The document discusses information-centric networks and channel coding. It provides background on a student's course project comparing internet routing protocols. It covers information-centric network components like naming schemes and routing/forwarding. It also briefly discusses channel coding and references for the student's project goals.

1. Information Centric Network And Developing Channel Coding...
CE301 – Initial Report Comparing Internet Routing Protocols Benjamin Richard Bajek 1201731
Computer Networks (3Yr) First supervisor – Dr Nikolas Thomos Secord supervisor – Dr Arsenla
(Ersi) Chorti Contents: Project Overview 3 Background Reading 3–5 Information–Centric Network
3– Introduction 3 Information–Centric Network Components 3–4 ICN Naming scheme 3 ICN
Routing and Forwarding 3–4 ICN Caching 4 Information–Centric Network Approaches 4 Network
of information (NetInf) 4 Named Data Networking (NDN) 4 Publish–Subscribe Architecture 4
Summary of Different ICN Approaches 5 Channel Coding 5 References 6 Project Goals ... Show
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The current solution as TCP/IP becomes inefficient and subjects to certain problems. An example of
this, to search for content, the content must be mapped to a host, and then DNS translates the host
name to the location i.e. IP address. The two–step mapping incurs access overhead. Security is an
issue since the security coupled to the host. The host becomes a target for security attacks. Also IP is
stateless so they cannot be caching capability; the same request would be made times, this lead to
unnecessary bandwidth usage. This prompted the research into move the architecture from a host–
centric to information–centric. Information–Centric Network Components ICN naming scheme
Information unit in ICN is called Named Data Object (NDO). This can be any type of content. This
contents location– independent identifier (name), data, and possibly a metadata. NDO can be
identified by multiple names. Each ICN approached the design of the NDO differently. They are two
commonly used schemes are flat and hierarchical naming. Most recent ICN allow hybrid naming.
Hierarchical Naming – The format is similar to URL, enhances scalability since name prefix can be
aggregated the same way as the URL, and more coherent to the existing IP networks. Also name is
user–friendly; therefore it is easy to remember. Security vulnerability since the
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5. How Does IBM I Diversify Its Database Support?
There are many things that differentiate IBM i from other platforms, including its storage, security,
and programming models. But one of the most unique aspects of the IBM i platform is its integrated
DB2 database, which is used exclusively by practically all IBM i customers. You just dont find this
on other platforms. But perhaps its time for IBM i to diversify its database support?
In many respects, DB2 for i is the platforms greatest strength. IBM i is renowned for its transaction
processing prowess that drives ERP and other line of business applications, and DB2 for i (formerly
DB2/400, but do not call it that around Mike Cain) is the sturdy engine that powers those
transactions.
It is theoretically possible to run an IBM i server without DB2 for i. Perhaps you want to serve
HTTP requests in concert with a separate Oracle or SQL Server database running on an X86 server.
But doing so would seem to go against the strengths of the platforms, let alone the laws of
computing nature. In a heterogeneous setups, which are common in Oracle JD Edwards and SAP
Business Suite worlds, the IBM i server nearly always powers the database, while mainstream X86
servers and their Windows and Linux OSes power the application and HTTP servers.
This database–centric identity has served the IBM midrange platform well for decades. The DB2 for
i database is very mature and powerful, supports both SQL and DDS programming constructs, and is
more ANSI SQL compliant that other relational databases (just as how, ironically, IBM i is more
POSIX compliant than all Unix operating systems, even though its not Unix). Whats more, DB2 for
i just keeps getting better and better with each new release of IBM i. So why in the world would an
IBM i shop ever need something else?
Its The Data, Stupid
The most answer to that question may be that the nature of data itself is changing, and therefore the
ways that we store it need to change, too.
When IBM first developed the AS/400, storage (both main and disk) was expensive relative to
today, and so companies wanted to minimize the amount they stored. IBMs storage architecture
reflected this reality, and therefore the data written to disk was highly refined, or structured.
This focus on structured data
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9. Databases in My Organization
Databases in My Organization CIS319: Computers and Information Systems
Abstract Databases have been in use since the early days of computing programs. An Information
Technology services company, such as Getronics, not only utilizes databases for information and
record management, it earns revenue by providing database management services. Getronics uses
Microsoft SQL Server 2000 as its database software. The clients that contract Getronics for
Information Technology services rely and depend on the accuracy and currency of the database
information that is stored. Databases will continue to exist and expand as more companies become
more of aware of the importance of record and data management. Databases have been in use ...
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The Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 is legislation enacted in response to the high–profile Enron and
WorldCom financial scandals to protect shareholders and the general public from accounting errors
and fraudulent practices in the enterprise. (www.whatis.com) Sarbanes–Oxley does not enforce
business policies or procedures for record keeping. However, it defines which records should be
stored and for what length of time. The Act states that all records must be stored for no less than five
years. Businesses are being tasked to review their record management practices and identify
improvements that comply with the Sarbanes–Oxley Act. Businesses are managing their business
policies and procedures by utilizing database software to comply with the three rules stated in the
law. Like all businesses, Getronics can improve how it utilizes databases and related technology. For
instance, the less is more theory could apply when describing the number of databases that store
employee information. There is a human resources database, a phone database, network database, an
incident management system database, and many more. If these databases could be consolidated and
linked then management of the systems could be reduced.
Getronics has a many databases servers. If
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13. Emr System Proposal
Existing healthcare record system is incomplete and inefficient which cannot provide the reliable
and efficient healthcare services to patients. So, the proposed EMR System's Architecture design is
produced by keeping following in mind:
a. After an increased emphasis on needs of integrated prevented care system is versioned,
b. After an increased complexity of medicine, standards of clinical care, shortage of qualified
physicians and healthcare delivery is spotted,
c. An increased population which require efficient healthcare system.
The backbone of proposed EMR System is centralization of patient's information which will be
securely accessed from any physician's office (after patient's consent). Therefore, the proposed
EMRS is designed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, the design has servers that verifies and validates through activate directory of users.
Through active directory, access to specific applications/databases is determined. In addition,
encryption and firewall rules will further enhance the security of data. Moreover, 2–factor
authentication feature is designed for remote users accessing EMRS database from remote locations.
 Scalability & Extensibility: The modular based design of EMRS offers scalability and
extensibility to meet dynamic requirements.
Furthermore, the EMR System proposed in this report is developed while keeping major lessons
learned from existing users and developers. The proposed system is designed to support workflow in
customization fashion. It is designed to keep users and stakeholders' needs and users can test or pilot
this EMR System before even make any decision to acquire it. All related hardware is ergonomically
designed to fit user's comfort and needs. In addition, user would not have to spend enormous time to
learn this system. Some additional features are:
1. With customizable features to support workflow
2. User can test the EMRS before final procurement decision can be made. The testing feature not
only focuses on daily use functions, but also ergonomics
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17. The Advantages Of Database Management Systems
Assignment 1
Matthew Fisher
May 15, 2016
Part 1: Database Concepts
Topic 1: The Advantages of Database Management Systems
A database system would offer the innkeepers several advantages over the flat file system, including
enforced data integrity, minimized effort to adapt data into usable information, and abstraction.
