This document provides an introduction to information security. It defines information security and outlines its objectives, which include understanding the critical characteristics of information, the comprehensive security model, and approaches to implementation. The document discusses the history of information security and components of an effective information security system. It also describes the security systems development life cycle process and provides key information security terminology.
Information security involves protecting information systems, hardware, and data from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, inspection, recording or destruction. The primary goals of information security, known as the CIA triad, are confidentiality, integrity and availability. Information is classified into different types like public, private, confidential and secret depending on who can access it and the potential damage of unauthorized access. Security also involves protecting physical items, individuals, operations, communications, networks and information assets.
This document discusses information security policies and standards. It defines a security policy as a set of rules that define what it means to be secure for a system or organization. An information security policy sets rules to ensure all users and networks follow security prescriptions for digitally stored data. The challenges are to define policies and standards, measure against them, report violations, correct violations, and ensure compliance. It then discusses the key elements of developing an information security program, including performing risk assessments, creating review boards, developing plans, implementing policies and standards, providing awareness training, monitoring compliance, evaluating effectiveness, and modifying policies over time.
This training creates the awareness of the security threats facing individuals, business owner’s, and corporations in today’s society and induces a’ plan-protection’ attitude. It enriches individuals, students’, business owners’ and workers’ approach to handling these threats and responding appropriately when these threats occur.
This document discusses basics of information security including data security, network security, and information security. It defines information systems and explains the need for and importance of securing information. Reasons for information classification are provided along with criteria and levels of classification. The document also covers security basics such as confidentiality, integrity, availability, and authentication. Techniques for data obfuscation and event classification are described.
The United Nations uses a risk management process that involves assessing the criticality of programs to balance security risks. It uses a risk matrix to determine risk levels and requires a program criticality assessment for activities with high or very high residual risks. The assessment evaluates the contribution of activities to strategic results and their likelihood of implementation against criteria to designate them as Priority 1 activities that are lifesaving or directed by the Secretary-General. Risk level and program criticality are determined separately without consideration of each other.
The document discusses system security and defines key related terms. System security is the ability of a system to protect itself from accidental or deliberate attacks. It is essential for availability, reliability, and safety as most systems are networked. Without proper security, systems are vulnerable to damage like denial of service, data corruption, and disclosure of confidential information. Security can be achieved through strategies such as avoiding vulnerabilities, detecting and eliminating attacks, and limiting exposure and enabling recovery from successful attacks.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in computer and information security. It discusses cyber security, data security, network security, and authentication, authorization and accounting (AAA). It also covers the NIST FIPS 199 standard for categorizing information systems based on potential impact, and different methodologies for modeling assets and threats such as STRIDE, PASTA, Trike and VAST. The key topics are introduced at a high level with definitions and examples to provide the essential information about common computer security concepts and frameworks.
Information security involves protecting information systems, hardware, and data from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, inspection, recording or destruction. The primary goals of information security, known as the CIA triad, are confidentiality, integrity and availability. Information is classified into different types like public, private, confidential and secret depending on who can access it and the potential damage of unauthorized access. Security also involves protecting physical items, individuals, operations, communications, networks and information assets.
This document discusses information security policies and standards. It defines a security policy as a set of rules that define what it means to be secure for a system or organization. An information security policy sets rules to ensure all users and networks follow security prescriptions for digitally stored data. The challenges are to define policies and standards, measure against them, report violations, correct violations, and ensure compliance. It then discusses the key elements of developing an information security program, including performing risk assessments, creating review boards, developing plans, implementing policies and standards, providing awareness training, monitoring compliance, evaluating effectiveness, and modifying policies over time.
This training creates the awareness of the security threats facing individuals, business owner’s, and corporations in today’s society and induces a’ plan-protection’ attitude. It enriches individuals, students’, business owners’ and workers’ approach to handling these threats and responding appropriately when these threats occur.
This document discusses basics of information security including data security, network security, and information security. It defines information systems and explains the need for and importance of securing information. Reasons for information classification are provided along with criteria and levels of classification. The document also covers security basics such as confidentiality, integrity, availability, and authentication. Techniques for data obfuscation and event classification are described.
The United Nations uses a risk management process that involves assessing the criticality of programs to balance security risks. It uses a risk matrix to determine risk levels and requires a program criticality assessment for activities with high or very high residual risks. The assessment evaluates the contribution of activities to strategic results and their likelihood of implementation against criteria to designate them as Priority 1 activities that are lifesaving or directed by the Secretary-General. Risk level and program criticality are determined separately without consideration of each other.
The document discusses system security and defines key related terms. System security is the ability of a system to protect itself from accidental or deliberate attacks. It is essential for availability, reliability, and safety as most systems are networked. Without proper security, systems are vulnerable to damage like denial of service, data corruption, and disclosure of confidential information. Security can be achieved through strategies such as avoiding vulnerabilities, detecting and eliminating attacks, and limiting exposure and enabling recovery from successful attacks.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in computer and information security. It discusses cyber security, data security, network security, and authentication, authorization and accounting (AAA). It also covers the NIST FIPS 199 standard for categorizing information systems based on potential impact, and different methodologies for modeling assets and threats such as STRIDE, PASTA, Trike and VAST. The key topics are introduced at a high level with definitions and examples to provide the essential information about common computer security concepts and frameworks.
