This document summarizes a systematic review of reviews on infodemics and health misinformation. The review examined how evidence-based studies address issues related to infodemics. It found that diverse types of information have been published on infodemics across five major areas. The reviews highlighted several opportunities and challenges around infodemics, including evaluating holistic impacts and countering misinformation. However, the methodological quality of published systematic reviews on infodemics still needs improvement.
This systematic review analyzed 31 systematic reviews related to infodemics and health misinformation. The reviews found that:
1) Social media platforms, including Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and Instagram, are critical in spreading health misinformation rapidly during crises.
2) Negative consequences of health misinformation include increasing vaccination hesitancy, distorting the interpretation of scientific evidence, and decreasing trust in governments and health systems.
3) Reviews highlighted opportunities for using social media to combat misinformation, but also identified poor quality in primary studies during health emergencies.
20200405 MEDical INTelligence Platform INTRO.pdffcoalberto
The document describes the Medical Intelligence Platform (MIP), an AI-powered software that can help detect disease outbreaks through digital surveillance of multiple data sources. MIP processes data sources like social media, medical reports, and scientific literature to generate alerts about potential disease outbreaks. It also helps decision-makers respond to outbreaks by organizing relevant information through medical taxonomies and monitoring social impacts and public sentiment. MIP aims to support more timely disease detection and response compared to traditional surveillance methods.
This document outlines the purpose and context of a research study on the impact of health education on HIV prevention in Canada. [1] The study aims to understand how education impacts various intervention programs and factors that help education be successful. [2] It will also seek to understand perceptions incorporated in education that help HIV education programs. [3] Key issues examined will include whether education targets at-risk groups and whether service providers are flexible in assisting people with HIV.
Mitochondrial Disease Community Registry: First look at the data, perspectiv...SophiaZilber
Patient-populated registries are an important component of rare disease communities for many
reasons, including their use as a tool for gathering opinions on specific topics. The Mitochondrial
Disease Community Registry (MDCR) was launched in 2014 for this purpose as well as to identify and
characterize mitochondrial disease patients from the patient perspective. Data collected over a four
year period and provided by adult mitochondrial disease patients and caregivers of pediatric
mitochondrial disease patients in response to a single survey are presented. Primary findings include
the importance of clinician-patient communication, need for treatment and cure, impact of the disease
on the entire life of a person, and quality of life as top issues as described by patients. Despite multiple
challenges, patients are hopeful about the future and thankful for the survey. Efforts should be made
to identify ways to better support patients, improve communication, and create more trusting and
healing relationships between patients and doctors. Additionally, data quality checks showed that more
clear and simple questions and shorter more-targeted surveys are needed in order to get accurate
and meaningful data that can be used for analysis and research in the future.
This document summarizes a scoping review and bibliometric analysis of literature on the application of e-mental health in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The review identified 356 publications between December 2019 and March 2021. Most early publications were nonempirical commentaries or opinions, while empirical studies emerged later as the pandemic progressed. The US contributed the most articles, though middle-income countries also contributed notable numbers. Articles covered a wide range of topics related to specific mental disorders, eHealth modalities, issues and challenges, and populations of interest. The review found that COVID-19 accelerated the use of e-mental health to overcome barriers related to health systems, services, technologies, providers, and patients. However, further research is still
This document discusses risk communication principles for influenza events. It begins by defining risk communication and explaining its importance for public health responses. It describes how the public perceives risks and how perceptions are influenced by factors like control and familiarity. The document outlines lessons from past outbreaks that effective risk communication requires building trust, acknowledging uncertainty, coordination, transparency, and involving affected communities. It recommends steps for risk communication including knowing when and to whom to communicate and translating scientific information for different audiences. The key principles of risk communication are creating and maintaining trust and understanding public concerns.
This document discusses occupational health and safety management systems and high-performance work systems. It defines biomedical and health informatics, public health informatics, visual analytics, and geovisualization. It presents the University of Illinois Health system's current paper-based occupational health workflow and its proposed electronic, data-driven workflow using Qualtrics, ESRI, IBM SPSS, and Cerner software. It demonstrates predictive analytics on employee health reports to provide real-time metrics and optimize decisions using geographic information systems.
This systematic review analyzed 31 systematic reviews related to infodemics and health misinformation. The reviews found that:
1) Social media platforms, including Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and Instagram, are critical in spreading health misinformation rapidly during crises.
