This document summarizes a research study that examined how information safety and corporate image influence intention to use online travel services in Vietnam. The study used a survey of 548 Vietnamese students to test a research model based on technology adoption theory. The results showed that information safety positively influenced intention to use e-travel services, but corporate image did not. This suggests that ensuring information security may be more important than corporate reputation for driving adoption of online travel services in developing markets like Vietnam. The study contributes new insights about factors influencing consumers in developing countries transitioning to e-commerce models.
Effect of Advertising Media on Sales Performance of Cable TV Network Firms in...AI Publications
The study aimed to investigate the impacts of advertising media on sales performance of firms in Cable TV network sector in Mwanza city, Tanzania. Specifically, this study concentrated in determining how digital marketing affects sales performance, determining effect of TV/Radio on sales performance of firms, assessing effect of outdoor (out of home) on sales performance.. This study employed quantitative methodology. The targeted population of the study was about 414 network managers from the six Cable TV network service providers and A sample of 83 network managers, selected from a population of 414 Cable TV network firms and were selected using simple random sampling technique. Questionnaire and documentary review are used to collect data. The study employed descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The results revealed that all the advertising media namelydigital marketing, TV/Radio and outdoor had a significantly positive effect on sales performance of Cable Network firms. The study further found that mobile marketing had the highest effect of firms’ ales performance followed by outdoor adverting, then social media marketing and lastly TV/Radio. The study lastly recommends that management should create readiness of the company in terms of ensuring products and organization area, and establish a great team. The study also recommended that Cable TV firms should use more of modern advertising especially mobile marketing and social media marketing as they can be accessed by customer 24/7/365 and will reach more people. The marketing/Advertising department should develop marketing plan for advertising to assist measuring effectiveness of each advertising media and hence this can help in developing effective marketing activities.
Effect of Credit Information Bureau and Appraisal Methods on performance of C...AI Publications
This study intended to identify the effect of credit information bureau and appraisal methods on performance of commercial banks in Mwanza Region. Specifically, the study intended to assess the effect of Credit Reference Bureaus’ information sharing on the credit performance of commercial banks, to assess the effect of the credit scoring appraisal method employed on the performance of commercial banks and to assess the effect of non-performing loans on the performances of Commercial Banks in the Mwanza Region. The study was guided by three theories; the theory of asymmetric information, moral hazard theory and multiple - bank lending model. The study adopted a descriptive research design, sampling 105 respondents randomly and purposefully and collected data through questionnaires. The aim is to establish the effect of credit information bureau and appraisal credit scoring methods on the performance of commercial banks in the Mwanza Region. Results revealed that credit information bureau had a positive, strong effect on the credit performance of commercial banks, and this effect is significant in Mwanza region. Non-performing loans had a positive, weak effect on the credit performance of commercial bank and it was not significant. Finally the credit scoring appraisal approach has a negative, weak effect on commercial bank credit performance. The study concluded that credit information bureau has a significant influence on credit performance of commercial banks and therefore should be used to reduce non-performing loans. The study recommended that banks should continue to use the credit reference bureau’s information-sharing services as it enhances their profitability through the reduction of non-performing loans.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Effect of Advertising Media on Sales Performance of Cable TV Network Firms in...AI Publications
The study aimed to investigate the impacts of advertising media on sales performance of firms in Cable TV network sector in Mwanza city, Tanzania. Specifically, this study concentrated in determining how digital marketing affects sales performance, determining effect of TV/Radio on sales performance of firms, assessing effect of outdoor (out of home) on sales performance.. This study employed quantitative methodology. The targeted population of the study was about 414 network managers from the six Cable TV network service providers and A sample of 83 network managers, selected from a population of 414 Cable TV network firms and were selected using simple random sampling technique. Questionnaire and documentary review are used to collect data. The study employed descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The results revealed that all the advertising media namelydigital marketing, TV/Radio and outdoor had a significantly positive effect on sales performance of Cable Network firms. The study further found that mobile marketing had the highest effect of firms’ ales performance followed by outdoor adverting, then social media marketing and lastly TV/Radio. The study lastly recommends that management should create readiness of the company in terms of ensuring products and organization area, and establish a great team. The study also recommended that Cable TV firms should use more of modern advertising especially mobile marketing and social media marketing as they can be accessed by customer 24/7/365 and will reach more people. The marketing/Advertising department should develop marketing plan for advertising to assist measuring effectiveness of each advertising media and hence this can help in developing effective marketing activities.
Effect of Credit Information Bureau and Appraisal Methods on performance of C...AI Publications
This study intended to identify the effect of credit information bureau and appraisal methods on performance of commercial banks in Mwanza Region. Specifically, the study intended to assess the effect of Credit Reference Bureaus’ information sharing on the credit performance of commercial banks, to assess the effect of the credit scoring appraisal method employed on the performance of commercial banks and to assess the effect of non-performing loans on the performances of Commercial Banks in the Mwanza Region. The study was guided by three theories; the theory of asymmetric information, moral hazard theory and multiple - bank lending model. The study adopted a descriptive research design, sampling 105 respondents randomly and purposefully and collected data through questionnaires. The aim is to establish the effect of credit information bureau and appraisal credit scoring methods on the performance of commercial banks in the Mwanza Region. Results revealed that credit information bureau had a positive, strong effect on the credit performance of commercial banks, and this effect is significant in Mwanza region. Non-performing loans had a positive, weak effect on the credit performance of commercial bank and it was not significant. Finally the credit scoring appraisal approach has a negative, weak effect on commercial bank credit performance. The study concluded that credit information bureau has a significant influence on credit performance of commercial banks and therefore should be used to reduce non-performing loans. The study recommended that banks should continue to use the credit reference bureau’s information-sharing services as it enhances their profitability through the reduction of non-performing loans.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
“To study the switching behavior of consumer special reference to urban market ”which is submitted by me in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree B.Com(Hons.)
Correlate of Service Quality Dimensions and Customer Loyalty in the Nigerian ...IOSRJBM
This study investigated the relationship between service quality dimensions and customer loyalty in the Nigerian Telecom market with particular interest in identifying if customer satisfaction plays a mediating role. Hypotheses were formulated vis-a-vis theoretical background and conceptual models. A survey data generated from 183 experienced telecom customers were used as the research database. The study utilized SERVPERF measuring scale for adaptability and Correlation techniques in analyzing the data. Basically, it was discovered that the empathy dimension of service quality has a strong and positive relationship with customer loyalty and customer satisfaction. The implication is that people crave contacts and are highly likely to be loyal to that service provider that gives them individualized attention in a service that is characterize by low contact between service provider and customers
An Empirical Study on the Mediating Effect of E-Service Recovery Satisfaction...iosrjce
In the era of Internet and the accelerating rate of using the e-context as a marketing tool by wide
range of companies, customer retention becomes a crucial element in firm’s survival. Losing customers to
competitors in e-context is a constant threat as it is a click away .The current study aims at at investigating the
influence of five customer factors namely; E-Trust, Prior Experience, Customer’s Perception of Feedback, ELoyalty
and Digital Awareness on Customer Retention. The study has investigated whether E-Service Recovery
Satisfaction (E-SRS) has a mediating role on these relations in Airline Industry in Malaysia. A questionnaire is
designed as a data collection tool. The unit of analysis is Malaysian passengers who used the local Airlines and
faced a service failure. Sequential Equation Modeling is employed to analyze the data collected using closedended
multiple choice questionnaire.