This document discusses information security policies and their components. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to understand management's role in developing security policies and the differences between general, issue-specific, and system-specific policies. It then defines what policies, standards, and practices are and how they relate to each other. The document outlines the three types of security policies and provides examples of issue-specific and system-specific policies. It emphasizes that policies must be managed and reviewed on a regular basis to remain effective.
The document discusses database security. It begins by outlining key topics like what database security is, why it is needed, and concepts like confidentiality, integrity and availability. It then covers specific security problems like threats from authorized and unauthorized users. The document concludes by describing some security controls that can be implemented, such as authorization, encryption, authentication, firewalls, and access privileges for reading, inserting, updating and deleting data.
Network security (vulnerabilities, threats, and attacks)Fabiha Shahzad
Network security involves protecting network usability and integrity through hardware and software technologies. It addresses vulnerabilities that threats may exploit to launch attacks. Common vulnerabilities include issues with technologies, configurations, and security policies. Threats aim to take advantage of vulnerabilities and can be structured, unstructured, internal, or external. Common attacks include reconnaissance to gather information, unauthorized access attempts, denial-of-service to disrupt availability, and use of malicious code like worms, viruses, and Trojan horses.
This slide provide various details regarding Information security. The Database its Advantage, Regarding DBMS, RDBMS, IS Design conderations. Various Cyber crime Techniques. Element of Information i.e Integrity, Availability , Classification of Threats. Information Security Risk Assessment. Four Stages of Risk Management. NIST Definition. Risk Assessment Methodologies. Security Risk Assessment Approach. Risk Mitigation Options. Categories of controls. Technical Controls etc.
To Support Digital India, We are trying to enforce the security on the web and digital Information. This Slides provide you basic as well as advance knowledge of security model. Model covered in this slides are Chinese Wall, Clark-Wilson, Biba, Harrison-Ruzzo-Ullman Model, Bell-LaPadula Model etc.
Types of Access Control.
The document discusses security policies and standards. It defines different types of policies like enterprise, issue-specific, and systems-specific policies. It also discusses how policies are developed based on an organization's mission and vision. Effective policies require dissemination, review, comprehension, and compliance. Frameworks and industry standards also guide policy development. Additionally, the document outlines the importance of security education, training, and awareness programs to inform employees and reinforce security practices.
What is Cyber Security? | Introduction to Cyber Security | Cyber Security Tra...Edureka!
The document discusses a cybersecurity certification course that covers topics like why cybersecurity is needed, common cyber threats, the CIA triad of confidentiality, integrity and availability, and how to protect against unauthorized access, deletion and modification. It also discusses vulnerability, threats and risk assessments, and tools that can help with cybersecurity monitoring, threat intelligence and patching issues.
Network security involves implementing physical and software measures to protect a network from unauthorized access and enable authorized access. It aims to maintain confidentiality of data, integrity of data, availability of resources, and privacy of personal data. Key aspects of network security include encryption to scramble data, firewalls to control access to networks, and securing wireless networks through standards like WPA2. Common security processes also involve backing up data regularly, using access controls like passwords, and encrypting data during storage and transmission.
This document provides an overview of information security. It defines information and discusses its lifecycle and types. It then defines information security and its key components - people, processes, and technology. It discusses threats to information security and introduces ISO 27001, the international standard for information security management. The document outlines ISO 27001's history, features, PDCA process, domains, and some key control clauses around information security policy, organization of information security, asset management, and human resources security.
The document introduces system security, defining it as protecting information system resources to preserve integrity, availability, and confidentiality. It discusses the CIA security triad of confidentiality, integrity, and availability, along with additional aspects of authenticity and accountability for complete security. The document defines key security terminology from RFC 2828 and covers security threats like interception, interruption, and modification. It also examines hardware, software, and data vulnerabilities that can threaten system security.
Physical security involves protecting computer systems and assets through multiple layers including access control, electronic surveillance, and security software. Access control uses mechanical and electronic systems like locks, gates, and electronic card readers to restrict access. Electronic surveillance includes alarm systems, sensors, and video surveillance/CCTV to monitor for unauthorized access. Security software such as antivirus, antispyware, and firewall programs help protect from malware and network attacks.
The state of being protected against the unauthorized use of information, especially electronic data, or the measures are taken to achieve this.
"the growing use of mobile applications is posing a risk to information security"
This document outlines the topics and structure of an Information Security Management course. The course will cover planning for security, information security policy, developing security programs, risk management, protection mechanisms, personnel security, law and ethics, and security in the cloud. Assessments, case studies, presentations, labs, and class participation will be used for evaluation. Current security topics will be researched and presented. A term paper and demonstration project will also be required. The goal is to examine information security holistically within an organization.
This document is a learner's module for an Information Assurance and Security course. It provides an overview of key topics that will be covered during the course, including information systems security, the internet of things, malicious attacks and vulnerabilities, risk management, and securing information systems. The module includes details on the course instructor, unit timelines, learning objectives, chapter summaries, and recent examples of major data breaches in the United States.