2) Negative consequences of health misinformation include increasing vaccination hesitancy, distorting the interpretation of scientific evidence, and decreasing trust in governments and health systems.
3) Reviews highlighted opportunities for using social media to combat misinformation, but also identified poor quality in primary studies during health emergencies.
20200405 MEDical INTelligence Platform INTRO.pdffcoalberto
The document describes the Medical Intelligence Platform (MIP), an AI-powered software that can help detect disease outbreaks through digital surveillance of multiple data sources. MIP processes data sources like social media, medical reports, and scientific literature to generate alerts about potential disease outbreaks. It also helps decision-makers respond to outbreaks by organizing relevant information through medical taxonomies and monitoring social impacts and public sentiment. MIP aims to support more timely disease detection and response compared to traditional surveillance methods.
This document outlines the purpose and context of a research study on the impact of health education on HIV prevention in Canada. [1] The study aims to understand how education impacts various intervention programs and factors that help education be successful. [2] It will also seek to understand perceptions incorporated in education that help HIV education programs. [3] Key issues examined will include whether education targets at-risk groups and whether service providers are flexible in assisting people with HIV.
Mitochondrial Disease Community Registry: First look at the data, perspectiv...SophiaZilber
Patient-populated registries are an important component of rare disease communities for many
reasons, including their use as a tool for gathering opinions on specific topics. The Mitochondrial
Disease Community Registry (MDCR) was launched in 2014 for this purpose as well as to identify and
characterize mitochondrial disease patients from the patient perspective. Data collected over a four
year period and provided by adult mitochondrial disease patients and caregivers of pediatric
mitochondrial disease patients in response to a single survey are presented. Primary findings include
the importance of clinician-patient communication, need for treatment and cure, impact of the disease
on the entire life of a person, and quality of life as top issues as described by patients. Despite multiple
challenges, patients are hopeful about the future and thankful for the survey. Efforts should be made
to identify ways to better support patients, improve communication, and create more trusting and
healing relationships between patients and doctors. Additionally, data quality checks showed that more
clear and simple questions and shorter more-targeted surveys are needed in order to get accurate
and meaningful data that can be used for analysis and research in the future.
This document summarizes a scoping review and bibliometric analysis of literature on the application of e-mental health in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The review identified 356 publications between December 2019 and March 2021. Most early publications were nonempirical commentaries or opinions, while empirical studies emerged later as the pandemic progressed. The US contributed the most articles, though middle-income countries also contributed notable numbers. Articles covered a wide range of topics related to specific mental disorders, eHealth modalities, issues and challenges, and populations of interest. The review found that COVID-19 accelerated the use of e-mental health to overcome barriers related to health systems, services, technologies, providers, and patients. However, further research is still
This document discusses risk communication principles for influenza events. It begins by defining risk communication and explaining its importance for public health responses. It describes how the public perceives risks and how perceptions are influenced by factors like control and familiarity. The document outlines lessons from past outbreaks that effective risk communication requires building trust, acknowledging uncertainty, coordination, transparency, and involving affected communities. It recommends steps for risk communication including knowing when and to whom to communicate and translating scientific information for different audiences. The key principles of risk communication are creating and maintaining trust and understanding public concerns.
This document discusses occupational health and safety management systems and high-performance work systems. It defines biomedical and health informatics, public health informatics, visual analytics, and geovisualization. It presents the University of Illinois Health system's current paper-based occupational health workflow and its proposed electronic, data-driven workflow using Qualtrics, ESRI, IBM SPSS, and Cerner software. It demonstrates predictive analytics on employee health reports to provide real-time metrics and optimize decisions using geographic information systems.
A Communicator's Guide to COVID-19 VaccinationSarah Jackson
This guide provides research, theories, models, and recommendations for communicating about COVID-19 vaccines effectively. Key points include:
1. Vaccine hesitancy is influenced by perceptions of risk and safety rather than just lack of information. Tailored communication for different audiences is important.
2. Marginalized groups have lower vaccine confidence due to historic inequities. Their input and addressing cultural factors are critical.
3. Healthcare providers are the most trusted source but must have adequate knowledge, resources and confidence in the vaccine themselves.
4. Identifying and engaging with opinion leaders in target communities can increase uptake through social influence. Understanding anti-vaccination movements is also important.