The study aims to measure the customers’
expectation levels of service quality in the food retail sector
against their perceptions levels of the service quality at
Nakumatt hypermarkets and to determine the gap
between customers’ expectations and their perceptions of
the service quality.
A descriptive research design was adopted to carry out
the research. Using a SERVQUAL survey instrument
based on the Dabholkar RSQS model this study was
conducted with customers from Nakumatt stores in
Nairobi Kenya. . Through a self reported questionnaire,
150 respondents were approached using a convenience
sampling method from the store locations.
Key findings include confirmation that customers have
higher expectations for service quality in retail
supermarkets than is anticipated. Gap 5, which is a gap
between customers’ Expected Service and customers’
Perceive This study does not differentiate applicability of
the RSQS in the different formats of the retail store.
Future research should examine the impact of the different
retail formats in using the scale for measuring retail
service quality. Also the customers were a little reluctant
in revealing the information because of the lengthiness of
the questionnaire.
This is one of the few studies which attempted to
investigate customers’ expectations of service quality in
retail supermarket in Kenya. d Service, was identified.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Perceived benefits of E-Banking and its Relationship on Banking Performance i...AI Publications
Not so long ago, numerous banks in Tanzania have commenced using of digital technologies to influence business transactions; however, there is little understanding on the perceived benefits of these products on the performance of the banks. The study scrutinized the perceived benefits from using E-Banking and its relationship on banking performance in Tanzania taking CRDB and NMB banks as the case study. The specific objectives of the research were three and they include;(i) look on benefits of internet banking and its effect on banking performance, (ii) to assess the perceived benefits of mobile banking and how it impacts the banking performance and (iii) to determine the perceived benefits of ATM services and how it impacts on banking performance. The study adopted a quantitative research design whereby a questionnaire was distributed to 352 banks customers in Mwanza region in an attempt to arrive to a larger sample of respondents. A simple random sampling technique was used in this study so as to allow an equal chance of participants to fill up in the questionnaire and to reduce the elements of bias. The regression results on the overall model showed that the model accounted for adjusted R2 value of 51.3% of the variance explained by the indicator; and the F-statistic of 124.391 which was significant as p = .000. With respect to individual variables, the results of the study brought out forward that the benefits of internet banking were positively related to banks performance although the effect was moderate. Similarly, ATM teller machines and mobile banking had positive and significant effects on the banking performance. In the end it was recommended for commercial banks to improve awareness to customers on some of the e-banking product like internet banking, in addition the commercial banks are supposed to maximize the number of e-banking product so as to minimize congestion on banking premises, and to place banking facilities to various locations to ease access by customers.
The study was undertaken with a purpose to study the attitude of students towards T.V advertisements on economic and social aspects. The sample comprised of 100 students selected by random sampling technique from Panjab University, Chandigarh. The findings revealed that advertisement helps to raise our standard of living whereas in social aspect an advertisement produces potentially negative side effects. Apart from that, the research serves as a good baseline for future research.
EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVE FACTORS ON CUSTOMER DECISION-MAKING PROCESS IN THE ON...ijmpict
The key effect of the development of online shops not only shifted the method businesses work, it also changed the manner costumer's behaviour. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of social identity,
Electronic word-of-mouth (EWOM), perceived risks, and trust and purchase intentions affecting customer
decision\-making process in online shops. A research model is illustrated, using technology acceptance model (TAM) as scientific base, to describe the relations of these variables that affect purchase intention
and finally leading to actual purchase. With the use of structured questionnaires on 655 respondents via
emails, this research examines online shop site namely, digikala. The analysis explains that purchase
intention and purchase behaviour, EWOM and trust in online shops and trust to purchase intention have
positive relations. As well as, perceived risk with trust and purchase intentions have negative relations.
Further,relation between social identity and trust not confirmed.
Purchase Decision Analysis Marketing Mix (Case Study Mandiri E-Cash Transacti...inventionjournals
PT. Bank Mandiri experiencing some problems that the level of use of Mandiri e-Cash Registered and Unregistered who have too big difference. The problems are caused by factors of product, price, promotion, distribution channels in the decision Mandiri e-Cash. This study aims to determine the effect of marketing mix on purchase decisions in Mandiri e-Cash Transaction Banking Retail Group. The study used quantitative methods using a type of survey, data collection methods with questionnaires. The population in this study are all users of Mandirie-Cash both Registered and Unregistered much as 302.435 which consists of the Mandiri e-Cash Registered and Unregistered 36.462 and 265.973 number. Probability sampling technique with Slovin formula obtained a sample of 399.39 or 400 respondents. Data were analyzed using SEM (The Structural Equation Model). The results showed that the products and distribution channels are not significantly influence the purchasing decision. Prices and promotions influence on purchase decisions Mandiri e-Cash.
Oral Pseudo-Defense PPT DropboxPlease submit here a narrated P.docxgerardkortney
Oral "Pseudo-Defense" PPT Dropbox
Please submit here a narrated PowerPoint for your final presentation of your thesis proposal. Remember that this is not you reading a paper -- this is more of a "sales pitch" than anything if you're in need of a metaphor.
Requirements:
- Must be Narrated. Must be narrated. TEST IT BEFORE SENDING. I should be able to open it up and hit Present/Play and just let it go. If you fail to meet this requirement you will automatically lose 30% of the grade (3/10 possible points).
- Introduction topics, including criteria such as your project motivation, the gap/needs that brought you to it, and what significant considerations and context surround the topic area
- RQs/Hypotheses/Objectives, operationalized and justified. There should be NO ambiguity here. (Remember, "What is the impact of Big Data on Security" or "How do we make X better?" are not specific enough.)
- Literature Review, presented as the primary topics you separated your review into, the reason they are important and frame your study successfully, and what key sources/authors you identified (the important few). Discuss how this literature further informed your research agenda, methodology, and consideration of conclusions/limitations for your thesis
- Methodology, as precise as you can make it. Sample, collection, framework (if qualitative), analysis, intended outcome
- Conclusion, timeline and future projections of issues, routes to completion, etc.