Storing data in a flat file system, as the innkeepers do, and accessing the data directly pose problems
of data integrity. Anomalous data could easily arise if the innkeepers update a record in one file, but
do not take care to update related records in other files. Where data are kept in multiple, separate
files, but have a conceptual relationship to each other, a file system is of limited use compared to a
database management system (DBMS). A DBMS ensures that relationships between entities are
enforced.
By way of example, a GUEST entity might have a GUEST_ID attribute that appears in multiple
locations (e.g. a RESERVATIONS entity). In the file system model, the innkeepers may choose to
store addresses of guests in both GUEST and RESERVATION files in order to quickly access
address information while booking reservations. If the address is updated in one place, but not the
other, this results in a data anomaly, where the address attributes for a guest do not agree. A well–
designed database using a DBMS could circumvent this issue by storing no guest information in the
RESERVATION table other than GUEST_ID. With this relationship, guests' addresses can still
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21. Cloud Computing Essay
The integration of mobile devices with our daily life (e.g., smart phones, smart watches, tablets, etc.)
has eliminated the location and timing restrictions on access to variety of services such as social
network, web search, data storage, and entertainment. Limitations on resources (such as battery life
and storage) and the need to global scalability of services have motivated companies to rely on
cloud computing. Cloud computing has created a new paradigm for mobile applications where
computations and storage have migrated to centralized computing platforms in the cloud. Cloud
providers such as Google, Amazon, and Salesforce offer clients the access to cloud resources in
various locations and allow them to acquire computing resources ... Show more content on
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Driven by the fundamental problems encountered due to identification and location conflation
problem in IP networks and inefficiency of TCP for intermittent links, we propose a simple yet
effective solution to provide access to advanced services for vehicular nodes with varying link
conditions. To address aforementioned issues, we leverage cloud resources to design and develop a
framework for connected vehicles. This scalable, mobility–centric solution, through network
abstractions and clustering schemes with high resilience against failure, can provide seamless
connectivity, global reachability, and enhanced connection for vehicular nodes with high dynamicity
and possibly no direct association to an access point. This is followed up by the introduction of the
MobilityFirst architecture which supports seamless mobility of nodes in network layer. The named
service layer in MobilityFirst is supported by network abstractions in the form of globally available
cloud services. The distributed global name resolution service (GNRS) along with efficient
vehicular clustering provides the opportunity to enable scalable services and allow seamless
connectivity. The proposed scheme, called FastMF, assign to clusters of vehicles unique names that
are independent from location of the clusters and the interfaces. The vehicular clusters maintain tree
structures that improve performance over conventional clusters and reduce
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25. Information And Database Management Systems
Week 1: Overview of Information and Database Management Systems 6411–2 Main Post
The Database Management System of a healthcare organization is an application to perform
administrative tasks on a database and interacts with the data stored in the databases. Years ago
information was managed by a hands–on method such as files in the file cabinet. Now, databases are
utilized by technology to drive and manage information. These "databases are an organized
collection of data typically stored in an electronic format. Databases allow input, manage, organize,
and retrieve data quickly" (Cornell, and Morris, 2015). Then Technology takes the data collected
and transforms it into information which becomes knowledge to the users. The purpose of the study
is to examine the use of the database system in nursing and to determine the benefits and challenges
of the healthcare organization to use database systems and data.
Analyze the use of database systems and data in nursing practice
Select a database system that you encounter at work or with which you are familiar.
As the introduction of the study states, "many healthcare organizations are exploring new ways to
use this data to improve health outcomes and the quality of patient care" (Laureate edu, 2015). For
instance, Methodist Hospital of Houston Texas embraces the use of database system in their
laboratory which is just one example of technology. What's helpful about using the database
systems? For example, the database
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29. The Proliferation and Advances of Computer Networks
Introduction The Proliferation and advances in computer network have led to increase Distributed
database system In Distributed Database Different user are connected for accessing the data. In
distributed database the data from the single local computer can be transferred or distributed on
various computer connected at the same physical location. The Data from the database can be
distributed to the multiple physical loacation. It is a powerful technology with great potential to help
companies focus on how to transfer information by their main branch to the different sub–branch or
collected data from their sub branch to their main branch. This is not the easy as we se there is
different types of corrupted data on the remote computers. There is also possibility of problem in
physical location. The network must be failed in between data transfer. There is also possibility of
hacking data in between tansfering. There is some techniques used by Distributed Database for
handling this types of problems during information transfering over the different networks.
I. Distributed database Distributed database is the study of how the communication can be build by
creating the data on the local computer and distributed that information on different computer
connected to the same physical loacation. With the involation of the Distributed database in the
rapid growth of the Internet can
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33. The Business Case For The Public Cloud
Enterprises around the world would be wise to heed 50 Cent's mantra "Get Rich or Die Tryin'" when
considering the implications of not "getting" to the public cloud. We at Cocolevio, an
implementation partner of Mooor Insights & Strategy, estimate that over 50% of IT spend will be
going to public cloud vendors such as Amazon Web Services or SaaS vendors like Salesforce.com
Inc. by 2019. This means there is around a $140B opportunity in this space. The cost savings,
reduction in capital spending, speed to market, flexibility and global access derived from public
cloud mean those enterprises that effectively use the public cloud are better positioned to "Get Rich"
than their competitors who have higher cost structures and less nimble IT platforms. This trend is
only set to continue as the business case for moving to public cloud only becomes more compelling,
with the traditional arguments against public cloud around security and lack of control diminishing.
Vendor lock–in will continue to be a concern but we see many companies willing to sacrifice a bit of
lock–in for the many, many benefits of public cloud.