This document discusses using internet data for medical research purposes. It outlines various data sources that can be used, including web search data, social media posts, and medical records aggregated online. The document also discusses how to link this internet-derived data to established medical ground truths and how different study designs like cohort studies and case-control studies can be conducted using digital information. Privacy and ethics are also highlighted as important considerations for this type of research.
This document summarizes findings from interviews with 33 infection control liaisons from VA facilities regarding communication and information sharing during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Key findings include that the most common barriers to effective communication were information overload and contradictory information from different sources. Facilitators included timely and organized information from multiple channels. Recommendations focused on developing standardized educational materials and communication plans within facilities to disseminate information and prevent future issues.
This document summarizes findings from 4 rounds of surveys conducted in Ukraine between May and June 2020 to monitor public knowledge, risk perceptions, behaviors and trust regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. Key findings include low COVID-19 risk perception among most respondents, generally low trust in authorities, and high worries about loved ones' health. While knowledge of protective measures is high, some misperceptions exist, particularly among those with low education. Informal information sources like family and friends are most used and trusted. The summaries provide discussion questions and recommendations for tailored communications and outreach strategies.
Overview of Health Informatics: survey of fundamentals of health information technology, Identify the forces behind health informatics, educational and career opportunities in health informatics.
White Paper HDI_big data and prevention_EN_Nov2016Anne Gimalac
This document discusses the potential role of big data and genomics in cancer treatment and prevention. It describes how genome sequencing is becoming more routine in cancer research and treatment to better understand cancers and personalize therapies. However, true big data approaches analyzing large, diverse genomic datasets have not yet been widely applied. Major technological, organizational, and economic challenges remain to fully realize the promise of precision, personalized 6P medicine based on big data and molecular diagnostics.
Covid 19 Electronic Health Record Utilization Paper.pdfsdfghj21
1. The document discusses research conducted on various topics related to operating an Alzheimer's and dementia facility, including electronic health record utilization, academic affiliations, hospice services, outcomes and clinical assessments, lab services, direct patient care ratios, and costs.
2. Popular electronic health record systems can be accessed anywhere via cloud-based software and range from inexpensive to sizable investments depending on needs.
3. Several local universities offer academic affiliations through palliative care fellowship programs.
4. Research is crucial for understanding, treating, and preventing Alzheimer's and plays an important role through funding and clinical trials.
Presentation to the Norfolk Medical and Surgical Society, January 21st 2022 on the current state of the pandemic worldwide and in the UK and other global and planetary threats to health and how to 'plan for an outbreak of health'
20220125middleton medchi
The Large Data Demonstration Project aims to create a timely and workable national health data network design through a test project. It seeks to concurrently address governance issues and demonstrate improvements in care. The project intends to validate the temporal and cost efficiencies of such a network system. Overall, the demonstration project explores building the foundation for a national Learning Health System to improve American healthcare through increased data sharing and analysis.
The document describes a student project to design a health information system called lifeScroll. It begins with an overview of the problem of navigating the complex healthcare system and introduces Angela as someone struggling with this problem. The project involved exploratory research including interviews to understand user needs and pain points. Key needs identified were simplified communication, clear information, and empowerment. Various design concepts are presented including a timeline view of health events and connections to medical records, doctors, and support communities. Finally, screenshots from a prototype demonstrate features like accessing insurance information and viewing doctor's notes.
Role of Biostatistician and Biostatistical Programming in Epidemiological Stu...PEPGRA Healthcare
Pepgra experts provide regulatory biostatistics and epidemiology statistical programming support to all phases of clinical trial process development and commercialization. Our Epidemiological statistical services is are located globally & trained in current methods and standards to support the successful execution of your projects.
Continue Reading: http://bit.ly/2OBq9EZ
Youtube: https://youtu.be/2NORssElgFg
Contact Us:
Website : https://bit.ly/33Fwsye
Email us: sales.cro@pepgra.com
India: +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44- 74248 10299
Complications in big data-based communication in the wake of COVID-19: A comp...Selcen Ozturkcan
Johnson, E., R., Martínez, M. C., and Ozturkcan, S., "Complications in big data-based communication in the wake of COVID-19: A comparison of North American and Nordic practices of multinational healthcare corporations," Engineering and Technology Management Summit 2022, 20-21 Oct 2022, Istanbul, Turkey.