This document provides an overview of information security risk management. It defines risk management as identifying risks, their owners, probability, impact, suitable mitigations, and contingency plans. The objectives of information security risk management are ensuring risks to confidentiality, integrity, availability, and traceability of information are effectively managed. Common problems with risk management include poor risk descriptions, ineffective mitigation actions, and a reactive rather than proactive approach. The document outlines identifying risks from sources like cloud computing and third parties, recording risks in a risk register, assigning owners, and monitoring mitigation progress.
This document provides an introduction to information security. It defines information security as the protection of information and systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, inspection, recording or destruction. The document outlines some key threats to information security like destruction, disclosure and modification of data. It also discusses the goals of information security - confidentiality, integrity, availability and authenticity - and common threats that relate to each goal. Additionally, the document covers security aspects like data security, computer security and network security and provides basic measures to enhance security in each area.
This document discusses various threats to information security and safeguards organizations can implement. The three main sources of threats are human error, malicious human activity, and natural disasters. Some key threats include hacking, viruses, unauthorized data disclosure through actions like phishing. Technical safeguards include identification & authentication like passwords, encryption, firewalls, malware protection. Human safeguards involve policies, training, account management and monitoring. Senior management must establish security policies, assess risks, and ensure all necessary safeguards are in place to protect the organization's information systems and data. The organization should also have an incident response plan to deal with security breaches when they do occur.
This document provides an introduction to information security. It outlines the objectives of understanding information security concepts and terms. The document discusses the history of information security beginning with early mainframe computers. It defines information security and explains the critical characteristics of information, including availability, accuracy, authenticity, confidentiality and integrity. The document also outlines approaches to implementing information security and the phases of the security systems development life cycle.
This document introduces information security and outlines its key concepts. It defines information security as protecting information from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption or destruction. Successful security involves multiple layers, including physical, personal, operations, communications, network and information security. Information has critical characteristics of availability, accuracy, authenticity, confidentiality and integrity that security aims to protect. A top-down approach to implementation led by management is most effective, following a security systems development life cycle of investigation, analysis, design, implementation and maintenance phases.
Information security aims to balance information risks and controls. It began with early computer security focused on physical threats. A successful security approach uses multiple layers including physical, personal, operations, communications, network, and information security. Managing information security requires a structured methodology similar to implementing a major system, such as the Security Systems Development Life Cycle.
This document discusses information security policies and their components. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to understand management's role in developing security policies and the differences between general, issue-specific, and system-specific policies. It then defines what policies, standards, and practices are and how they relate to each other. The document outlines the three types of security policies and provides examples of issue-specific and system-specific policies. It emphasizes that policies must be managed and reviewed on a regular basis to remain effective.
The document discusses database security. It begins by outlining key topics like what database security is, why it is needed, and concepts like confidentiality, integrity and availability. It then covers specific security problems like threats from authorized and unauthorized users. The document concludes by describing some security controls that can be implemented, such as authorization, encryption, authentication, firewalls, and access privileges for reading, inserting, updating and deleting data.
Network security (vulnerabilities, threats, and attacks)Fabiha Shahzad
Network security involves protecting network usability and integrity through hardware and software technologies. It addresses vulnerabilities that threats may exploit to launch attacks. Common vulnerabilities include issues with technologies, configurations, and security policies. Threats aim to take advantage of vulnerabilities and can be structured, unstructured, internal, or external. Common attacks include reconnaissance to gather information, unauthorized access attempts, denial-of-service to disrupt availability, and use of malicious code like worms, viruses, and Trojan horses.
This slide provide various details regarding Information security. The Database its Advantage, Regarding DBMS, RDBMS, IS Design conderations. Various Cyber crime Techniques. Element of Information i.e Integrity, Availability , Classification of Threats. Information Security Risk Assessment. Four Stages of Risk Management. NIST Definition. Risk Assessment Methodologies. Security Risk Assessment Approach. Risk Mitigation Options. Categories of controls. Technical Controls etc.
To Support Digital India, We are trying to enforce the security on the web and digital Information. This Slides provide you basic as well as advance knowledge of security model. Model covered in this slides are Chinese Wall, Clark-Wilson, Biba, Harrison-Ruzzo-Ullman Model, Bell-LaPadula Model etc.
Types of Access Control.
The document discusses security policies and standards. It defines different types of policies like enterprise, issue-specific, and systems-specific policies. It also discusses how policies are developed based on an organization's mission and vision. Effective policies require dissemination, review, comprehension, and compliance. Frameworks and industry standards also guide policy development. Additionally, the document outlines the importance of security education, training, and awareness programs to inform employees and reinforce security practices.
What is Cyber Security? | Introduction to Cyber Security | Cyber Security Tra...Edureka!
The document discusses a cybersecurity certification course that covers topics like why cybersecurity is needed, common cyber threats, the CIA triad of confidentiality, integrity and availability, and how to protect against unauthorized access, deletion and modification. It also discusses vulnerability, threats and risk assessments, and tools that can help with cybersecurity monitoring, threat intelligence and patching issues.