With this in mind, it is prudent for any CIO to have a migration strategy to the public cloud. It is
now generally accepted that at least some workload and functions of an organization will need to be
moved in order to be competitive. Recently, the poster child for Amazon Inc., Netflix Inc.
announced that they closed their door on their last datacenter. Although by no
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37. Software Architecture in Banking
CSSE 377 – Software Architecture & Design II Software Architecture in Banking A Comparative
Paper on the Effectiveness of Different Software Architectures Within an Financial Banking System
JD Hill Andrew Robby Kruth Joe Salisbury Sam Varga 11/9/2010 Introduction Software
architecture design is an important aspect of our daily lives whether we know it or not. There are so
many different systems that we interact with on a daily basis that we do not recognize are closely
tied to software architecture decisions. These systems handle things from stoplights, electricity,
televisions, communications, and many other things. Another example of a software system
involved with our life is a system that powers banks and financial networks ... Show more content
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With security being a big issue, we will want to make sure that the architecture document shows the
necessary aspects that make the system secure. This could be encryption algorithms or specially
designed components that make security breaches less likely. For the modifiability of the system, we
will want to have a component catalog that goes through each aspect of the system and outlines
what its functionality is. Within this document, we will also want to see the types of feature that
could possibly be added to the system and where they would recommend additional components be
built on. Figure 2: A Flow Chart of how criteria turns into architectural decisions and documentation
Database–Driven Architecture One of the most prominent software architecture design strategies is a
repositorybased system. There are two different parts of repository based that we will look at:
Blackboard architecture and Database–driven. Both of these styles have some common aspects, but
also differ somewhat. The main component of each system is based on a central data structure. This
data structure can interact with other aspects of the system. Also, the composition of these systems
allows there to be independent computational elements. This can allow several different processes to
run at a time
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41. Distributed Database Essay
Fundamentals of Distributed Databases
In recent years, the distributed database system has been emerging as an important area of
information processing, and its popularity is increasing rapidly. A distributed database is a database
that is under the control of a central DBMS in which not all storage devices are attached to a
common CPU. It may be stored on multiple computers located in the same physical location, or may
be dispersed over a network of interconnected computers. Collections of data (e.g., in a database)
can be distributed across multiple physical locations. In short, a distributed database is a logically
interrelated collection of shared data, and a description of this data is physically distributed over a
computer network. A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are listed in the following.
Sharing of information. The major advantage in a distributed database system is the provision for
sharing information. Users at one site in a distributed system may be able to access data residing at
other sites. For example, consider an organization that has a number of branches throughout the
country. Each branch stores its own data locally. Similarly, a user in one branch can access data from
another branch; thus, information sharing is possible in a distributed system.
Faster data access. End–users in a distributed system often work with only a subset of the entire
data. If such data are locally stored and accessed, data accessing in distributed database system will
be much faster than it is in a remotely located centralized system.
Speeding up of query processing. A distributed database system makes it possible to process data at
several sites simultaneously. If a query involves data stored at several sites, it may be possible to
split the query into a number of subqueries that can be executed in parallel. Thus, query processing
becomes faster in distributed
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45. Eclipse Is An Open Source Integrated Development...
Milestone 12: Case Study–Eclipse
Yujia Xie
I. Introduction
Eclipse is an open source Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for almost every computer
programming language over a dozen platforms (Mac, Linux, Windows, etc.). In fact, it is one of the
most popular IDEs nowadays for multiple programming languages, especially Java. Back in 2001,
Eclipse 1.0 came out as a framework, a flexible architecture that served as the building tool for
developers, providing a variety of accessible toolkits, private or public, to ease to process of
programming. Over the course of time, Eclipse takes in developers' feedbacks and enhances its
accessibility and usability, releasing new versions with more functionality (i.e. Java Development
Tools, Plug–in Development Environment, Rich Client Platform, etc.).
One of the core ideas behind Eclipse is to allow users (in this case developers) to write and share
modules (i.e. toolkits), different from the previous IDEs that hides their individual building classes.
For example, the pioneer Plug–in Development Environment (PDE) for Eclipse was designed
specifically for this purpose, allowing developers to build and test their own plugins that would later
benefit the performance of Eclipse. Eclipse provide an environment that individual users can
manipulate the framework to facilitate their daily work. Like most of the open source software,
originally, Eclipse was written by a group of paid, full time developer, setting up the fundamental
structure at
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49. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Distributed Database
When geographically dispersed organization, you may choose to store them Databases on a central
database server, or to be distributed to local servers (or A combination of both). A distributed
database is one logical database that is Spread across computers physically in multiple locations that
are linked by Network data connections. We emphasize that a distributed database is really A
database. Distributed database is still Centrally managed as a resource to provide local companies
with flexibility And customization. The network must allow users to exchange data. And thus the
user (Or program) in place A must be able to access (and possibly update) data in Place B. site had
spread sites spread over a wide area system that shown in figure below ... Show more content on
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The repetition of data across multiple sites computer is one natural form of distributed data bases.
3.4.1 Data Replication
There is a popular choice for distribution data as well as the fault tolerance of the data base of the
luggage separate copy of the database in each of two or more locations. Replication may allow the
Organization to move a database off Central Departments centrally located on servers or a certain
location less than the cost of, close to the end–users. Replication techniques may use either a
database synchronous or asynchronous distributed, for example. If a copy in each location, we have
a full redundancy, which may not be practical, except only relatively small databases.
There are five advantages to copy data:
1. Reliability: Reliability if the failure of one of the sites that contain the relationship (or database), a
copy can be always found in another location without delay of the network traffic. Also available all
copies can be updated as soon as possible transactions occurred, and the nodes is not available are
updated once they return to
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53. Application Of A New Database Management System
When selecting a new database management system, determine if the vendor offers auditing,
reporting and data management tools. In addition, the software should provide application level
security and interface to the organization 's corporate–wide procedures for granting access to
systems. For example, authentication should allow a secure protocol, such as Secure Sockets Layer
(SSL). In addition, data may need to be encrypted to ensure additional protection. Application
security gateways and database firewalls understand the application and track user access. Deep
packet inspection examines each packet going over the network to the database server to determine
the type of access being attempted. Application security gateways can provide ... Show more content
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To discover and document existing organizational policies, the solution selected should be able to
automate a process of report production that covers such topics as planning and organizing for
database compliance, certification and control of database activities, risk assessment, and
investigation and disclosure of any exceptions. Having access to report templates that were built to
address SOX implementations creates an ideal situation, since such templates do not require a great
deal of setup but still have the flexibility to be customized to company needs. All database requests
must be able to be logged and a full audit trail should be easily and automatically extractable from
this information. This audit trail needs to contain such information as which data was accessed, by
whom, when, how, and from where. The exportable information can be maintained for as many
years as necessary and submitted to the proper authorities as required. Automated scheduling of
SOX workflows and audit tasks and dissemination of relevant information to responsible parties
across the organization are also great time savers, helping to increase audit process efficiency.
When potential anomalies arise, the response must be instantaneous. Automatic alerts and access
control help to handle situations in a timely and
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57. Database Management System ( Dbms )
A database management system or DBMS is a certain type of system software, which is used for the
creation, and management of databases. A DBMS serves for multiple purposes but is mainly used to
provide users and programmers with a systematic way to retrieve, create, manage, and update data.