Vaccine hesitatancy- research proposal ASH1813024M(SHUHYLUL_HANNAN).pdfShuhylul Hannan
This document outlines a proposed research study on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. The study aims to evaluate the current vaccination status and identify factors influencing vaccine refusal and indecision. The methodology involves surveying 10,000 individuals across locations in Cox's Bazar using questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups. Data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics and SPSS. It is anticipated that the study will find health beliefs around side effects and efficacy influence vaccination preferences, and targeted information programs could help address concerns and increase immunization rates.
Contagious diseases have been a global issue throughout history. Various organizations monitor disease outbreaks and work to prevent epidemics. While the media can help spread awareness, their coverage of disease is sometimes exaggerated. Proper surveillance of known and unknown diseases is important for public health efforts. Vaccines have largely helped control diseases, but some choose not to vaccinate due to personal beliefs. Coordinated efforts between health and government agencies are needed to improve disease surveillance and response.
This PowerPoint was prepared and presented in IAPSMCON-2022 as a part of Journal Club competition...
It was judged by eminent stalwarts Dr.Anand Krishnan sir, Dr. Sanjay Zodpey sir and Dr. Amarjeet Singh sir and bagged the first prize as well...!!!
It critically appraises a Mixed Method Research study...Dive in to explore...!!!
Reviewwww.thelancet.com Vol 395 May 16, 2020 1579Adessiechisomjj4
Review
www.thelancet.com Vol 395 May 16, 2020 1579
Artificial intelligence and the future of global health
Nina Schwalbe*, Brian Wahl*
Concurrent advances in information technology infrastructure and mobile computing power in many low and
middle-income countries (LMICs) have raised hopes that artificial intelligence (AI) might help to address challenges
unique to the field of global health and accelerate achievement of the health-related sustainable development goals. A
series of fundamental questions have been raised about AI-driven health interventions, and whether the tools,
methods, and protections traditionally used to make ethical and evidence-based decisions about new technologies can
be applied to AI. Deployment of AI has already begun for a broad range of health issues common to LMICs, with
interventions focused primarily on communicable diseases, including tuberculosis and malaria. Types of AI vary, but
most use some form of machine learning or signal processing. Several types of machine learning methods are
frequently used together, as is machine learning with other approaches, most often signal processing. AI-driven
health interventions fit into four categories relevant to global health researchers: (1) diagnosis, (2) patient morbidity
or mortality risk assessment, (3) disease outbreak prediction and surveillance, and (4) health policy and planning.
However, much of the AI-driven intervention research in global health does not describe ethical, regulatory, or
practical considerations required for widespread use or deployment at scale. Despite the field remaining nascent,
AI-driven health interventions could lead to improved health outcomes in LMICs. Although some challenges of
developing and deploying these interventions might not be unique to these settings, the global health community will
need to work quickly to establish guidelines for development, testing, and use, and develop a user-driven research
agenda to facilitate equitable and ethical use.
Introduction
AI is changing how health services are delivered in many
high-income settings, particularly in specialty care
(eg, radiology and pathology).1–3 This development has
been facilitated by the growing availability of large
datasets and novel analytical methods that rely on such
datasets. Concurrent advances in information technology
(IT) infrastructure and mobile computing power have
raised hopes that AI might also provide opportunities to
address health challenges in LMICs.4 These challenges,
including acute health workforce shortages and weak
public health surveillance systems, undermine global
progress towards achieving the health-related sustainable
development goals (SDGs).5,6 Although not unique to
such countries, these challenges are particularly relevant
given their contribution to morbidity and mortality.7,8
AI-driven health technologies could be used to address
many of these and other system-related challenges.4
For example, ...
April 2013 - UNICEF Social and Civic Media Section, DOC, NYHQ / Regional Office for Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
A Communicator's Guide to COVID-19 VaccinationSarah Jackson
This guide provides research, theories, models, and recommendations for communicating about COVID-19 vaccines effectively. Key points include:
1. Vaccine hesitancy is influenced by perceptions of risk and safety rather than just lack of information. Tailored communication for different audiences is important.
2. Marginalized groups have lower vaccine confidence due to historic inequities. Their input and addressing cultural factors are critical.
3. Healthcare providers are the most trusted source but must have adequate knowledge, resources and confidence in the vaccine themselves.
4. Identifying and engaging with opinion leaders in target communities can increase uptake through social influence. Understanding anti-vaccination movements is also important.