Network security involves implementing physical and software measures to protect a network from unauthorized access and enable authorized access. It aims to maintain confidentiality of data, integrity of data, availability of resources, and privacy of personal data. Key aspects of network security include encryption to scramble data, firewalls to control access to networks, and securing wireless networks through standards like WPA2. Common security processes also involve backing up data regularly, using access controls like passwords, and encrypting data during storage and transmission.
This document provides an overview of information security. It defines information and discusses its lifecycle and types. It then defines information security and its key components - people, processes, and technology. It discusses threats to information security and introduces ISO 27001, the international standard for information security management. The document outlines ISO 27001's history, features, PDCA process, domains, and some key control clauses around information security policy, organization of information security, asset management, and human resources security.
The document introduces system security, defining it as protecting information system resources to preserve integrity, availability, and confidentiality. It discusses the CIA security triad of confidentiality, integrity, and availability, along with additional aspects of authenticity and accountability for complete security. The document defines key security terminology from RFC 2828 and covers security threats like interception, interruption, and modification. It also examines hardware, software, and data vulnerabilities that can threaten system security.
Physical security involves protecting computer systems and assets through multiple layers including access control, electronic surveillance, and security software. Access control uses mechanical and electronic systems like locks, gates, and electronic card readers to restrict access. Electronic surveillance includes alarm systems, sensors, and video surveillance/CCTV to monitor for unauthorized access. Security software such as antivirus, antispyware, and firewall programs help protect from malware and network attacks.
The state of being protected against the unauthorized use of information, especially electronic data, or the measures are taken to achieve this.
"the growing use of mobile applications is posing a risk to information security"
This document outlines the topics and structure of an Information Security Management course. The course will cover planning for security, information security policy, developing security programs, risk management, protection mechanisms, personnel security, law and ethics, and security in the cloud. Assessments, case studies, presentations, labs, and class participation will be used for evaluation. Current security topics will be researched and presented. A term paper and demonstration project will also be required. The goal is to examine information security holistically within an organization.
This document is a learner's module for an Information Assurance and Security course. It provides an overview of key topics that will be covered during the course, including information systems security, the internet of things, malicious attacks and vulnerabilities, risk management, and securing information systems. The module includes details on the course instructor, unit timelines, learning objectives, chapter summaries, and recent examples of major data breaches in the United States.
This document provides an overview of information security risk management. It defines risk management as identifying risks, their owners, probability, impact, suitable mitigations, and contingency plans. The objectives of information security risk management are ensuring risks to confidentiality, integrity, availability, and traceability of information are effectively managed. Common problems with risk management include poor risk descriptions, ineffective mitigation actions, and a reactive rather than proactive approach. The document outlines identifying risks from sources like cloud computing and third parties, recording risks in a risk register, assigning owners, and monitoring mitigation progress.
This document provides an introduction to information security. It defines information security as the protection of information and systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, inspection, recording or destruction. The document outlines some key threats to information security like destruction, disclosure and modification of data. It also discusses the goals of information security - confidentiality, integrity, availability and authenticity - and common threats that relate to each goal. Additionally, the document covers security aspects like data security, computer security and network security and provides basic measures to enhance security in each area.
This document discusses various threats to information security and safeguards organizations can implement. The three main sources of threats are human error, malicious human activity, and natural disasters. Some key threats include hacking, viruses, unauthorized data disclosure through actions like phishing. Technical safeguards include identification & authentication like passwords, encryption, firewalls, malware protection. Human safeguards involve policies, training, account management and monitoring. Senior management must establish security policies, assess risks, and ensure all necessary safeguards are in place to protect the organization's information systems and data. The organization should also have an incident response plan to deal with security breaches when they do occur.
This document provides an introduction to information security. It outlines the objectives of understanding information security concepts and terms. The document discusses the history of information security beginning with early mainframe computers. It defines information security and explains the critical characteristics of information, including availability, accuracy, authenticity, confidentiality and integrity. The document also outlines approaches to implementing information security and the phases of the security systems development life cycle.
This document introduces information security and outlines its key concepts. It defines information security as protecting information from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption or destruction. Successful security involves multiple layers, including physical, personal, operations, communications, network and information security. Information has critical characteristics of availability, accuracy, authenticity, confidentiality and integrity that security aims to protect. A top-down approach to implementation led by management is most effective, following a security systems development life cycle of investigation, analysis, design, implementation and maintenance phases.
Information security aims to balance information risks and controls. It began with early computer security focused on physical threats. A successful security approach uses multiple layers including physical, personal, operations, communications, network, and information security. Managing information security requires a structured methodology similar to implementing a major system, such as the Security Systems Development Life Cycle.
01Introduction to Information Security.pptit160320737038
A distributed system is a collection of computer programs that utilize computational resources across multiple, separate computation nodes to achieve a common, shared goal. Distributed systems aim to remove bottlenecks or central points of failure from a system.
IT8073 INFORMATION SECURITY FOR FINAL YEAR COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERINGThumilvannanSambanda
This document discusses information security and related concepts. It defines information and security, and explains the components of information security - confidentiality, integrity, and availability. It describes different specialized areas of security and attacks against information systems. The document also discusses approaches to implementing information security, including top-down and bottom-up approaches. Key terms in information security like assets, risks, threats, and the systems development life cycle are also explained.