A DBMS serves as an interface between data and its end user, making sure that data is consistently
organized and remains easily accessible to users. DBMS's are vital to several aspects of our
technological world and are responsible for the data organization of several thriving industries in
this world including banking, airlines, wealth management, manufacturers, credit card companies,
and telecommunications. A DBMS is useful for providing a view of data that can be accessed by
multiple users, from multiple locations at one time. A DBMS can act as a filter and can limit what a
user sees and also sets limits on how that user can view data. Users and programmers are free from
having to determine where the data is physically located or on what type of storage media it resides
because the DBMS simply deals with all requests. The DBMS can give both logical and physical
data independence, which means that it can protect its users or applications from needing to know
where data is stored. Although a DBMS benefits several sectors of the world, they are by far most
beneficial in business organizations. Thousands of companies depend on accurate recordings,
updates, and tracking of their data
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61. Enterprise Data Management Architecture And Implementation...
Final Project:
Enterprise Data Management Architecture and Implementation Plan
Matthew Brantner
Southern New Hampshire University
Final Project:
Enterprise Data Management Architecture and Implementation Plan Up until this point, Third Star
Financial Services has operated via a succession of mergers and acquisitions where systems were
inherited but never integrated into the network. Its data management has been virtually non–existent
and entirely ineffective. Evidence of this can be found in the absence of an enterprise–wide data
management solution and the presence of several disparate systems operating independently with no
measurable benefit to the company. Due to a lack of actionable data, management makes decisions
based on instinct rather than through analysis. A direct consequence of this is a steadily declining
market share and loss of high–level employees to competing companies. Fortunately, this
discrepancy has been identified and Third Star executives have established the new goal of
modernizing and streamlining operations. Using concepts outlined by the Data Management
Association (DAMA), this proposed enterprise architecture will allow Third Star to transform their
data from a liability to an asset.
According to Berson and Dubov (2011), there are four typical categories of drivers that explain the
need for data management: Business Development, Sales and Marketing; Customer Service; Risk,
Privacy, Compliance and Control; and Operational
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65. Managing Information Security Risks: The Octave Approach
Alberts, C. & Dorofee, A.(2003) Managing Information Security Risks: The OCTAVE Approach.
New York: Addison Wesley.
This work is a descriptive and yet process–oriented book on the concept of security risk assessment
with a specific focus on new risk evaluation methodology, OCTAVE. The term OCTAVE is used to
denote f Operationally Critical Threat, Asset, and Vulnerability Evaluation "SM".It is important that
organizations conduct a security risk evaluation in order for them to effectively evaluate their
organizational practices as well as their installed technology base so as to make the appropriate
decisions on the basis of the potential impact.
Allen, J. H.; Barnum, S.; Ellison, R. J.; McGraw, G.; & Mead, N. R. Software Security Engineering:
A Guide for Project Managers. Boston, MA: Addison–Wesley Professional, 2008 (ISBN: 978–
0321509178).
In this book Allen et al discusses the risk management plans for IT managers. The book notes that
there is no silver bullet for information security risks. The best practices are what should be used in
handling the IT risks.
Berber, M.; von Solms, R.; & Overbeek, P. "Formalizing Information Security Requirements."
Information Management and Computer Security 9, 1 (2001): 32–37.
In this paper, Berber et al discusses ways of formalizing information security requirements. They
noted that risk analysis and the concentration on threats, vulnerability and assets are the most
effective means of protecting all IT resources.
Biskup, J. &
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69. Use of Database Management Systems to Meet Business Needs.
Use of database management systems to meet business needs.
Submitted By:
Course Title: Strategic Planning for Database Systems
Date:
Introduction
Globalization and increased speed in business intensify competition, and most firms need to
continuously innovate to ensure long term competitiveness. (Bjork and Magnusson, 2009) In the last
couple of years business has seen huge transformations from the way it is conducted. Any small
business may eventually grow into a bigger one or may even develop into a huge company or
corporation in the future. However, these foreseen growth and development will not just happen in a
mouse click or a wink of an eye. This process needs hard work and proper management to flourish
each day. For ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Desktop databases are user–friendly. Desktop DBMSs usually offer an easy–to–navigate graphical
user interface * Desktop databases offer web solutions. Many modern desktop databases provide
web functionality enabling you to publish your data on the web in a static or dynamic fashion
Server Databases
Server databases, such as Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle and IBM DB2, offer organizations the
ability to manage large amounts of data efficiently and in a manner that enables many users to
access and update the data simultaneously.
The benefits achieved through the use of a server–based system are diverse. * Flexibility. Server–
based databases can handle just about any data management problem you can throw at them. *
Powerful performance. Modern databases can manage multiple high–speed processors, clustered
servers, high bandwidth connectivity and fault tolerant storage technology. * Scalability. Server
databases are able to gracefully handle a rapidly expanding amount of users and/or data.
Benefits of using Database management systems for business * A database management system will
help the businesses to maintain and use data for business operations. Database systems can store
data, maintain it and provide easy access to stored data. It allows business to store data in a central
location using a standard format. These are called as data warehouses. A data warehouse contains
both historical and current data and
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73. Annotated Bibliography On Database Algorithms
Replication: An approach to enhance
consistency in large Database clusters.
Ayyapa Reddy Pasam, ayyappayouth@gmail.com
Abstract
Database systems implemented in parallel computers is
called Database clustering. Clustering Databases provides us
with an advantage of Cost effectiveness. "A grouping of
related items stored together for efficiency of access and
resource utilization." In Relational Database the notion of
clustering is straight forward. The physical clustering of data
in this environment is extremely important to database
performance since the architecture of RDBMS systems is
heavily server–centric. In this we describe the Advantages
done for clustering through replication. The ways in which
Replication ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The process of creating and managing duplicate
versions of a database. Replication not only copies a
database but also synchronizes a set of replicas that changes

74. made to one replica are reflected in all the others. One good
feature of the replication is User can access the Local copy
of old version of database even if it is updated. Replication
is often good method of data access in database. By the
concept of replication in clusters, even if single cluster is
destroyed it does not affect all the clusters. Each cluster is
independent of other clusters. They function using their own
hardware interfaces. A replication service is required to
Maintain data consistency across these diverse
environments. Distribution reduces the network costs for
query access, and it improves application availability and
consistency. In this we first discuss about cluster
architecture, replication, types in the next section,
Implementation of replication, Tools available in next
section, problems with replication, how to overcome those
problems and ensure consistency.
2. Multi master cluster architecture
Coming to this architecture, it consists of group of N nodes
which indeed are clusters each having connection to a fast
network. Let us know about node interior.
Request router takes care of user requests. User
authentication is done at the request router. It takes care of
routing the user requests to specific application

75. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

79. The Process And Harness Large Amount Of Data And Use That...
Executive Summary
Problem: How to process and harness large amount of data and use that information effectively.