This document discusses using internet data for medical research purposes. It outlines various data sources that can be used, including web search data, social media posts, and medical records aggregated online. The document also discusses how to link this internet-derived data to established medical ground truths and how different study designs like cohort studies and case-control studies can be conducted using digital information. Privacy and ethics are also highlighted as important considerations for this type of research.
This document summarizes findings from interviews with 33 infection control liaisons from VA facilities regarding communication and information sharing during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Key findings include that the most common barriers to effective communication were information overload and contradictory information from different sources. Facilitators included timely and organized information from multiple channels. Recommendations focused on developing standardized educational materials and communication plans within facilities to disseminate information and prevent future issues.
This document summarizes findings from 4 rounds of surveys conducted in Ukraine between May and June 2020 to monitor public knowledge, risk perceptions, behaviors and trust regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. Key findings include low COVID-19 risk perception among most respondents, generally low trust in authorities, and high worries about loved ones' health. While knowledge of protective measures is high, some misperceptions exist, particularly among those with low education. Informal information sources like family and friends are most used and trusted. The summaries provide discussion questions and recommendations for tailored communications and outreach strategies.
Overview of Health Informatics: survey of fundamentals of health information technology, Identify the forces behind health informatics, educational and career opportunities in health informatics.
White Paper HDI_big data and prevention_EN_Nov2016Anne Gimalac
This document discusses the potential role of big data and genomics in cancer treatment and prevention. It describes how genome sequencing is becoming more routine in cancer research and treatment to better understand cancers and personalize therapies. However, true big data approaches analyzing large, diverse genomic datasets have not yet been widely applied. Major technological, organizational, and economic challenges remain to fully realize the promise of precision, personalized 6P medicine based on big data and molecular diagnostics.
Covid 19 Electronic Health Record Utilization Paper.pdfsdfghj21
1. The document discusses research conducted on various topics related to operating an Alzheimer's and dementia facility, including electronic health record utilization, academic affiliations, hospice services, outcomes and clinical assessments, lab services, direct patient care ratios, and costs.
2. Popular electronic health record systems can be accessed anywhere via cloud-based software and range from inexpensive to sizable investments depending on needs.
3. Several local universities offer academic affiliations through palliative care fellowship programs.
4. Research is crucial for understanding, treating, and preventing Alzheimer's and plays an important role through funding and clinical trials.
Presentation to the Norfolk Medical and Surgical Society, January 21st 2022 on the current state of the pandemic worldwide and in the UK and other global and planetary threats to health and how to 'plan for an outbreak of health'
20220125middleton medchi
The Large Data Demonstration Project aims to create a timely and workable national health data network design through a test project. It seeks to concurrently address governance issues and demonstrate improvements in care. The project intends to validate the temporal and cost efficiencies of such a network system. Overall, the demonstration project explores building the foundation for a national Learning Health System to improve American healthcare through increased data sharing and analysis.
The document describes a student project to design a health information system called lifeScroll. It begins with an overview of the problem of navigating the complex healthcare system and introduces Angela as someone struggling with this problem. The project involved exploratory research including interviews to understand user needs and pain points. Key needs identified were simplified communication, clear information, and empowerment. Various design concepts are presented including a timeline view of health events and connections to medical records, doctors, and support communities. Finally, screenshots from a prototype demonstrate features like accessing insurance information and viewing doctor's notes.
Role of Biostatistician and Biostatistical Programming in Epidemiological Stu...PEPGRA Healthcare
Pepgra experts provide regulatory biostatistics and epidemiology statistical programming support to all phases of clinical trial process development and commercialization. Our Epidemiological statistical services is are located globally & trained in current methods and standards to support the successful execution of your projects.
Continue Reading: http://bit.ly/2OBq9EZ
Youtube: https://youtu.be/2NORssElgFg
Contact Us:
Website : https://bit.ly/33Fwsye
Email us: sales.cro@pepgra.com
India: +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44- 74248 10299
Complications in big data-based communication in the wake of COVID-19: A comp...Selcen Ozturkcan
Johnson, E., R., Martínez, M. C., and Ozturkcan, S., "Complications in big data-based communication in the wake of COVID-19: A comparison of North American and Nordic practices of multinational healthcare corporations," Engineering and Technology Management Summit 2022, 20-21 Oct 2022, Istanbul, Turkey.
