11. Australian Ballot 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue South Australia was the first to adopt this principal Established in 1856 The most common form of ballot, in which people vote on a government issued ballot in secret.
12. Malapportionment 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue In the United States, this was mainly a response to racial and class issues particularly in the South. Baker v. Carr ruled that this was discriminatory and illegal under the 14th Amendment. To help prevent this, congressional redistricting occurs every 10 years after the census.
13. Coattail Effect 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue Can also be called voting on a "straight ticket". After the presidential election of 1980 and the election of Ronald Reagan, 12 Senate seats were turned over from the Democrats to the Rupublicans. Tendency of a popular politician to attract votes for other candidates of the same party in a single election.
14. Run-off Primary 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue A second round is only needed if no candidate receives a majority in the first round. A type of an election when voters in a specific area pick candidates for a later election. Top two candidates from this primary advance to general election regardless of party alliance.
15. Nomination 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue Congress does not have this power. This is typically established by primaries, caucuses or political conventions. Sonia Sotomayor had been given this by President Obama in May 2009
16. Platform 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue Also known as a "manifesto". Can be broken down into individualized "planks". Often is a list of things a party is for or against.
17. Keynote Address 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue Typically summarizes the most relevant issues of an event. Speaker of this is often also the convention moderator. Term derived from acapella singers who would practice a note before singing
18. Political Socialization 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue There are various different factors of this concept including: family, media, friends, teachers, religion, race and age Schooling is the most influential agent of this concept. Political views are formed during childhood and continue to affect his or her views their entire lives.
19. Electoral Coalition 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue By nominating or supporting a major party's candidate, minor parties can influence the candidate's platform in the party's favor. Candidates of this concept typically do not run against each other. This fusion of parties can be used not only to boost support for a common goal, but also to stop another opponent from gaining power.
20. Campaign Finance Reform 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue A Naval Appropriations Bill passed in 1867 was the first of its kind. It said that government employees could not solicit financial contributions from Navy yard workers. A current proposal for this is the Voting with Dollars Plan. Most recently, the Supreme Court ruled in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission that corporate funding of media in candidate elections cannot be limited under the 1st Amendment.
21. Incumbent 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue In the 1990s, this apparently became a “disadvantage” because voters came to dislike “professional politicians” who were responsible for problems such as chronic budget deficits, the politician’s “exemption” from laws, etc. ________ get 1/3 of their campaign funds from P.A.C.s. The greatest advantage of _________ is name recognition.
22. Caucus 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue This was used in the early 19th century, when members of Congress from a party would meet to pick a presidential candidate. This system has now been replaced by national nominating conventions. Only the most dedicated partisans attend, such as the Liberals of the Democratic Party and the Conservatives of the Republican Party.
23. Blanket Primary 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue Also known as “free love.” Alaska and Washington State have this kind of primary. You mark a ballot and select a Democratic for one office and a Republican for another office.
24. Hard Money 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue Federal campaigns must use 50% of this to finance their campaign. Contributions of this from individuals are limited to $5000. This money is regulated by the government, specifically the Federal Election Commission.
25. Independent Expenditure 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue The Supreme Court case Buckley v. Valeo ruling allowed this. It was ruled that this was considered free speech. Often in the form of advertising, this political activity is used to promote or oppose a specific candidate without their cooperation, approval, or direct knowledge.
26. General Election 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue This did not exist until the 17th Amendment. It is held biennially, (every two years). This is the election determines all House seats.
27. 2000 Florida Election Controversy 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue Election involved George W. Bush and Al Gore. This occurred in a state that had a recount in votes. 4th election in which the electoral vote didn’t reflect the popular vote.
28. Political Efficacy 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue There are two types: internal and external. It increases with age and education. It is measured in surveys and is used as an indicator as the general health of civil society. High feelings of this are correlated with active participation in politics and society.
29. Position Issue 3 point clue 2 point clue 1 point clue Ex: George W. Bush wanted to let people put some of t heir Social Security money into private savings accounts. Al Gore opposed this. This divided the candidates. Party realignments have been based on this. Ex: Whether African Americans should be slaves or not after the American Civil War. A type of issue that splits the voters.