Solution: The solution involves multiple components:
Continually develop solutions to organize and compress information so that large swaths of data
take up less and less space.
Use technology to increase time and speed.
Develop and foster a balanced system environment that effectively uses power, storage, and
networks to efficiently return desired query results.
Take advantage of innovation in external business environments and ensure system compatibility.
While the companies to be compared have developed effective models for big data analysis and
organization, each does so differently. Briefly summarized and to be ... Show more content on
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Introduction Innovations in computer processing, data storage, analytics software coupled with
reduced costs have contributed to the emergence of "big data" as a mainstay in the world of
Information Technology. It is no secret that businesses have been looking for ways to parse and
effectively convert the vast amounts the data they 've been able to collect since technology has
allowed them to do so. However, until recently, that has proven either too expensive or arduous of a
process. Peter Sloot, in a call for papers referring to this very topic addresses what is known as the
'Big Data ' problem,
"Such 'Data Explosions ' has led to one of the most challenging research issues of the current
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) era: how to effectively and optimally manage
such large amount of data and identify new ways to analyze large amounts of data for unlocking
information. The issue is also known as the 'Big Data ' problem, which is defined as the practice of
collecting complex data sets so large that it becomes difficult to analyze and interpret manually or
using on–hand data management applications. From the perspective of real–world applications, the
Big Data problem has also become a common phenomenon in domain of science, medicine,
engineering, and commerce"
With emerging analytic capabilities, however, businesses are able to use the data to better predict,
communicate,
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83. Annotated Bibliography On Database Management Systems
The ability to store information has always been important for our survival. In the beginning,
information used to be shared by word of mouth. Then, with the invention of writing, data slowly
started to be stored in books kept in libraries, sorted in specific order that made them easily
accessible. Finally, the invention of the computers led to the evolution of databases.
Databases are important, because thanks to them humans are able to store and later on retrieve
information. The way in which databases arise is very simple. It all begins as a list in a word–
processing system. As the size of the list increases, the data starts to appear inconsistent. If this
occurs, Database Management Systems come to help, due to the fact they can store a large amount
of information in a number of tables linked to each other. Programs such as Access are able to add
new data to a database or make changes to already existing data from the database; they are even
able to delete information.
These features assist people in analyzing and categorizing information in the following way:
Tables lie in the core of any given database. Thanks to them, the possibility of redundancy is greatly
reduced. A database can consist of a number of different tables which enables the researcher to break
information down into smaller (and easier to analyse) pieces. Just like spread sheets, they consist of
rows (also called records) and columns (fields). By using records, researchers are able to combine
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87. Web Service : Database Objects Implementation
A Report on 'PeopleProfile Web Service – Database objects implementation'
At
American Express India Pvt. Ltd.
Submitted by
Priya Venkatraman
PRN: 14030241027
MBA (IT Business Management)
(2014–2016)
Symbiosis Centre for Information Technology
(A constituent member of Symbiosis International University (SIU), est., under Section 3 of UGC
Act, 1956 by Notification No. F.9–12/2001–U–3 of Govt. of India)
Year of submission 2015
Symbiosis Centre for Information Technology
A constituent member of Symbiosis International (Deemed University) (SIDU), Est. Under Section
3 of UGC Act, 1956 by Notification No. F.9–12/2001–U–3 of Govt. of India
Certificate
This is to certify that the project entitled "PeopleProfile Web Service – Database objects
Implementation" is a bonafide work done by Ms. Priya Venkatraman, PRN–14030241027 of MBA
ITBM (2014–2016) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Business
Administration of this Institute.
Internal Evaluator External Evaluator Director
Prof. Dr. Sudhir Sharan Name & Signature Dr. Dhanya Promod
Date: / / 2015
Place: Pune
Seal of the Institute

88. Acknowledgement
It is my great pleasure to present my work on the summer training project at American Express India
Pvt. Ltd. It has been a truly fantastic and enriching experience to be associated with the
organization.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank my guide
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92. Enterprise Architecture Justification Paper Va Dmv
Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles
Enterprise Architecture Justification Paper
Case Study
Written by:
June 14, 2000
IFSM 311
Professor
To consider what enterprise architecture means, it is important to understand its origin. All
architecture within information technology can track its ancestry back to the lessons learned from
building architecture. Enterprise Architecture is the description and visualization of the structure, a
blueprint if you will, of a given area of contemplation, its elements and their collaborations and
interrelations links vision, strategy and feasibility, focusing on usability durability and effectiveness.
Architecture enables construction, defining principles, rules, standards and guidelines, ... Show more
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More advantages of having an enterprise architecture include improved decision making, improved
adaptability to changing demands or market conditions, elimination of inefficient and redundant
processes, optimization of the use of organizational assets, and minimization of employee turnover
(Rouse, 2015). The cost–savings, business improvement, new customer segments and major new
competitive strategies can bring significant return on investment (ROI) utilizing the enterprise
architecture program. The strategic planning process which converts a business vision and strategy
into an effective enterprise change is the goal of enterprise architecture program (McGovern,
Ambler, Stevens, Linn, 2004).
The Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) Customer–centric, Service Oriented, State–of–the–art,
Secure, Intelligent (CSI) systems redesign project would benefit from the application and use of an
enterprise architecture program. The enterprise architecture team will work with many stakeholders
within the DMV organization to outline the goals of the organization in terms of requirements,
values, and ideal solutions that will help reach their objectives. The blueprinted solution needs to be
customer focused and service oriented while addressing all of the DMV CSI redesign properties
which includes system security, and state–of–the–art methods to support the new processes. Some
more applicable benefits of having an Enterprise
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96. Global Data And Its Attendant Complexities Has Spawned A...
The rise of Big Data and its attendant complexities has spawned a whole ecosystem to support the
ever growing requirements of a 24x7 world. One of the key technologies coming out of the initial
stages of Big Data has been Hadoop. Conceived in response to the rapidly growing needs of
Yahoo!'s search engine, Hadoop provides a mechanism to store and collect vast amounts of data
across a highly distributed environment using commodity hardware. As Big Data grew and
environments supporting Big Data become more robust, the data being stored by businesses evolved
in complexity as well. All manner of nonstandard text (music, images, freeform text, videos) began
being captured in the Big Data ecosystem. The changing needs of the data environment resulted in
the creation of NoSQL databases. These databases (built on work done at Google and at Amazon)
were optimized to store and retrieve data modeled using non–traditional non–tabular entities. And of
course, Big Data cannot exist in a vacuum – it requires tools to process, analyze, and display the
vast amounts of information in a manner comprehensible to mere humans. This has led to the rise of
Big Data BI. While BI has been a staple of IT infrastructure and database environments for decades,
the rise of Big Data has created new requirements. The sheer volume of information requires
specialized capabilities to just pull the data together. In addition, the speed of business no longer
allows for the traditional IT–centric "gather
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100. Information Management, The Data, And Infrastructure
Harnessing Information Management, the Data, and Infrastructure Today's competitive consumer
market warrants retailers, such as Macy's, and other big business owners to find solutions for
managing enormous amounts of collected consumer data. This writer ascertains information
management to be an imperative operational part of an organization because the compiled
information is used to assess the past performance of a company as well as predict future events and
happenings. (Accelops, 2015). Well–organized information management systems afford business
owners the ability to collect, process and interpret data. Collected data sets can include nearly all
aspects of business operations, including sales revenues, production costs and employee output. This
can also include data analytics compiled from consumer purchasing and spending habits, as well as
consumer internet browsing patterns. Retailers assess the collected data, compare it to previous time
frames and then use it in their projections for seasonal or holiday production strategies. In this paper
this writer will continue to determine the importance of information management related to Macy's.