Vaccine hesitatancy- research proposal ASH1813024M(SHUHYLUL_HANNAN).pdfShuhylul Hannan
This document outlines a proposed research study on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. The study aims to evaluate the current vaccination status and identify factors influencing vaccine refusal and indecision. The methodology involves surveying 10,000 individuals across locations in Cox's Bazar using questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups. Data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics and SPSS. It is anticipated that the study will find health beliefs around side effects and efficacy influence vaccination preferences, and targeted information programs could help address concerns and increase immunization rates.
Contagious diseases have been a global issue throughout history. Various organizations monitor disease outbreaks and work to prevent epidemics. While the media can help spread awareness, their coverage of disease is sometimes exaggerated. Proper surveillance of known and unknown diseases is important for public health efforts. Vaccines have largely helped control diseases, but some choose not to vaccinate due to personal beliefs. Coordinated efforts between health and government agencies are needed to improve disease surveillance and response.
This PowerPoint was prepared and presented in IAPSMCON-2022 as a part of Journal Club competition...
It was judged by eminent stalwarts Dr.Anand Krishnan sir, Dr. Sanjay Zodpey sir and Dr. Amarjeet Singh sir and bagged the first prize as well...!!!
It critically appraises a Mixed Method Research study...Dive in to explore...!!!
Reviewwww.thelancet.com Vol 395 May 16, 2020 1579Adessiechisomjj4
Review
www.thelancet.com Vol 395 May 16, 2020 1579
Artificial intelligence and the future of global health
Nina Schwalbe*, Brian Wahl*
Concurrent advances in information technology infrastructure and mobile computing power in many low and
middle-income countries (LMICs) have raised hopes that artificial intelligence (AI) might help to address challenges
unique to the field of global health and accelerate achievement of the health-related sustainable development goals. A
series of fundamental questions have been raised about AI-driven health interventions, and whether the tools,
methods, and protections traditionally used to make ethical and evidence-based decisions about new technologies can
be applied to AI. Deployment of AI has already begun for a broad range of health issues common to LMICs, with
interventions focused primarily on communicable diseases, including tuberculosis and malaria. Types of AI vary, but
most use some form of machine learning or signal processing. Several types of machine learning methods are
frequently used together, as is machine learning with other approaches, most often signal processing. AI-driven
health interventions fit into four categories relevant to global health researchers: (1) diagnosis, (2) patient morbidity
or mortality risk assessment, (3) disease outbreak prediction and surveillance, and (4) health policy and planning.
However, much of the AI-driven intervention research in global health does not describe ethical, regulatory, or
practical considerations required for widespread use or deployment at scale. Despite the field remaining nascent,
AI-driven health interventions could lead to improved health outcomes in LMICs. Although some challenges of
developing and deploying these interventions might not be unique to these settings, the global health community will
need to work quickly to establish guidelines for development, testing, and use, and develop a user-driven research
agenda to facilitate equitable and ethical use.
Introduction
AI is changing how health services are delivered in many
high-income settings, particularly in specialty care
(eg, radiology and pathology).1–3 This development has
been facilitated by the growing availability of large
datasets and novel analytical methods that rely on such
datasets. Concurrent advances in information technology
(IT) infrastructure and mobile computing power have
raised hopes that AI might also provide opportunities to
address health challenges in LMICs.4 These challenges,
including acute health workforce shortages and weak
public health surveillance systems, undermine global
progress towards achieving the health-related sustainable
development goals (SDGs).5,6 Although not unique to
such countries, these challenges are particularly relevant
given their contribution to morbidity and mortality.7,8
AI-driven health technologies could be used to address
many of these and other system-related challenges.4
For example, ...
April 2013 - UNICEF Social and Civic Media Section, DOC, NYHQ / Regional Office for Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)MuskanShingari
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
This presentation gives information on the pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes i.e. Eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling.
CLASSIFICATION OF H1 ANTIHISTAMINICS-
FIRST GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-
1)HIGHLY SEDATIVE-DIPHENHYDRAMINE,DIMENHYDRINATE,PROMETHAZINE,HYDROXYZINE 2)MODERATELY SEDATIVE- PHENARIMINE,CYPROHEPTADINE, MECLIZINE,CINNARIZINE
3)MILD SEDATIVE-CHLORPHENIRAMINE,DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE
TRIPROLIDINE,CLEMASTINE
SECOND GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-FEXOFENADINE,
LORATADINE,DESLORATADINE,CETIRIZINE,LEVOCETIRIZINE,
AZELASTINE,MIZOLASTINE,EBASTINE,RUPATADINE. Mechanism of action of 2nd generation antihistaminics-
These drugs competitively antagonize actions of
histamine at the H1 receptors.