MOBILE SCAN PAYMENTS SECURITY ISSUES AND STRATEGIES
VINIL REDDY KASULA
ID#210243
HARRISBURG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYResearch Methodology & Writing (GRAD 695)
Professor-Richard Wirth
MOBILE SCAN PAYMENT
3
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT 4
1. Introduction 5
1.1 Background 5
1.2 Research aim and objectives 7
1.3 Research questions 7
Research question 1 7
Research question 2 8
Research question 3 8
1.4 Problem statement 8
1.5 Significance of the study 10
1.6 Relationship to CPT 11
LITERATURE REVIEW 11
MOBILE PAYMENT SYSTEMS 12
Mobile payment platform 13
Independent mobile payment system 14
MOBILE PAYMENT SECURITY 15
THREATS IN MOBILE PAYMENT SYSTEMS 17
Research Background and Rationale 18
Research Aims and Objectives 19
Research Questions 19
Research Methodology 19
Ethical Considerations 22
Limitations of the Research 23
Research Timeline 23
CONCLUSION 24
References 25
ABSTRACT
In the present decade and the modern age, mobile payments as a medium for financial transactions have gained much popularity. Mobile technology has emerged as a clear and new channel in the space of banking and payment transactions. With the significant advancement in the field of technology have made this field as one of the burgeoning growth in the financial services. People are involved in the application of the widespread smartphone technology and the customers are very comfortable with their mobile devices as a form of communicating device and this has resulted in the increased interest in .
DIGITAL BANKING MADE TRANSACTION MORE TRUSTED AND SECURED?IAEME Publication
This research was conducted to find out customer's response in digital banking
era using TAM and UTAUT model. Questionnaires filled bank account owner who
have often used digital banking. Results based previous research most customers have
been able to adjust to the digital banking. There is short comings facilities in digital
banking i.e. small banks still use digital banking as window dressing to attract
customers, the front-page display is too confusing, often broken, security is not
guaranteed. Recommendations have been given to the bank's management, as input
for improvement in the future.
“To study the switching behavior of consumer special reference to urban market ”which is submitted by me in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree B.Com(Hons.)
Correlate of Service Quality Dimensions and Customer Loyalty in the Nigerian ...IOSRJBM
This study investigated the relationship between service quality dimensions and customer loyalty in the Nigerian Telecom market with particular interest in identifying if customer satisfaction plays a mediating role. Hypotheses were formulated vis-a-vis theoretical background and conceptual models. A survey data generated from 183 experienced telecom customers were used as the research database. The study utilized SERVPERF measuring scale for adaptability and Correlation techniques in analyzing the data. Basically, it was discovered that the empathy dimension of service quality has a strong and positive relationship with customer loyalty and customer satisfaction. The implication is that people crave contacts and are highly likely to be loyal to that service provider that gives them individualized attention in a service that is characterize by low contact between service provider and customers
An Empirical Study on the Mediating Effect of E-Service Recovery Satisfaction...iosrjce
In the era of Internet and the accelerating rate of using the e-context as a marketing tool by wide
range of companies, customer retention becomes a crucial element in firm’s survival. Losing customers to
competitors in e-context is a constant threat as it is a click away .The current study aims at at investigating the
influence of five customer factors namely; E-Trust, Prior Experience, Customer’s Perception of Feedback, ELoyalty
and Digital Awareness on Customer Retention. The study has investigated whether E-Service Recovery
Satisfaction (E-SRS) has a mediating role on these relations in Airline Industry in Malaysia. A questionnaire is
designed as a data collection tool. The unit of analysis is Malaysian passengers who used the local Airlines and
faced a service failure. Sequential Equation Modeling is employed to analyze the data collected using closedended
multiple choice questionnaire.
The study aims to measure the customers’
expectation levels of service quality in the food retail sector
against their perceptions levels of the service quality at
Nakumatt hypermarkets and to determine the gap
between customers’ expectations and their perceptions of
the service quality.
A descriptive research design was adopted to carry out
the research. Using a SERVQUAL survey instrument
based on the Dabholkar RSQS model this study was
conducted with customers from Nakumatt stores in
Nairobi Kenya. . Through a self reported questionnaire,
150 respondents were approached using a convenience
sampling method from the store locations.
Key findings include confirmation that customers have
higher expectations for service quality in retail
supermarkets than is anticipated. Gap 5, which is a gap
between customers’ Expected Service and customers’
Perceive This study does not differentiate applicability of
the RSQS in the different formats of the retail store.
Future research should examine the impact of the different
retail formats in using the scale for measuring retail
service quality. Also the customers were a little reluctant
in revealing the information because of the lengthiness of
the questionnaire.
This is one of the few studies which attempted to
investigate customers’ expectations of service quality in
retail supermarket in Kenya. d Service, was identified.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Perceived benefits of E-Banking and its Relationship on Banking Performance i...AI Publications
Not so long ago, numerous banks in Tanzania have commenced using of digital technologies to influence business transactions; however, there is little understanding on the perceived benefits of these products on the performance of the banks. The study scrutinized the perceived benefits from using E-Banking and its relationship on banking performance in Tanzania taking CRDB and NMB banks as the case study. The specific objectives of the research were three and they include;(i) look on benefits of internet banking and its effect on banking performance, (ii) to assess the perceived benefits of mobile banking and how it impacts the banking performance and (iii) to determine the perceived benefits of ATM services and how it impacts on banking performance. The study adopted a quantitative research design whereby a questionnaire was distributed to 352 banks customers in Mwanza region in an attempt to arrive to a larger sample of respondents. A simple random sampling technique was used in this study so as to allow an equal chance of participants to fill up in the questionnaire and to reduce the elements of bias. The regression results on the overall model showed that the model accounted for adjusted R2 value of 51.3% of the variance explained by the indicator; and the F-statistic of 124.391 which was significant as p = .000. With respect to individual variables, the results of the study brought out forward that the benefits of internet banking were positively related to banks performance although the effect was moderate. Similarly, ATM teller machines and mobile banking had positive and significant effects on the banking performance. In the end it was recommended for commercial banks to improve awareness to customers on some of the e-banking product like internet banking, in addition the commercial banks are supposed to maximize the number of e-banking product so as to minimize congestion on banking premises, and to place banking facilities to various locations to ease access by customers.
The study was undertaken with a purpose to study the attitude of students towards T.V advertisements on economic and social aspects. The sample comprised of 100 students selected by random sampling technique from Panjab University, Chandigarh. The findings revealed that advertisement helps to raise our standard of living whereas in social aspect an advertisement produces potentially negative side effects. Apart from that, the research serves as a good baseline for future research.
EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVE FACTORS ON CUSTOMER DECISION-MAKING PROCESS IN THE ON...ijmpict
The key effect of the development of online shops not only shifted the method businesses work, it also changed the manner costumer's behaviour. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of social identity,
Electronic word-of-mouth (EWOM), perceived risks, and trust and purchase intentions affecting customer
decision\-making process in online shops. A research model is illustrated, using technology acceptance model (TAM) as scientific base, to describe the relations of these variables that affect purchase intention
and finally leading to actual purchase. With the use of structured questionnaires on 655 respondents via
emails, this research examines online shop site namely, digikala. The analysis explains that purchase
intention and purchase behaviour, EWOM and trust in online shops and trust to purchase intention have
positive relations. As well as, perceived risk with trust and purchase intentions have negative relations.
Further,relation between social identity and trust not confirmed.