This writer will analyze the impact of IT architecture on information management, and determine if
it influences the effectiveness or efficiency of information management. Additionally, this writer
will suggest two data storage methods and conclude by determining the optimal data storage method
for Macy's. Impact of IT
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104. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Https
HTTPS is an abbreviation for Hypertext Transfer protocol secure, a protocol to transfer encrypted
data over the web. Tim–Berners Lee in 200 developed HTTP, HTTPS is an extension to this as a
measurement of security. It is primarily used for making online payments, email and sensitive
data.HTTPS is a secure solution to HTTP as it encrypts Data sent and received with SSL HTTP
transfers data as plain text. SSL is an abbreviation of Secure Socket Layers, which was created by
Netscape as an internet and webs security level to transfer data securely. SSL is part of TLS
Transport Layer Security protocol. TLS ensures confidentiality between an end device, applications
and the web. TLS is essential in client–server model because it only allows authenticated users to
view and send data.HTTPS uses this security measure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An advantage of REST is its simplicity when compared to Simple Object Access Protocol SOAP,
which requires writing or using a provided server program and a client program. Roy Fielding
created the principles of REST architecture in the year 2000. REST has proved to be a popular
choice for implementing Web Services this is used by online retail giants Amazon.
An application or architecture considered REST–ful or REST–style is characterized by:
State and Functionality division categorically across resource
Use HTTP commands of GET, POST, PUT, or DELETE over the Internet. Every resource is
uniquely addressable using a uniform and minimal set of commands.
The protocol is often client/server.
The majority of web–page are made using this same architectural method which indicates the
popularity of REST in web development.
There are various benefits of using REST in the designing of web applications one of these is the
importance REST applies on security. REST is popular due to the various security measures and
other
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108. New Pains, New Gains
New Pains, New Gains:
Distributed Database
Solutions are on their way
D atabase is a collection of data which describes the activities of one or more organizations in a
well–defined structure and the structure of a database is specific and it has a purpose. Database
Management System (DBMS) is used to control or organize the data in a database. Database
Management System (DBMS) is also used for maintaining large collections of data. Distributed
database can be defined as a collection of various databases which can be stored at different
computer network locations. In this paper we discuss about Distributed Databases, their advantages
and disadvantages.
In a distributed database system, all the databases or the storage devices are not connected to a
single common processing unit like CPU. The various data may be stored at different physical
locations in multiple computers that are located in the same physical location; or they may be inter–
connected over a network. In other words, distributed database system consists of various data
locations but they do not share any physical components. For example, let us consider an
organization has branches in various locations and the organization has decided to store databases
on one node or a central computer and to distribute them to local computers. The central node is the
distributed database and it is a single logical database which is spread across different local
computers and they are all connected over a network.
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112. What Are The Security Challenges In Distributed Database
Security challenges in Distributed Databases
Koushik Kashojjula
Graduate Student
College of Computing and Informatics
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Email: kkashojj@uncc.edu
Abstract – The rapid growth of information processing industries led to the development of
distributed database systems. In such systems data is stored in several locations which are
interconnected. The data on several computers can be accessed and modified simultaneously using a
network. Local DBMS controls every database server in the distributed database and helps to
maintain consistency of the global database. In distributed database, a lot of data communication
takes place owing to the diversified location of data, users, and transactions. Data may ... Show
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The concept is called Distributed Databases.
As per various experts Distributed database management system is majors build on two concepts:
Fragmentation: It is the process of dividing the data into multiple fragments and storing in it
different locations based on the usage of data. The fragmentation should be done in a such a way
that the reconstruction of original database is possible.
Replication: It is process of maintaining two congruent databases such that even one crashes the
other node can be used as a backup. As these databases are stored in different geographic locations
there will be a significant reduction of network load.
There are two types of Distributed Database management systems. They are Homogeneous and
Heterogeneous database management systems.
1.1. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
This study report aims at identifying the possible security challenges for Distributed database
systems and suggests some of the possible solutions for the challenges identified.
2. FACTORS LEADING TO USE OF DISTRIBUTED DATABASES
– Economic reasons

113. – Connecting databases that already exists
– Reducing data transfer over network
– Reliability
– Greater control
– Considering heavy data growth
2.1. TYPES OF DISTRIBUTED DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Homogeneous Database management systems is a system in which every system has exactly similar
software and infrastructure and they are aware of the mutual interaction for processing
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117. Performance Through Pushdown Processing in Informatica 8.6
WHITE PAPER
How to Obtain Flexible, Cost–effective Scalability and Performance through Pushdown Processing
Under the Hood of the Pushdown Optimization Option Now Available Through Informatica
PowerCenter 8
This document contains Confidential, Proprietary and Trade Secret Information ("Confidential
Information") of Informatica Corporation and may not be copied, distributed, duplicated, or
otherwise reproduced in any manner without the prior written consent of Informatica. While every
attempt has been made to ensure that the information in this document is accurate and complete,
some typographical errors or technical inaccuracies may exist. Informatica does not accept
responsibility for any kind of loss resulting from the use of ... Show more content on
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Driven by accelerated productivity gains and ever–increasing performance, "state of the art" data
integration platforms, such as Informatica® PowerCenter®, handle the vast majority of today's
scenarios quite effectively. PowerCenter has enjoyed wide acceptance and use by high–volume
customers representing companies and government organizations of all sizes. Based on this use,
Informatica has identified performance scenarios where processing data in a source or target
database–instead of within the data integration server–can lead to significant performance gains.