Cybersecurity refers to the technologies, processes, and practices designed to protect networks, devices, software, and data from threats. It involves frameworks like NIST that provide guidance on security models, policies, and implementing controls across areas like access control, awareness training, and incident response. The goals are to maintain the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information by managing risks from attacks, damage or unauthorized access based on what assets are trusted within an organization.
This document discusses key concepts in security and risk management, including the CIA triad of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. It introduces principles of least privilege and need to know. Organizational roles in security governance and compliance are defined. Laws and frameworks related to information security are also summarized.
This document discusses key concepts in security and risk management, including the CIA triad of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. It explains various security principles such as least privilege and need to know. Organizational roles in security governance and compliance are defined. Common techniques for threat modeling like STRIDE and frameworks for risk analysis are also introduced.
This document discusses risk management and outlines the key steps in the risk identification process. It describes defining risk management, risk identification, and risk control. The risk identification process involves planning the process, inventorying and categorizing assets, identifying people, procedures, data, hardware, software and network assets, and classifying and prioritizing assets. Communities of interest must work together to evaluate risk controls and ensure controls remain effective. The goal is to reduce residual risk to a level within the organization's risk appetite.
This document provides an introduction to information security (IS). It discusses the history and evolution of IS, from early computer security focusing on physical access to today's landscape where networked computers introduce new threats. The document outlines key IS concepts like the CIA triad and security model, and explains the systems development life cycle approach to implementing a robust IS program within an organization, including roles of various security professionals.
The document discusses secure system planning, policies, and procedures as well as computer forensics legal, ethical, and policy issues. It provides information on:
1. Creating security policies, standards, practices, and information security blueprints which are essential for planning secure systems and meeting security needs. Effective policies must be properly disseminated and agreed upon.
2. Computer forensics involves legally and ethically collecting and analyzing digital evidence for use in legal cases. It examines both persistent and volatile data following forensically sound procedures. Legal issues like unreasonable search and self-incrimination must be considered.
Session 2 (two) of the course Information Technology Security and Business Continuity . Objective if information security, attacking method, responsibilities, risk management and Security System Development Life Cycle are discussed
Presented at Bangladesh Institute of Management on 21 November 2015.
This document provides an introduction to ethical hacking. It discusses key concepts like security fundamentals, risks, assets, threats and vulnerabilities. It defines exploits and risk assessment. It also covers topics like backup risks, quantitative risk assessment processes, and security testing which is a core responsibility of ethical hackers. The goal is to teach students how to protect enterprise data, applications and networks from hackers by developing cyber defense capabilities through ethical hacking techniques and methods.
The document discusses principles of computer security. It begins by defining computer security as protecting computer systems and information from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification or destruction. It then covers several key aspects of security including prevention, detection and reaction. Under prevention, it discusses developing security policies, user awareness training, and access controls like authentication and authorization. Detection involves monitoring systems for intrusions through tools like intrusion detection systems. Reaction plans how to respond to incidents through a computer security incident response team and response plan. The goals of security are also defined as confidentiality, integrity and availability of information systems and data.
This document discusses information security (IS), including its objectives to ensure availability, confidentiality, and integrity of information. It outlines principles of IS such as accountability, awareness, integration, and being cost-effective. Implementation of IS involves developing security policies, defining roles and responsibilities, designing security measures, educating employees, implementation, and monitoring. Threats can come from internal or external sources, and security measures are needed to prevent hacking, viruses, and computer fraud.
This document provides an overview of the Information Security Governance and Risk Management domain covered by the CISSP certification. It discusses key topics in this domain including information security concepts, risk management, policies, standards, procedures, data classification, risk assessment, and security controls. The document is divided into sections that define learning objectives, reference materials, and describe topics covered within the domain such as information security management, governance, classification, and the role of planning, policies, guidelines, standards, procedures, security training, and risk management practices and tools.
This document discusses human factors in security including security awareness training and education. It covers four layers of training: security awareness, security basics and literacy, role-based training, and security education. The goals of a security awareness program are outlined. Employment practices and policies as well as IT security management processes are also summarized.
Introduction to the management of information security Sammer Qader
This document provides an introduction to information security management. It discusses the importance of information security and the manager's role in securing an organization's information assets. It describes the three communities of interest involved in information security - the information security managers, IT managers, and non-technical business managers. It also outlines the key characteristics of information security including confidentiality, integrity, availability, and others. Finally, it discusses the characteristics of management and leadership as they relate to information security management.
History, What is Information Security?, Critical Characteristics of Information, Components of an
Information System, Securing the Components, Balancing Security and Access,
Security Governance Primer - Eric Vanderburg - JURINNOVEric Vanderburg
The document outlines the security policy cycle which includes identifying risks through asset inventory, threat analysis, and vulnerability assessment. This information is used to design a security policy to mitigate risks. The policy should include acceptable use, passwords, privacy, disposal, and incident response. Compliance monitoring evaluates the policy effectiveness and drives updates when attacks occur.
HijackLoader Evolution: Interactive Process HollowingDonato Onofri
CrowdStrike researchers have identified a HijackLoader (aka IDAT Loader) sample that employs sophisticated evasion techniques to enhance the complexity of the threat. HijackLoader, an increasingly popular tool among adversaries for deploying additional payloads and tooling, continues to evolve as its developers experiment and enhance its capabilities.