Purchase Decision Analysis Marketing Mix (Case Study Mandiri E-Cash Transacti...inventionjournals
PT. Bank Mandiri experiencing some problems that the level of use of Mandiri e-Cash Registered and Unregistered who have too big difference. The problems are caused by factors of product, price, promotion, distribution channels in the decision Mandiri e-Cash. This study aims to determine the effect of marketing mix on purchase decisions in Mandiri e-Cash Transaction Banking Retail Group. The study used quantitative methods using a type of survey, data collection methods with questionnaires. The population in this study are all users of Mandirie-Cash both Registered and Unregistered much as 302.435 which consists of the Mandiri e-Cash Registered and Unregistered 36.462 and 265.973 number. Probability sampling technique with Slovin formula obtained a sample of 399.39 or 400 respondents. Data were analyzed using SEM (The Structural Equation Model). The results showed that the products and distribution channels are not significantly influence the purchasing decision. Prices and promotions influence on purchase decisions Mandiri e-Cash.
Oral Pseudo-Defense PPT DropboxPlease submit here a narrated P.docxgerardkortney
Oral "Pseudo-Defense" PPT Dropbox
Please submit here a narrated PowerPoint for your final presentation of your thesis proposal. Remember that this is not you reading a paper -- this is more of a "sales pitch" than anything if you're in need of a metaphor.
Requirements:
- Must be Narrated. Must be narrated. TEST IT BEFORE SENDING. I should be able to open it up and hit Present/Play and just let it go. If you fail to meet this requirement you will automatically lose 30% of the grade (3/10 possible points).
- Introduction topics, including criteria such as your project motivation, the gap/needs that brought you to it, and what significant considerations and context surround the topic area
- RQs/Hypotheses/Objectives, operationalized and justified. There should be NO ambiguity here. (Remember, "What is the impact of Big Data on Security" or "How do we make X better?" are not specific enough.)
- Literature Review, presented as the primary topics you separated your review into, the reason they are important and frame your study successfully, and what key sources/authors you identified (the important few). Discuss how this literature further informed your research agenda, methodology, and consideration of conclusions/limitations for your thesis
- Methodology, as precise as you can make it. Sample, collection, framework (if qualitative), analysis, intended outcome
- Conclusion, timeline and future projections of issues, routes to completion, etc.
MOBILE SCAN PAYMENTS SECURITY ISSUES AND STRATEGIES
VINIL REDDY KASULA
ID#210243
HARRISBURG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYResearch Methodology & Writing (GRAD 695)
Professor-Richard Wirth
MOBILE SCAN PAYMENT
3
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT 4
1. Introduction 5
1.1 Background 5
1.2 Research aim and objectives 7
1.3 Research questions 7
Research question 1 7
Research question 2 8
Research question 3 8
1.4 Problem statement 8
1.5 Significance of the study 10
1.6 Relationship to CPT 11
LITERATURE REVIEW 11
MOBILE PAYMENT SYSTEMS 12
Mobile payment platform 13
Independent mobile payment system 14
MOBILE PAYMENT SECURITY 15
THREATS IN MOBILE PAYMENT SYSTEMS 17
Research Background and Rationale 18
Research Aims and Objectives 19
Research Questions 19
Research Methodology 19
Ethical Considerations 22
Limitations of the Research 23
Research Timeline 23
CONCLUSION 24
References 25
ABSTRACT
In the present decade and the modern age, mobile payments as a medium for financial transactions have gained much popularity. Mobile technology has emerged as a clear and new channel in the space of banking and payment transactions. With the significant advancement in the field of technology have made this field as one of the burgeoning growth in the financial services. People are involved in the application of the widespread smartphone technology and the customers are very comfortable with their mobile devices as a form of communicating device and this has resulted in the increased interest in .
DIGITAL BANKING MADE TRANSACTION MORE TRUSTED AND SECURED?IAEME Publication
This research was conducted to find out customer's response in digital banking
era using TAM and UTAUT model. Questionnaires filled bank account owner who
have often used digital banking. Results based previous research most customers have
been able to adjust to the digital banking. There is short comings facilities in digital
banking i.e. small banks still use digital banking as window dressing to attract
customers, the front-page display is too confusing, often broken, security is not
guaranteed. Recommendations have been given to the bank's management, as input
for improvement in the future.
Predicting customer's intentions to use internet banking: the role of technol...Samar Rahi
Information and communication technology (ICT) developments and trends in recent years have
had great impacts on banking sector worldwide. Therefore, the disruptive innovative technology
has accelerated changes in the way of banking business. The purpose of this paper is to explore the
factors that influence on Pakistani customer’s intentions to adopt internet banking. The sample
used in this empirical study includes 265 responses of internet banking users collected through
structured questionnaire. For statistical analysis, structural equation model (SEM) approach was
used. The present study suggests that internet banking use increases as long as customer perceives
it as useful tool. Findings confirmed that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and attitude
were the key constructs for promoting internet banking usage in Pakistan. Furthermore, the importance
performance matrix analysis has shown that attitude was the most important factor. Thus,
banks can focus on cultivation of positive attitudinal beliefs about internet banking among prospect
customers.
Comprehensive Approach towards M Shopper’s Shopping Behaviour using Shopping ...ijtsrd
In current digital era, the mode of retail business is undergoing rapid change. Retailers are shifting their businesses from brick and mortar to e commerce especially m commerce i.e., business transactions via mobile phones because smartphones are turning to be one of the smart commercial channel. At the same time we see the lifestyle of people also has changed. People depend more on smartphones in their daily life, thanks to the internet. People are also choosing to shop over the mobile phones for convenience purpose. In order to grab this opportunity the e retailers are trying to adapt themselves to m commerce via mobile applications. The success of the m commerce companies depend upon the customer’s willingness to accept the usage of technology smart phone and applications . In this paper the attempt has been made to find the perception regarding the acceptance of technology by m shoppers and to assess the factors that influences the acceptance of usage of apps for m shopping using TAM model. For this study Questionnaire was designed to find the factors influencing m shopping using apps. The questionnaire includes the variable such as Perceived usefulness, behavioural intention, Perceived ease of use, attitude, Perceived Risk, Perceived Enjoyment from TAM model. Likert scale was used to measure the variables. 102 responses from the shoppers who shop using shopping applications are used for this study. The findings of this study supports the hypothesis framed. High negative correlation is observed between perceived risk and perceived ease of use. Attitude and shopping intention has high positive correlation. From the variables under study with score ranging from 5 to 25, perceived ease of use has highest mean and perceived risk has the minimum mean. Finally, the study also finds that low internet connectivity, low quality of product, low clarity about authentication of product, return policies are the problems faced by shoppers while shopping using mobile apps. Rashmi | Dr. Shrinivasamayya D | Dr. Ajoy S Joseph "Comprehensive Approach towards M Shopper’s Shopping Behaviour using Shopping Apps – TAM Model Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38101.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/consumer-behaviour/38101/comprehensive-approach-towards-m-shopper’s-shopping-behaviour-using-shopping-apps-– -tam-model-analysis/rashmi
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
EXTENSION OF TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE MODEL (TAM): A STUDY ON INDIAN INTERNET BA...IAEME Publication
Internet banking plays significant role in the development of banking business in our country. An application of electronic service brings predominant changes in the way of doing banking transactions. In simpler terms, internet banking refers to banking through bank’s website with the help of internet connection. Internet banking provides lot of benefits to the customers as well as the banks. Internet banking provides different kinds of services to the customers in the form checking balances, account statement, pay utility bills etc
Integration of TTF, UTAUT, and ITM for mobile Banking AdoptionIJAEMSJORNAL
The introduction of mobile banking facility has enabled customers to carry out banking transactionswith the use of smartphones and other handheld devices from anywhere. It has become a luxurious and exclusive method of online payments. The recent growth of telecommunication sector and a tremendous increase in mobile usage has opened new doors for sparking future of banking sector industry. The following research is aimed to find out the mobile banking adoption attitudes with the integration of TTF, UTAUT,and ITM models.