These scenarios are primarily where data is "co–located" within a common database instance, such
as when staging and production reside in a single Oracle relational database management system
(RDBMS) or where a large investment has been made in database hardware and software that can
provide additional processing power. With these scenarios in mind, Informatica Corporation set out
to deliver a solution that delivers the best of both worlds without incurring undo configuration and
management burden; a solution that best leverages the performance capabilities of its data
integration server and/or the processing power of a relational database interchangeably to
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121. Database Management Systems ( Dbms )
Data is at the centre of most today's businesses and businesses must pay close attention to how they
access, store and use data. One of the systems at the heart of current data management is different
database management system.
But as with most technology product out there, people have a wide range of database technologies
and systems to choose from. Picking out the most convenient for your business can be difficult.
This guide will hope to explain what database management systems are and what are the benefits for
using one. We'll also explain some of the most common distinctions between these technologies and
provide you a few tips on how to select the best system for your business.
Introduction to database management systems
What are database management systems (DBMS)? First, it's good to understand the different
components of DBMS. At the core of DBMS is database, which is essentially an organised
collection of data. The data in database is modelled in reality in a manner, which helps supports
processes that seek information.
Creating a database is simple, but you also need to be able to use the database for different
functions. This is where database management systems come to the rescue.
A DBMS is a computer software application, which helps to interact with the user of the database,
different applications, as well the database itself in order to gather and analyse data. A DBMS allows
interaction with the data, whether it is to create, analyse, delete or change
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125. File Management Systems And Data Base Management System
3.) Write the differences between file management system and data base management system
A.)File Management System:–
1. Scarcely no. of files used
2. Doesn't furnish collateral 3. Data redundancy is muddle loss of integrity. (accurate and consistent
data)
4. Data is isolated
5. Data ingress takes lot of times
6. Concurrency control is not possible single user system
7. Compact preliminary design
8. Transaction concept not used
9. Data redundancy
10. Difficult data ingress
11. Integrity muddle
12. Atomicity muddle
13. Contemporaneous ingress anomalies
14. Collateral muddle
15. Long burgeoning
16. Tightly–couple data–program relationship
Database Management System:–
1. Large no. of files used
2. Better collateral , username and password
3. Redundancy muddle is solved data is independent
4. Data is integrated
5. Scarcely time
6. Multiple user ingress data at same time
7. Epic undying design
8. Important in DBMS
9. Data consistency
10. Simple data ingress
11. Integrity constraint
12. Ensure atomicity
13. Concurrency control
14. Authorization mechanism
15. Short burgeoning
16. Data independence

126. 4.) Write about Database users.
A.) Database user names are global across a database. Database users interact with database objects.
Every database object has its owner–the user that created it. Every user and role has its creator. In
order to bootstrap the database, a freshly created database always contains one predefined DBA user
with name "SYSTEM" and password "MANAGER". To start
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130. Three E-Business Marketing Strategies
Abstract:
Advancement in the internet and information Technology provides several opportunities and
different channels for businesses to market to products services. Deploying an effective targeted e–
marketing campaigns an important strategic decision for businesses to stay competitive and to
increase profitability. The three e–business marketing strategies are: e–commerce website, e–
marketing and web services using underlying web technologies including Extensible Markup
Language, Simple object Access protocol, Web Services Description Language and Universal
Descript on, Discovery and International specification using NuSOAP Web Services Toolkit for
PHP, HTML, My SQL, HTTP etc. We evaluate the effectiveness of the web technologies used ...
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The company took in to account product features, costs, staff training needs and costs maintenance
and upgrade costs, data conversion costs, IT equipment upgrade costs to meet the various product
specification requirements.
Proposed solution to solve of problems and challenges for externally hosted platforms, the popular
choice is between Microsoft Windows Web Server and Linux running Apache Web Server.
Microsoft Windows Web Server support Microsoft native programming language ASP.net from the
.net frame work family. Linux Apache Web Server does not support ASP.net. Another web
technologies decision to make is the specifications, frame works and toolkits to use for deploying
the web services. A web service according to Glass is software service "that accepts digital requests
and returns digital responses". Many people think that the term web service is a specialized service
that can be used across the World Wide Web that lead to opinions like "Web services will fail
because there won't be enough demand for subscriptions to internet software services.
Web service is a specialized service that can be used across the World Wide Web that lead to
opinions like "web services will fail because there won't be enough demand for subscriptions to
internet
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134. The Purpose Of Database Software
In the first task I am going to discuss in detail the uses and the purpose of database software. The
purpose of database software includes many reasons, which include that Database software can store
a considerable amount of data very quickly and they take up a very small amount of space. Also
Database software can organise data appropriately, which means that the data isn't difficult to find,
so you can find the data with ultimate ease and very quickly. Furthermore Database software allows
you to easily sort the data in the way that you require the data to be, for example if you wanted to
sort the data in ascending order of surnames, then that is what the data would display. In addition to
what I have mentioned, security is also a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another purpose of Database software is that it allows people to access and view the same database
during the same time. This is done by a computer system called 'Multi Access' which is a local area
network (LAN), that allows people who are permitted to view the data at the same time. Finally the
last purpose that I am going to discuss of Database software is that it allows you to import the data
into other programs, for example if you wanted to let a patient know that their eye test is due, then
you could create a "mail–merge" letter to the patient by using the data in the database software.
The reasons why various organisations use databases are because databases can be used to improve
productivity. The term 'productivity' basically means the "average measure of the efficiency of
production". For example this can be done by "collaborative working". The term "collaborative
working" means "the act of two or more people or organizations working together for a particular
purpose", this definition I received off a website named 'http://dictionary.cambridge.org/'. My own
definition of "collaborative working" is when people work as partners for a fixed time to fulfil a
specific purpose. Collaborative working improves productivity in databases, as by working as
partners you are sharing and receiving different kinds of information, so this
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138. Cis: 111 Strayer University Assignment 1 Essay
Assignment 1: Business rules and Data Models
CIS 111: Introduction to Relational Database Management Systems
Purpose of Database
Spellman University had requested that I develop a database for their college. The purpose of the
database will be to track the students and the courses. There also will be a place in the system to
track the instructors teaching each course. There are many things to be considered in composing this
database. This paper will outline the entities, attributes for each entity, the type of relationship,
constraints, some business rules, and the conceptual and physical models.
Entities and Attributes of Database There will be three main entities in the system; the students, the
instructors and the courses. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The students would have to either prolong their time for the course or the institution would have to
find more students to fill the second class.
There will be many different constraints in the database. An example of a constraint is one if the
students' GPA will have to be between 0.00 and 4.00. Another example would be that each class can
only have one instructor. There would be a constraint on the social security number ensuring that
there are only nine numbers and in the format is xxx–xx–xxxx, and each individual number would
be between 0 and 9. There would be a constraint for the telephone numbers as well. Each individual
number would be between 0 and 9 in the format of (xxx)–xxx–xxxx.
Conceptual vs. Physical Model
The conceptual model will have all of the attributes from the students as well as the instructors. It
will also have the all of the constraints. This model will have software and hardware independency.