Pharmacological actions-
Antagonism of histamine-The H1 antagonists effectively block histamine induced bronchoconstriction, contraction of intestinal and other smooth muscle and triple response especially wheal, flare and itch. Constriction of larger blood vessel by histamine is also antagonized.
2) Antiallergic actions-Many manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity (type I reactions)are suppressed. Urticaria, itching and angioedema are well controlled.3) CNS action-The older antihistamines produce variable degree of CNS depression.But in case of 2nd gen antihistaminics there is less CNS depressant property as these cross BBB to significantly lesser extent.
4) Anticholinergic action- many H1 blockers
in addition antagonize muscarinic actions of ACh. BUT IN 2ND gen histaminics there is Higher H1 selectivitiy : no anticholinergic side effects
Storyboard on Acne-Innovative Learning-M. pharm. (2nd sem.) CosmeticsMuskanShingari
Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It typically manifests as pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads, often on the face, chest, shoulders, or back. Acne can range from mild to severe and may cause emotional distress and scarring in some cases.
**Causes:**
1. **Excess Oil Production:** Hormonal changes during adolescence or certain times in adulthood can increase sebum (oil) production, leading to clogged pores.
2. **Clogged Pores:** When dead skin cells and oil block hair follicles, bacteria (usually Propionibacterium acnes) can thrive, causing inflammation and acne lesions.
3. **Hormonal Factors:** Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or certain medical conditions, can contribute to acne.
4. **Genetics:** A family history of acne can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
**Types of Acne:**
- **Whiteheads:** Closed plugged pores.
- **Blackheads:** Open plugged pores with a dark surface.
- **Papules:** Small red, tender bumps.
- **Pustules:** Pimples with pus at their tips.
- **Nodules:** Large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface.
- **Cysts:** Painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the surface that can cause scarring.
**Treatment:**
Treatment depends on the severity and type of acne but may include:
- **Topical Treatments:** Such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or retinoids to reduce bacteria and unclog pores.
- **Oral Medications:** Antibiotics or oral contraceptives for hormonal acne.
- **Procedures:** Such as chemical peels, extraction of comedones, or light therapy for more severe cases.
**Prevention and Management:**
- **Cleanse:** Regularly wash skin with a gentle cleanser.
- **Moisturize:** Use non-comedogenic moisturizers to keep skin hydrated without clogging pores.
- **Avoid Irritants:** Such as harsh cosmetics or excessive scrubbing.
- **Sun Protection:** Use sunscreen to prevent exacerbation of acne scars and inflammation.
Acne treatment can take time, and consistency in skincare routines and treatments is crucial. Consulting a dermatologist can help tailor a treatment plan that suits individual needs and reduces the risk of scarring or long-term skin damage.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
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Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
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There are many traditional Chinese medicine therapies to treat blocked fallopian tubes. And herbal medicine Fuyan Pill is one of the more effective choices.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Hemodialysis: Chapter 6, Hemodialysis Adequacy and Dose - Dr.Gawad
Infodemics.pptx
1. INFODEMICS AND HEALTH MISINFORMATION:
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF REVIEWS
@davidnovillo
David Novillo Ortiz
David Novillo-Ortiz
Regional Adviser, Data and Digital Health
Division of Country Health Policies and Systems
World Health Organization, regional office for Europe
dnovillo@who.int
6. 6
The practical and factual relationship between “infodemic” and SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
High volume of academic
research and publications
The “NEJM” remarkable
case
Prompt and timely
recognition by the WHO
Series of international
call into action
Are they all reliable? Elevated number of
retracted data
CDC + ECDC +
States actions
Series of actions
against “infodemic”
FACTS AND PRACTICAL CONTEXTUALIZATION
7. Global partnership
with States for
infodemic management
Collaboration with
universities and research
institutes
Diverse number of
trainings in
infodemic
management
Production of
high-quality
evidence-based
scientific research
Numerous actions have been taken up lately to overcome the harm that the rapid and severe spread of untrustworthy informationmay rise
WHO ACTIONS TO FIGHT “INFODEMIC”
8. Title
Date Date Date Date
Date
Our research team questioned four main topics:
AS FAR AS EVIDENCE-BASED RESEARCH ASSOCIATED WITH “INFODEMIC”
“To what extent are evidence-based studies addressing peculiarities and singularities associated with
infodemics?”