Influences of Website Quality on Online Purchase Intention of Air Ticketing S...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Business operation was more related with human contribution at end of 20th century. Rapid
development of internet technology has changed business environment. More than ever, consumers more like to
gather information about product or services and to make purchase using internet. For the reason, E-Commerce
website is integral part of business in order to increase profit. Research focused to investigate influences of
website quality factors (usability, website design, information quality, trust, perceived risk, empathy) on online
purchase intention of Mongolian consumers. Questionnaire design based on Barnes and Vidgen’s model and
data was collected from 265 respondents by online. Correlation and regression analysis was used to measure
relationship of variables. Research findings show website design, information quality, trust more positive
influence on online purchasing intention than usability, empathy, perceived
Assessing the Impact of Relationship Quality on Online Adoption ijbiss
Relationships are strongly embedded in Indian culture due to its high-context nature. Because of this, the role of relationship marketing has been advanced in a variety of services viz., banking, retailing, telecom, etc and hence the competition amongst various service providers has increased. Traditionally, relationship management used to be personal interaction based phenomenon but with IT as an enabler for online channels, the need for creating and growing relationships have transpired in a big way. With the advent of technological changes in the business environment, customers are seeking better alternatives to reduce the frequency of visiting the bank branch physically and are relying more on the virtual mode for transacting. Hence, banks and other service organizations are strongly focussing on the digital (online) channels for facilitating monetary transactions and hence gaining competitive advantage. In the virtual mode, the concept of relationships appears to be unrealistic due to the absence of human interface. However, significant studies have been conducted in this regard which focus on the influence of relationship quality factors viz., trust, commitment, satisfaction, etc. towards adopting the online channel for carrying out financial transactions. Relationship quality focuses on evaluating the strength of relationships, which affects customer loyalty. There exists a dearth of such significant studies in the Indian context. The present research will focus on bridging this gap in the literature. This paper will follow a causal research design for empirically analysing the impact of RQ factors towards adopting online mode for banking transactions. It will also investigate the future intentions of the customers toward using the online channels for carrying out financial transactions.
Similar to Information safety corporate image and intention to use online (20)
How does capital structure affect firm s market competitiveness.pdfNghiên Cứu Định Lượng
Các quyết định về vốn hiệu quả không chỉ làm tăng hiệu quả hoạt động của doanh nghiệp mà còn mang tính chiến lược để mang lại lợi thế cạnh tranh của doanh nghiệp trên thị trường. Sử dụng một tỷ lệ nợ phù hợp giúp doanh nghiệp cân bằng giữa nguồn lực bên trong và bên ngoài để cạnh tranh với các doanh nghiệp trong ngành. Nghiên cứu này nhằm tìm ra ảnh hưởng của cấu trúc vốn thông qua hệ số nợ (DR) đến năng lực cạnh tranh của doanh nghiệp (HHI) ở Việt Nam. Một mẫu gồm 574 công ty niêm yết trên sàn giao dịch chứng khoán của Việt Nam từ năm 2010–2018 được nghiên cứu bằng phần mềm STATA. Kết quả cho thấy cấu trúc vốn ảnh hưởng đến năng lực cạnh tranh của doanh nghiệp hình chữ U ngược. Đồng thời, DR ảnh hưởng đến HHI dưới dạng hàm hình chữ U trong các sản phẩm công nghiệp, thông tin và viễn thông và hàng tiêu dùng. Trong khi đó, DR ảnh hưởng đến HHI theo hình chữ U ngược trong các lĩnh vực dịch vụ tiêu dùng, nguyên vật liệu và tiện ích cộng đồng. Với kết quả của phân tích này, nghiên cứu cũng cung cấp các thảo luận cũng như các hàm ý chính sách đối với doanh nghiệp sử dụng tối ưu cơ cấu vốn để tạo lợi thế cạnh tranh trên thị trường.
The literature shows little evidence on the effects of the business model upon the volatility of banks in developing and fast growing economies. Hence, this study examines the effects of busi-ness model choice on bank’s stability in ASEAN countries. Using GMM and other robust econo-metric methods on the sample of 99 joint stock commercial banks, we find significant and nega-tive impacts of diversification model in which bank shifts toward non – interest and fee – based activities. We also find that the impacts are different between two groups of countries. For Vi-etnam, Indonesia and the Philippines, the diversification entails negative impacts on the stability while demonstrating positive impacts for Thailand and Malaysia. Upon the findings, we draw policy implications for a more sustainable development in ASEAN banking business.
Effect of social capital on agribusiness diversification intention in the eme...Nghiên Cứu Định Lượng
This is the first study to explore the comprehensive effect of the facets of social capital on behavioral intention through behavioral goals and determinants of the TPB under the premises of the RBV. The findings will help emerging economies, for example, Vietnam, where most farmers are family business owners or microscaled entrepreneurs in agriculture.
How does hotel employees’ satisfaction with the organization’s COVID-19 respo...Nghiên Cứu Định Lượng
Bài nghiên cứu của thành viên Trung tâm Nghiên cứu Định lượng tham gia trong dự án về Covid-19
This research examines the role of hotel employees’ satisfaction with their organization’s COVID-19 responses in reducing their perceived job insecurity (PJI) and maintaining their job performance (JP). We conducted two studies using an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design. The results indicated that employees’ satisfaction with organization COVID-19 responses (SOCV19R) positively influences JP and moderates (1) the positive association between perceived health risk associated with COVID-19 (PHRCV19) and PJI and (2) the negative link between PJI and JP. Unexpectedly, PHRCV19 was found to positively affect JP, and the moderating effect of SOCV19R on the relationship between PHRCV19 and JP was significant and positive. We also found that PJI has a mediating role in the PHRCV19–JP relationship. This study fills a significant gap in hospitality research by exploring the role of the organization’s crisis responses in tempering the impact of perceived health risk of a global health crisis on hotel employees. Theoretically, this research revealed that employees’ SOCV19R helps raise JP, mitigate the positive influence of PHRCV19 on PJI and the negative impact of PJI on JP, and strengthen the positive effect of PHRCV19 on JP.
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
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how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.