In their analysis of a recent HijackLoader sample, CrowdStrike researchers discovered new techniques designed to increase the defense evasion capabilities of the loader. The malware developer used a standard process hollowing technique coupled with an additional trigger that was activated by the parent process writing to a pipe. This new approach, called "Interactive Process Hollowing", has the potential to make defense evasion stealthier.
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2. Objectives
2
Understand the definition of information security
Understand the critical characteristics of information
Understand the comprehensive model for information
security
Outline the approaches to information security
implementation
Outline the phases of the security systems development
life cycle
Understand the key terms of information security
3. Introduction
• Information security: a “well-informed sense of
assurance that the information risks and controls are
in balance.” —James Anderson, Inovant (2002)
• The practice of defending information from
unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption,
modification, perusal, inspection, recording or
destruction.
3
4. The History of Information Security
• Began immediately after the first mainframes were
developed
• Groups developing code-breaking computations during
World War II created the first modern computers
• Physical controls to limit access to sensitive military
locations to authorized personnel
• Rudimentary in defending against physical theft,
espionage, and damage 4
5. What is Security?
• “The quality or state of being secure—to be free from danger”
• A successful organization should have multiple layers of
security in place:
• Physical security-Product the Physical items, object or areas from
unauthorized access and misuse
• Personal security-Protection to personal who authorized to access
organization and its operation
• Operations security-Protection of the details of particular operation or
activities
• Communications security-Protection of organizations communication
media, technology and content
• Network security-Protection of Networking Components, Connections
and Contents
• Information security-Protection of information and its Critical
elements
5
6. What is Information Security?
• The protection of information and its critical
elements, including systems and hardware that use,
store, and transmit that information
• Necessary tools: policy, awareness, training, education,
technology
• C.I.A. triangle was standard based on confidentiality,
integrity, and availability
• C.I.A. triangle now expanded into list of critical
characteristics of information
6
9. Critical Characteristics of Information
• The value of information comes from the
characteristics it possesses(Defined by CIA Triangle):
• Availability : Enables authorized users or computers to
access information without interference or
obstruction and to receive it in the required format
• Accuracy : When it is free from mistakes or errors and
it has the value that user expects [Bank Balance]
• Authenticity : The Quality or State of being genuine
or Original, rather than a Reproduction or Fabrication
[Email spoofing]
9
10. Critical Characteristics of Information Contd…
• Confidentiality : Prevented from the disclosure or exposure
to unauthorized individuals or systems [bits & pieces of info /
Salami theft]
• Integrity : It is Whole, complete and uncorrupted [file
hashing]
• Utility : The quality or state of having value for some
purpose or end
• Possession: The quality or state of having ownership or
control of some object or item
10
11. NSTISSC Security Model
National Security Telecommunications, and Information Systems Security
Committee
Model for Information Security and is becoming Evaluation Standard
27 Cells representing areas that must be addressed n the security process
A control / safeguard that addresses the need to use Technology to protect
the Integrity of information while in Storage
12. Approaches to Information Security
Implementation: Bottom-Up Approach
• Grassroots effort: systems administrators attempt to
improve security of their systems
• Key advantage: technical expertise of individual
administrators
• Seldom works, as it lacks a number of critical features:
• Participant support
• Organizational staying power
12
13. Approaches to Information Security
Implementation: Top-Down Approach
• Initiated by upper management
• Issue policy, procedures and processes
• Dictate goals and expected outcomes of project
• Determine accountability for each required action
• The most successful also involve formal development
strategy referred to as systems development life cycle
13
15. The Security Systems Development Life Cycle
• The same phases used in traditional SDLC may be adapted to support
specialized implementation of an IS project
• Identification of specific threats and creating controls to counter them
• SecSDLC is a coherent program rather than a series of random, seemingly
unconnected actions
15
SDLC Waterfall Method
16. Phase 1:Investigation
• Management Identifies process, outcomes, goals,
budget and constraints of the project
• Begins with enterprise information security policy
• Outline project scope and goals
• Estimate cost
• Organizational feasibility analysis is performed
16
17. Phase 2:Analysis
• Documents from investigation phase are studied
• Analyzes existing security policies or programs, along with
documented current threats and associated controls
• Study integration new system with existing system
• Includes analysis of relevant legal issues that could impact
design of the security solution
• The risk management task begins 17
18. Phase 3:Logical Design
• Creates and develops blueprints for information security
• Incident response actions planned:
• Continuity planning
• Incident response
• Disaster recovery
• Feasibility analysis to determine whether project should
continue or be outsourced 18
19. Phase 4:Physical Design
• Needed security technology is evaluated, alternatives
generated, and final design selected
• Develop definition of successful solution
• At end of phase, feasibility study determines readiness
of the project Implementation
19
20. Phase 5:Implementation
• Security solutions are acquired, tested, implemented,
and tested again
• Personnel issues evaluated; specific training and
education programs conducted
• Entire tested package is presented to management for
final approval
20
21. Phase 6:Maintenance and Change
• Perhaps the most important phase, given the ever-
changing threat environment
• Often, reparation and restoration of information is a
constant duel with an unseen adversary
• Information security profile of an organization
requires constant adaptation as new threats emerge
and old threats evolve
21
22. Key Terms[Terminology]
• Access-a subject or object’s ability to use, manipulate, modify, or affect another
subject or object
• Asset - the organizational resource that is being protected.