At this level any changes to the database management system will not affect this model. The
physical model will take all the information that comes from the conceptual model and describe it so
that it can be saved and stored. This model will need to know the physical storage device and access
method so that it can reach the information stored in the devices. The physical model, not like the
conceptual, will be both software and hardware
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142. Assessing the Functional and Technical Architecture of...
Assessing the Functional and Technical Architecture of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Systems In Higher Education
Introduction
The foundational role of an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system within an institution of
higher education is to serve as a system of record for all interactions while also synchronizing the
many systems, processes and platforms to a series of strategic objectives. At the most fundamental,
foundational level, an ERP system is a system of record, tracking all transactions, activities, and
interchanges between and within departments to ensure information accuracy and fidelity across a
learning institution (Okunoye, Frolick, Crable, 2006). ERP systems are moving away from being
monolithic in scope, focused on the broadest and most common processes to concentrating on
specific, highly customizable workflows throughout institutions of higher education. This shift in
ERP system design is leading to more agile, responsive ERP system components that can more
accurately align to the changing needs of stakeholders throughout learning institutions (Fowler,
Gilfillan, 2003). The intent of this analysis is to evaluate how the functional and technical
architectures of ERP systems are shifting from being purely functionally–based to supporting roles–
based access and use in higher education (Chen, Razi, Tarn, 2009). This is a critical development in
the maturation of ERP platforms in higher education as it is allowing for the aligning of student
modules
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146. Relational Database And Relational Databases
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Graph Databases
A graph database represents data and relationships between this data using concepts from graph data
structures like nodes, edges and properties. Nodes represents the data entities, properties represent
information about the nodes and edges which connect two nodes or a node and a property represent
the relationship between the connected elements. [1] Figure 3.1 Property Graph Model [2]
3.1.2 Triple stores
Triple store is a specific implementation of a graph database that is optimized for storing and
retrieval of triples. A triple is a representation of data in subject–predicate–object relationship. [3]
3.2 Comparison with Relational Database systems
3.2.1 Graph Database and Relational database
Relational databases have a fixed schema. Each table is a set of rows, each of which has a fixed set
of attributes. This type of structure implies that all the rows have values for all the attributes for this
representation to be efficient. However, in recent years, there has been an explosion of unstructured
information like tweets, product reviews, semantic web etc which cannot be represented in the
structured format demanded by the tables. Moreover, it becomes very difficult to find patterns in a
table as it would involve joins of many tables. In contrast, in graph databases, each element in the
database contains a direct connection to its adjacent element. This information helps us to easily find
the interconnectedness of the nodes and
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150. What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Dbms
 Economy of scale – Combining all the organization's operational data into one database and
creating a set of applications that work on this one source of data can result in cost savings. In this
case, the budget that would normally be allocated to each department for the development and
maintenance of its file–based system can be combined, possibly resulting in a lower total cost,
leading to an economy of scale.
 Balance of conflicting requirements – Each user or department has needs that may be in conflict
with the needs of other users. Because the database is under the control of the DBA, the DBA can
make decisions about the design and operational use of the database that provide the best use of
resources for the organization as a whole. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, a single–user DBMS for a personal computer may only cost $100. However, a large
mainframe multi–user DBMS servicing hundreds of users can be extremely expensive, which is
typically a high percentage of the list price.
 Additional hardware costs – The disk storage requirements for the DBMS and the database may
necessitate the purchase of additional storage space. Furthermore, to achieve the required
performance, it may be necessary to purchase a larger machine, perhaps even a machine dedicated to
running the DBMS. The procurement of additional hardware results in further expenditure
 Cost of conversion – the cost of the DBMS and extra hardware may be relatively small compared
with the cost of converting existing applications to run on the new DBMS and hardware .This cost is
one of the main reasons why some organizations feel tied to their current systems and cannot switch
to more modern database technology.
 Performance – the DBMS is written to be more general, to cater for many applications rather than
just one. The result is that some applications may not run as fast as they used
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154. Survey On Graph Databases : Graph Database
Survey on graph databases
XIAOTONG FU
Informatics, University of Edinburgh
Abstract. Graph databases, also called graph–oriented database, is a type of not only SQL (NoSQL)
database based on graph theory that can store, map and query data relationships. Because this kind
of database ensures its robust performance in processing graph–like data, it has been widely used in
industry, for instance, Facebook and Twitter are using graph databases to store and analyze their user
pro les. This paper re– viewed motivations and development of graph databases. Then it sur–
veyed ve typical implementations (Apache Giraph, DEX/Sparksee, Hy– perGraphDB, Neo4j, Titan)
of this kind of databases via four dimensions
(data model, storage system, query method, API and tools). The re– sults of comparison gure out
the limits and strengths of di erent graph databases. 1 Introduction
In 1970 E.F.Codd published the paper A relational model of data for large shared data banks"[13]
where the relational model was proposed. After decades of development Relational Database
Management System (RDBMS) based on this model has become the most prevailing technology for
the storage and anal– ysis of data today. However, because of the thrive new internet technologies
such as web 2.0 sites[20], the growing number of internet users, as well as the increasing data
sources like mobiles, sensors, the datasets developers face are becoming unprecedentedly large and
complex that it is hard to process in tradi–
tional
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158. What Are Database Management?
What is Database Management In the new age of business it has become a must to keep up with its
always–upgraded systems and technology. If a Business has useful information about the needs of
clients within its market, it can design a better way of marketing its product and earn a larger market
share. If a business knows what their competition is doing, the business can then develop a strategy
around its competitors to meet or better their competitors, which helps that business with the
information on its competitor gain a competitive advantage. If that business has the inside
information about its current customers, it can help that company build a personal relationship with
it customers and influence their perception of the company and ... Show more content on
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At this point the data should be reliable and have little to no mistakes within it and as like
everything else in business there is a deadline for when the data should be distributed. Continuously
improving data accuracy can increase the trust of a business. This can be done by identifying and
outliers of data that seems a bit off, and continuously cleansing and monitoring quality over time no
matter how big and what format the file is in. ETL (extract transform load) tools can help de dupe,
validate, standardized things such as addresses and company name, and enrich your data. By doing
these things it helps you create clean high quality data for your own use or to sell. External
references are used to do all this data hygiene to perform things like cleaning up postal records or
even having the right business name. The data at the end of the process should not only be reliable
but should fit the client's needs and the needs of the data users such as data engineers. This data
typically has ID's associated with it to make it easier to manipulate and allow for other engineer's
easy use with such data in specific tools such as red point an ETL (Extract Transform Load)
Acquiring the Data After planning on what data is needed a company must come up with a method
of acquiring the data. Collecting new data, converting or transforming data that
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