Information safety corporate image and intention to use online
1. Information Safety, Corporate Image, and e-Travel Services Adoption
Twenty-third Americas Conference on Information Systems, Boston, 2017 1
Information Safety, Corporate Image, and
Intention to Use Online Services: Evidence
from Travel Industry in Vietnam
Full Paper
Kien Trung Dao
Hanoi University of Science & Technology
kiendtcoco@gmail.com
Tommi Tapanainen
University of Liege
tojuta@gmail.com
Thi Thanh Hai Nguyen
Abo Akademi University
thinguye@abo.fi
Hien Thanh Nguyen
Hanoi Foreign Trade University
thanhhienng95@gmail.com
Ngoc Dat Nguyen
Hanoi Foreign Trade University
nguyenngocdat@ftu.edu.vn
Abstract
The decline in the physical office space for travel agencies in developed countries has been accompanied
with increases in e-travel services offered online. A similar revolution can be expected in developing
countries, such as Vietnam. But what will drive consumer action in these countries? While linkages
between corporate image and information safety have been proposed to online buying intentions, the area
has research gaps, which are investigated in this paper. We used a Technology Adoption based model with
corporate image and information safety, and investigated e-travel services adoption among Vietnamese
students. Our sample consists of 548 responses obtained from a survey conducted at a university in
Vietnam. The results show that information safety, but interestingly not corporate image, links to e-travel
services adoption. We discuss the reasons and propose future research opportunities in this area.
Keywords
Intention to use service, corporate image, information safety, Vietnam.
Introduction
Tourism has developed significantly in Vietnam during recent years, and is an important part to the
economy of Vietnam since the "Open Door" economic policy was introduced in the 1980’s. Showing this in
figures, the number of international tourists has increased from 250.000 to 10 million people during the
period 1990 - 2016 (VNAT, 2016). Indeed, the growth in tourist arrivals during the past 20 years has been
over 10% per year, higher than the average annual GDP growth rate (which was 6%). In 2015, tourism
contributed directly 12.7 billion dollars to the economy, accounting for 6.5% of GDP and generating 2.8
million jobs (World Travel & Tourism Council, 2016). However, it is thought that the contribution of
tourism to the economy can still increase significantly. In 2015, Vietnam was ranked 32 out of 184
countries on the contribution of tourism to GDP, behind other neighbouring Asian countries such as
Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Compared to Thailand which has similar conditions, tourism revenues
in Vietnam accounts only a third of Thailand’s, and contribute also a smaller percentage to GDP (9% for
2. Information Safety, Corporate Image, and e-Travel Services Adoption
Twenty-third Americas Conference on Information Systems, Boston, 2017 2
Thailand versus 6.5% for Vietnam) (World Travel & Tourism Council, 2016). Information technology (IT)
can be part of the solution for Vietnam’s further development of the tourism industry.
IT has significantly changed the tourism industry and created new possibilities for tourism services
provision (Sheldon, 1997; Werthner & Klein, 1990; Cao & Yang, 2015, Xiang et al, 2008). Hence, in order
to exploit tourism potentials and develop services relating to tourism, travel agencies should focus to
develop e-travel services, such as offering travel packages on their website (Lee et al, 2006) and
understanding customer preferences online (Stepchenkova et al, 2010). Such e-travel services are
becoming a necessity as Internet shopping is gaining in popularity in Vietnam. According to the Ministry
of Trade and Industry, 62% of citizens purchase items online and 75% of those who buy only do so after
searching for information first (The Ministry of Trade and Industry, 2016). It is also important to
recognize the role of smartphones and applications in searching for tourism information (Sigala et al,
2012; Xiang & Gretzel, 2010), which increases the appeal of these mobile devices for tourism-related
purchases. Travel agencies can benefit greatly by having their offerings on the Internet, and be able to
take market share from more established competitors by having well-developed online stores.
Many studies have been conducted on the purchasing of online travel services in Asian countries such as
Taiwan, China, and Korea (Chuang, 2016; Cao & Yang, 2016; Maswera et al, 2009; Kim et al, 2011). These
studies were based mainly on the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Technology Acceptance Model.
However, these studies focus on technology-related service properties. Purchasing travel services via the
Internet is not only affected by technology convenience but also personal experience about the travel
agency. Corporate image is one factor influencing customers’ purchasing intentions (Choi et al., 2016),
and it has also been investigated in relation to online buying (Park & Lennon, 2009), and traditional,
offline travel services (Richard & Zhang, 2012), but only to a limited extent in e-travel services. The
experiences from the e-commerce revolution show that new market entrants have an edge in competing
against their more established rivals if these new entrants are able to provide service online. The
transition to e-travel is particularly rapid in developing countries such as Vietnam, raising the question of
to what extent customer buying behaviour is affected by corporate image in e-travel services in such
countries.
When buying online, one particularly important facet is that buyers feel that transactions are secure, and
that their personal information is not leaked out. If corporate image is weak, for example, it is a small and
relatively unknown company, it is likely that would-be customers will pay particular attention to their
information security; they will e.g. check whether the company has a physical address, whether the
website uses secure protocols to process personal information, and so on. the Previous studies have
investigated information safety in online buying (Pavlou & Fygenson, 2006; Venkatesh, 2000; Fortes &
Rita, 2016), and in e-travel services (Eastlick et al., 2006) but there have been thus far few studies
examining information safety in the context of developing countries. In addition, the application of
corporate image and information safety together in research designs has been rare. Therefore, in this
study we include information safety to our model to investigate the role of corporate image for the
adoption of e-travel services.
This paper is organized as follows. First, we present the theoretical constructs and variables, as well as the
hypotheses that link them. Next, we operationalize the constructs and explain our research method and
sample. Then, the results of the analysis are presented. Finally, we discuss the results, describe what can
be learned in a theoretical and practical sense from this research, and outline some directions for future
research
Theoretical basis and research hypotheses
Intention to Use Services
Intention to use services is the decision to services or systems (Davis et al, 1989, 1993; Venkatesh, 2000).
Intention to use services is formed by motivational factors affecting customer behavior and an estimate on
the level of effort that a person is eager to execute a given behavior (Fortes & Rita, 2016).