• Attack - an act that is an intentional or unintentional attempt to cause damage
or compromise to the information and/or the systems that support it.
• Control, Safeguard or Countermeasure- security mechanisms, policies
or procedures that can successfully counter attacks, reduce risk, resolve vulnerabilities,
and otherwise improve the security within an organization
• Exploit – to take advantage of weaknesses or vulnerability in a system
• Exposure - a single instance of being open to damage.
• Hacking - Good: to use computers or systems for enjoyment; Bad: to illegally gain
access to a computer or system
• Object - a passive entity in the information system that receives or contains
information
• Risk- the probability that something can happen.
22
23. Key Terms[Terminology]
• Security Blueprint - the plan for the implementation of new security
measures in the organization
• Security Model - a collection of specific security rules that represents the
implementation of a security policy
• Security Posture or Security Profile- a general label for the
combination of all policy, procedures, technology, and programs that make up the
total security effort currently in place
• Subject - an active entity that interacts with an information system and causes
information to move through the system for a specific end purpose
• Threats - a category of objects, persons, or other entities that represents a
potential danger to an asset.
• Threat Agent -a specific instance or component of a more general threat
• Vulnerability- weaknesses or faults in a system or protection mechanism that
expose information to attack or damage
23
24. Summary
• Information security is a “well-informed sense of assurance that the
information risks and controls are in balance.”
• Computer security began immediately after first mainframes were
developed
• Successful organizations have multiple layers of security in place:
physical, personal, operations, communications, network, and
information.
• Security should be considered a balance between protection and
availability
• Information security must be managed similar to any major system
implemented in an organization using a methodology like SecSDLC
24
Upon completion of this chapter you should be able to:
Understand what information security is and how it came to mean what it does today.
Comprehend the history of computer security and how it evolved into information security.
Understand the key terms and critical concepts of information security as presented in the chapter.
Outline the phases of the security systems development life cycle
Understand the role professionals involved in information security in an organizational structure.
What Is Information Security?
Information security in today’s enterprise is a “well-informed sense of assurance that the information risks and controls are in balance.” –Jim Anderson, Inovant (2002)
Before we can begin analyzing the details of information security, it is necessary to review the origins of this field and its impact on our understanding of information security today.
The History Of Information Security
The need for computer security, or the need to secure the physical location of hardware from outside threats, began almost immediately after the first mainframes were developed.
Groups developing code-breaking computations during World War II created the first modern computers .
Badges, keys, and facial recognition of authorized personnel controlled access to sensitive military locations.
In contrast, information security during these early years was rudimentary and mainly composed of simple document classification schemes.
There were no application classification projects for computers or operating systems at this time, because the primary threats to security were physical theft of equipment, espionage against the products of the systems, and sabotage.
What Is Security?
In general, security is “the quality or state of being secure--to be free from danger.”
It means to be protected from adversaries--from those who would do harm, intentionally or otherwise.
What Is Security?
A successful organization should have the following multiple layers of security in place for the protection of its operations:
Physical security - to protect the physical items, objects, or areas of an organization from unauthorized access and misuse.
Personal security – to protect the individual or group of individuals who are authorized to access the organization and its operations.
Operations security – to protect the details of a particular operation or series of activities.
Communications security – to protect an organization’s communications media, technology, and content.
Network security – to protect networking components, connections, and contents.
What Is Information Security?
Information security, therefore, is the protection of information and its critical elements, including the systems and hardware that use, store, and transmit that information.
But to protect the information and its related systems from danger, tools, such as policy, awareness, training, education, and technology are necessary.
The C.I.A. triangle has been considered the industry standard for computer security since the development of the mainframe. It was solely based on three characteristics that described the utility of information: confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
The C.I.A. triangle has expanded into a list of critical characteristics of information.
Critical Characteristics Of Information
The value of information comes from the characteristics it possesses.
Availability - enables users who need to access information to do so without interference or obstruction and in the required format. The information is said to be available to an authorized user when and where needed and in the correct format.
Accuracy- the quality or state free from mistake or error and having the value that the end-user expects. If information contains a value different from the user’s expectations due to the intentional or unintentional modification of its content, it is no longer accurate.
Authenticity - the quality or state of being genuine or original, rather than a reproduction or fabrication. Information is authentic when it is the information that was originally created, placed, stored, or transferred.
Critical Characteristics Of Information contd…
Confidentiality - the quality or state of preventing disclosure or exposure to unauthorized individuals or systems.
Integrity - the quality or state of being whole, complete, and uncorrupted. The integrity of information is threatened when the information is exposed to corruption, damage, destruction, or other disruption of its authentic state.
Utility - the quality or state of having value for some purpose or end. Information has value when it serves a particular purpose. This means that if information is available, but not in a format meaningful to the end-user, it is not useful.