3. Information Safety, Corporate Image, and e-Travel Services Adoption
Twenty-third Americas Conference on Information Systems, Boston, 2017 3
Information Safety
Everyone is interested on the safety of their personal information, and perceived safety of their
information affects their motivation in providing information before making online transactions (Smiths
et al, 1996; Malhotra et al, 2004; Fortes & Rita, 2016). Information safety affects perceived usefulness
(Venkateshet et al, 2003; Fortes & Rita, 2016), perceived ease of use (Venkatesh et al, 2003), perceived
risk (McKnight et al, 1998; Van Slyke et al, 2006; Fortes & Rita, 2016) and trust in services (McKnight et
al, 2002; Eastlick et al, 2006). Hence, this research proposes the following hypotheses:
H1a: Information safety affects positively to perceived ease of use
H1b: Information safety affects positively to perceived usefulness
H1c: Information safety affects positively to perceived risk
H1d: Information safety affects positively to trust
Perceived Ease of Use
Perceived ease of use is "the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would be free
from effort" (Davis 1989; 1993). Easy to use services encourage users to use them (Davis, 1993;
Venkatesh, 2000; Ha & Stoel, 2009), and make would-be users have more positive attitudes towards the
services (Davis 1989; Pavlou & Fygenson, 2006; Fortes & Rita, 2016). Hence, this research proposes the
following hypotheses:
H2a: Perceived ease of use affects positively perceived usefulness
H2b: Perceived ease of use affects positively attitude towards services
Perceived Usefulness
Perceived usefulness is "the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would
enhance his or her job performance" (Davis 1989). The usefulness of services is demonstrated by time and
cost savings, for example (Davis 1993; Venkatesh, 2000; Pavlou, 2003; Erkan & Evans, 2016). Perceived
usefulness is positively linked to attitude towards the service (Pavlou & Fygenson, 2006; Fortes & Rita,
2016) and intention to use services (Fortes & Rita, 2016). Hence, this research proposes the following
hypotheses:
H3a: Perceived usefulness effects positively to attitude towards services
H3b: Perceived usefulness effects positively to intention to use services
Trust
Trust is the firm belief of the potential online buyer after consideration of the features and the online
transaction environment (Pavlou, 2003). Moorman et al (2002) argued that trust decreases uncertainty
about transactions. This means that trust reduces perceived risk to transactions (Pavlou, 2003), and has
an impact on customers' attitude towards services. (Ha & Stoel, 2009; Fortes & Rita, 2016). Hence, this
research proposes the following hypotheses:
H4a: Trust affects positively to perceived risk
H4b: Trust affects positively to attitude towards services
Perceived Risk
Perceived risk is the feeling of potential harm to personal benefits, the abuse of one’s personal
information such as violations of personal privacy, or the wasting of time (Glover & Benbasat, 2011).
Perceived risk is among factors having a negative impact of online transactions on attitude (Teo & Liu,
2007; Crespo et al, 2009; Glover & Benbasat, 2011; Fortes & Rita, 2016). Reducing perceived risk can be
assumed to increase one’s positive attitude towards services. Hence, this research proposes the following
hypothesis:
4. Information Safety, Corporate Image, and e-Travel Services Adoption
Twenty-third Americas Conference on Information Systems, Boston, 2017 4
H5: Reduce perceived risk affects positively attitude towards services
Convenience
Convenience is the property of being able to access services easily and use services effectively, particularly
services such as service searching or payment services (Richard, 2002; Liang & Lai, 2005; Chen, 2010).
Convenience affects customer intention to use online services. Hence, this research proposes the following
hypothesis:
H6: Convenience affects positively intention to use services
Corporate image
Corporate image is the customers' feeling that a company has a good reputation in offering services to
customers through business and social activities. Corporate image transmits the service signal to
customers and solve information asymmetry when customers and their providers have different
information about services (Zmud et al, 2010; Connelly et al, 2011; Mavlanova et al, 2012). Corporate
image also affects customer satisfaction (Gronroos, 1984; Kang & James, 2004). Thus, corporate image is
likely to affect customer attitude towards services as well as their intention to use services (Choi et al,
2016). This research proposes the following hypotheses:
H7a: Corporate image affects positively attitude towards services
H7b: Corporate image affects positively attitude towards intention to use services.
Attitude Towards Services
Attitude towards services is the belief of a customer toward target implementation (Ajzen & Fisbein, 1975;
Davis, 1989). Customer positive attitudes towards a service will stimulate their intention to use the service
(Davis 1989, Lwin & Williams, 2003; Pavlou & Fygenson, 2006; Smith et al, 2008; Fortes & Rita, 2016).
Hence, this research proposes the following hypothesis:
H8: Positive attitude towards service affects positively intention to use services
Figure 1. Research model
H3b
Convenience
(CON)
H6
Intention to
use (INT)
Attitude
towards
services (ATT)
Image (IMG)
H5
H3a
H2b
H4b
H1a
H1d
H1c
H1b
Information
safety (PRI)
H4a
H2a
Perceived
usefulness
(PU)
Perceived ease
of use (PEU)
Trust
(TRU)
Perceived risk
(RIS)
H7b
H8
5. Information Safety, Corporate Image, and e-Travel Services Adoption
Twenty-third Americas Conference on Information Systems, Boston, 2017 5
Method
Research Instruments
Observed variables were operationalized as follows:
"information safety" is referenced from Dinev & Hart (2006) and Fortes & Rita (2016)
"perceived ease of use" is referenced from Davis (1993) and Koufaris (2002)
"perceived usefulness" is referenced from Davis (1993), Park et al (2004), and Fortes & Rita (2016)
"trust" is referenced from Pavlou (2003) and Fortes & Rita (2016)
"perceived risk" is referenced from Schlosser et al (2006) and Fortes & Rita (2016)
"convenience" is referenced from Chang (2012)
"corporate image" is referenced from Kang & James (2004)
"attitude towards services" is referenced from Davis (1989); Lim & Dubinsky (2005), and Fortes & Rita
(2016)
"intention to use service" is referenced from Davis (1993); Venkatesh (2000), Schlosser et al (2005),
and Erkan & Evans (2016).
The questionnaire was translated from English into Vietnamese and was evaluated through a group
discussion with five experts on the travel industry in Vietnam. Then, the questionnaire was pre-tested
with 136 different customers in order to eliminate unsuitable scales using content analysis and tested by
Cronbach Alpha and item-total. The measurement scale used was 5-point Likert-type scale from 1
(disagree) to 5 (totally agree).
Samples and Data Collection
According to a report by the Ministry of Information and Communications, a high percentage of young
(under 35-year-old) people are using the Internet. Therefore, students were seen as an ideal sampling
category. Data collection was focused on 1,000 undergraduates and postgraduates at the Foreign Trade
University (Ha Noi Campus) by directly handing paper-based questionnaire forms. The reason to choose
this method instead of collecting data online is to have better control in data quality. After sorting to
eliminate unfit samples, the number of responses was 548, which exceeds 500, the minimum number
typically required. Most respondents (80.1%) were of age 30 or under, and were using the Internet
heavily; as many as 44.9% were using the Internet more than 5 hours in a day. Only 5.8% of respondents
used the Internet less than 2 hours a day.
Data Analysis
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate the constructs. The model is considered to fit
the data when Chi-square is less than 3; CFI, TLI, IFI >0,9; RMSEA <0,08 (Hair et al, 2006; Kline, 2011,
Hooper et al, 2008). The loading of each factor should be above 0.5 to have convergence validity (Hair et
al, 2006), Composite Reliability (CR) and Cronbach's Alpha should be above 0.5, and the Average
Variance Extracted (AVE) should be above 50% in order to show reliability (Hair et al, 2006). In order to
assess discriminant validity among constructs, we used the square root of AVE, which should be greater
than the correlations involving the constructs. To test the hypotheses, we applied structural equation
modeling (SEM) with the level of 5%. We also used direct correlation, indirect correlation and generalized
correlation to evaluate the general impact of factors on the intention to use services.
The results
Evaluating Reliability and Validity
We used Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to evaluate the reliability and validity of constructs in the
model. The results showns that the model fits the data (Chi – square = 2.329 < 3, CFI = 0.928; TLI =
0.918, IFI = 0.928, above 0.9, RMSEA = 0.049 < 0.08). However, observed variables PU1, TRU4, IMG3
6. Information Safety, Corporate Image, and e-Travel Services Adoption
Twenty-third Americas Conference on Information Systems, Boston, 2017 6
& RIS6 which had factor loading less than 0.5 were eliminated. The other variables were above 0.5,
showing that the constructs assessed composite reliability. Cronbach's Alpha was above 0.7 and average
variance extracted was above 50%, showing that the constructs assessed reliability (see Table 1). Testing
discriminant validity representing the level of square root of AVE of factors was greater than correlation
showing the constructs assess discriminant validity (see Table 2).
Contructs (N0# of Items)
Factor loadings
Range
AVE (%)
Composite
Reliability
Cronbach's Alpha
PRI(3) 0.790 - 0.889 69.126 0.870 0.867
PEU(4) 0.792 - 0.830 62.916 0.871 0.868
PU(4) 0.733 - 0.759 55.366 0.788 0.783
TRU(4) 0.746 - 0.840 62.874 0.874 0.821
RIS(6) 0.644 - 0.759 51.409 0.841 0.85
ATT(4) 0.735 - 0.801 58.784 0.851 0.85
CON(4) 0.707 - 0.800 58.46 0.849 0.848
IMG(6) 0.683 - 0.758 53.634 0.852 0.847
INT(4) 0.710 - 0.765 55.661 0.843 0.832
Table 1. Reliability and Cronbach’s Alpha tests
Note: PRI: information safety; PEU: perceived ease of use; PU: perceived usefulness; TRU: trust; RIS:
perceived risk; ATT: attitude to service; CON: service convenience; IMG: corporate image; INT:
intention to use service
Mean(SD) PRI PEU PU TRU RIS ATT CON IMG INT
PRI 3.955 (0.937) 0.831
PEU 3.526(0.797) 0.175 0.793
PU 3.745(0.755) 0.331 0.637 0.744
TRU 3.158(0.771) 0.096 0.244 0.294 0.793
RIS 3.695(0.708) 0.521 0.207 0.251 0.174 0.717
ATT 3.427(0.661) 0.158 0.507 0.584 0.373 0.233 0.767
CON 3.864(0.718) 0.288 0.462 0.625 0.263 0.369 0.533 0.765
IMG 3.764(0.712) 0.370 0.338 0.384 0.305 0.390 0.408 0.616 0.732
INT 3.542(0.724) 0.295 0.486 0.611 0.312 0.214 0.677 0.584 0.449 0.746
Table 2. Discriminant validity
Structural equation modeling
The analysis of structural equation modeling showed that the model fits the data (Chi – square/df = 2.522
< 3; CFI = 0.915, TLI = 0.906, IFI = 0.915, RMSEA = 0.053). The estimated results of relationships
among factors are shown in Figure 2. We found the evidence to support 13 out of 15 hypotheses, including
hypotheses H1a, H1b, H1c, H1d, H2a, H2b, H3a, H3b, H4a, H4b, H6, H7a and H8, but rejected
hypotheses H5 and H7b (Figure 2).
7. Information Safety, Corporate Image, and e-Travel Services Adoption
Twenty-third Americas Conference on Information Systems, Boston, 2017 7
Figure 2: Structural Equation Model
The analysis based on direct correlation, indirect correlation and generalized correlation showed that all
variables except perceived risk affected intention to use service. Attitude to service accounted for the
highest impact level (λ = 0.455), followed by perceived usefulness (λ = 0.414), perceived ease of use (λ =
0.336), convenience (λ = 0.255), information safety (λ = 0.179), corporate image (λ = 0.094) and trust (λ =
0.091).
Theoretical contributions
The results show the positive effect on information safety on perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use,
trust, and perceived risk in relation to e-travel services. In this respect, we add to the results of Eastlick et
al. (2006) from the perspective of a developing country. Our results are in accordance with the conclusion
of Eastlick et al. regarding the importance of information safety. We count this as our first contribution.
Our second contribution is the surprising result of not finding a link between corporate image and the
intention to use e-travel services, which is discussed below among other results.
Discussion and practical contributions
Although corporate image has a positive effect indirectly on the intention to use e-travel services through
attitude to services, we could not find a direct effect on the intention to use e-travel services. This might be
explained by intense competition among travel agencies at the time of the research. When information
about services is provided comprehensively by all competing rivals, its effect on the intention and decision
to use services might decrease (Spence, 2002). In addition, this study did not find evidence on the direct
effect of perceived risk on the attitude to use and indirect effect on the intention to use. This is surprising
and counter to what was found by e.g. Amaro and Durate (2015). One explanation might be the
particularly young sample. Young people are less deterred by risk and more eager to try out new ways of
purchasing travel services than older persons.
We also show the direct effect of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude to services and
convenience to the intention to use e-travel services. This result is consistent with previous studies on
online buying behaviors (Liang & Lai, 2005; Pavlou & Fygenson, 2006; Ha & Stoel, 2009; Chen, 2010;
Fortes & Rita, 2016). However, our study confirmed the applicability of the Technology Acceptance Model
in a developing country context.
Regarding practical contributions, our findings can suggest ho travel agencies can increase customers’
trust in e-travel services. In addition to increasing ease of use, perceived usefulness, and convenience in
using e-travel services, travel agencies should focus on: (1) setting up a customer data protection policy;
0.34(5.03)Per
0.26(5.64)
INTPRI
PU
RIS
PEU
ATT
CON
TRUH7a
IMG
0.20(4.16)
0.12(2.44)
0.24(5.43)
0.53(9.77)
0.59(10.90)
0.11 (2.41)
0.21(3.27)
0.21(5.48)
0.26 (4.71)
Chi-square/df = 2.522, CFI = 0.915, TLI = 0.906, IFI = 0.915, RMSEA = 0.053
0.45(7.36)
8. Information Safety, Corporate Image, and e-Travel Services Adoption
Twenty-third Americas Conference on Information Systems, Boston, 2017 8
and (2) setting up transaction systems that guarantee customer data safety. Our results also suggest that
corporate image is not necessarily crucial for e-travel services to the degree assumed. Therefore, new
startup companies may have potential is capturing market share if they act quickly.
Limitations and further research
There were some limitations in conducting this study. Samples were not fully random because all
responses were collected from among the students of a single university Although online data collection
was not used in this research, we were able to better control that respondents are who they say they are.
Future research should focus on confirming our result on corporate image and e-travel services adoption
in different market conditions.
Acknowledgements
We thank the Hanoi Foreign Trade University for their role in collecting data for this research. We also
thank the European Commission for their support for one of the authors during this research.
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