Possession - the quality or state of having ownership or control of some object or item. Information is said to be in possession if one obtains it, independent of format or other characteristic. While a breach of confidentiality always results in a breach of possession, a breach of possession does not always result in a breach of confidentiality.
This graphic informs the fundamental approach of the chapter and can be used to illustrate the intersection of information states (x-axis), key objectives of C.I.A. (y-axis) and the three primary means to implement (policy, education and technology).
Bottom Up Approach To Security Implementation
Security can begin as a grass-roots effort when systems administrators attempt to improve the security of their systems. This is referred to as the bottom-up approach.
The key advantage of the bottom-up approach is the technical expertise of the individual administrators.
Unfortunately, this approach seldom works, as it lacks a number of critical features, such as participant support and organizational staying power.
Top-down Approach to Security Implementation
An alternative approach, which has a higher probability of success, is called the top-down approach. The project is initiated by upper management who issue policy, procedures and processes, dictate the goals and expected outcomes of the project, and determine who is accountable for each of the required actions.
The top-down approach has strong upper management support, a dedicated champion, dedicated funding, clear planning and the opportunity to influence organizational culture.
The most successful top-down approach also involves a formal development strategy referred to as a systems development life cycle.
Key concept here is the direction of the left and right side arrows to show where planning is sourced and from which direction the pressure for success if driven.
The Security Systems Development Life Cycle
The same phases used in the traditional SDLC can be adapted to support the specialized implementation of a security project.
The fundamental process is the identification of specific threats and the creation of specific controls to counter those threats.
The SecSDLC unifies the process and makes it a coherent program rather than a series of random, seemingly unconnected actions.
Investigation
The investigation of the SecSDLC begins with a directive from upper management, dictating the process, outcomes and goals of the project, as well as the constraints placed on the activity.
Frequently, this phase begins with a statement of program security policy that outlines the implementation of security.
Teams of responsible managers, employees and contractors are organized, problems analyzed, and scope defined, including goals objectives, and constraints not covered in the program policy.
Finally, an organizational feasibility analysis is performed to determine whether the organization has the resources and commitment necessary to conduct a successful security analysis and design.
Analysis
In the analysis phase, the documents from the investigation phase are studied.
The development team conducts a preliminary analysis of existing security policies or programs, along with documented current threats and associated controls.
This phase also includes an analysis of relevant legal issues that could impact the design of the security solution.
The risk management task - identifying, assessing and evaluating the levels of risk facing the organization, also begins in this stage.
Logical Design
The logical design phase creates and develops the blueprints for security, and examines and implements key policies that influence later decisions.
Also at this stage, critical planning is developed for incident response actions to be taken in the event of partial or catastrophic loss.
Next, a feasibility analysis determines whether or not the project should continue or should be outsourced.
Physical Design
In the physical design phase, the security technology needed to support the blueprint outlined in the logical design is evaluated, alternative solutions generated, and a final design agreed upon.
The security blueprint may be revisited to keep it synchronized with the changes needed when the physical design is completed.
Criteria needed to determine the definition of successful solutions is also prepared during this phase.
Included at this time are the designs for physical security measures to support the proposed technological solutions.
At the end of this phase, a feasibility study should determine the readiness of the organization for the proposed project, and then the champion and users are presented with the design.
At this time, all parties involved have a chance to approve the project before implementation begins.
Implementation
The implementation phase is similar to the traditional SDLC.
The security solutions are acquired (made or bought), tested, and implemented, and tested again.
Personnel issues are evaluated and specific training and education programs conducted.
Finally, the entire tested package is presented to upper management for final approval.
Maintenance and Change
The maintenance and change phase, though last, is perhaps most important, given the high level of ingenuity in today’s threats.
The reparation and restoration of information is a constant duel with an often-unseen adversary.
As new threats emerge and old threats evolve, the information security profile of an organization requires constant adaptation to prevent threats from successfully penetrating sensitive data
Key Terms
Access - a subject or object’s ability to use, manipulate, modify, or affect another subject or object.
Asset - the organizational resource that is being protected.
Attack - an act that is an intentional or unintentional attempt to cause damage or compromise to the information and/or the systems that support it.
Control, Safeguard or Countermeasure - security mechanisms, policies or procedures that can successfully counter attacks, reduce risk, resolve vulnerabilities, and otherwise improve the security within an organization.
Exploit – to take advantage of weaknesses or vulnerability in a system.
Exposure - a single instance of being open to damage.
Hack - Good: to use computers or systems for enjoyment; Bad: to illegally gain access to a computer or system.
Object - a passive entity in the information system that receives or contains information.
Risk - the probability that something can happen.
Key Terms
Security Blueprint - the plan for the implementation of new security measures in the organization.
Security Model - a collection of specific security rules that represents the implementation of a security policy.
Security Posture or Security Profile - a general label for the combination of all policy, procedures, technology, and programs that make up the total security effort currently in place.
Subject - an active entity that interacts with an information system and causes information to move through the system for a specific end purpose
Threats - a category of objects, persons, or other entities that represents a potential danger to an asset.
Threat Agent - a specific instance or component of a more general threat.
Vulnerability - weaknesses or faults in a system or protection mechanism that expose information to attack or damage.