“What type of information on the topic of infodemics are published in systematic reviews?”
“What main challenges, opportunities and recommendations addressing infodemics did systematic review authors
highlight?”
“What is the methodological and reporting quality of published systematic reviews conveying research
questions related to infodemic?”
9. METHODOLOGY
Selection of
systematic or
mini-reviews
Protocol
preparation and
submission
Search strategy
Study selection
(Two phases)
Data extraction
Quality
assessment
Evidence
synthesis and
analysis
Based on the PICO format
Available evidence correlated to infodemics, misinformation,
disinformation, health communication, information overload
and fake news
PROSPERO Designed by specialists and a
Cochrane librarian
Qualitative data extraction AMSTAR 2 tool GRADE appraoch
Following standard guidelines
11. 11
Massive academic
attention to understand
better the dynamic of
“infodemic”
RESULTS AND MAIN FINDINGS
Based on our four main guiding questions, we found:
1. “To what extent are evidence-based studies addressing peculiarities and singularities associated with infodemics?”
2. “What type of information on the topic of infodemics are published in systematic reviews?”
Diverse type of
information has been
published (categorized
into 5 major areas)
12. Subtitle
Text Text
RESULTS AND MAIN FINDINGS
Text
• In total, 1034 primary studies were included;
• Twelve infectious diseases were directly associated
with the terms defined;
• Three major topics (vaccination hesitancy, disaster
communication and disease outbreaks) were
reported among included systematic reviews
Source: Borges do Nascimento, 2022
13. • Based on semantic similarity of reviews’ highlights, we classified and categorized reviews’ findings into six major
categories:
1. Effects of infodemics, misinformation, disinformation and fake news;
2. Source of health misinformation propagation ;
3. Proportion of health misinformation on social media;
4. Adequate use of social media;
5. Corrective interventions;
6. Overall quality of publications during infodemics.
10
6
4
8
4
3
Frequency of cited categories
1 2 3 4 5 6
RESULTS AND MAIN FINDINGS
Source: Borges do Nascimento, 2022
14. RESULTS AND MAIN FINDINGS
1. Effects of infodemics, misinformation,
disinformation and fake news;
2. Source of health misinformation propagation;
3. Proportion of health misinformation on social
media;
4. Adequate use of social media;
5. Corrective interventions;
6. Overall quality of publications during
infodemics.
Source: Borges do Nascimento, 2022
15. 15
Massive academic
attention to understand
better the dynamic of
“infodemic”
Based on our four main guiding questions, we found:
3. “What main challenges, opportunities and recommendations addressing infodemics did systematic review authors
highlight?”
Diverse type of
information has been
published
Great list for “problem
seekers” and “problem
solvers”
RESULTS AND MAIN FINDINGS
16. RESULTS AND MAIN FINDINGS – Main opportunities
Notable
and
urgent
needs
Evaluate the impacts of infodemics holistically
Understand the finest mechanisms to counteract infodemic
Analyze the effectiveness and potential superiority of social media over
traditional media
Assess the relationship between infodemic and mental sickening
Explore the impacts of infodemic in other diseases
17. How to associate high-quality
systematic reviews and the need for
fast studies
How the knowledge can be used in
clinical practice
Implementation of partnerships with
multiple stakeholders
Unlimited opportunities
RESULTS AND MAIN FINDINGS – Main opportunities
18. RESULTS AND MAIN FINDINGS – Main challenges
Studies
overlapping
Follow-up
real time
updates
Low
quality of
studies
Training for
healthcare
professionals
Creation of
interconnect
ed and
reliable
platforms
Populational
awareness
Regulatory
challenges
Difficulties to
study
information per
si
Upcoming
technologies/apps
Social
awareness
Real actions
from
authorities
Fight
radical
groups
Source: Borges do Nascimento, 2022
19. 19
Massive academic
attention to understand
better the dynamic of
“infodemic”
RESULTS AND MAIN FINDINGS
Based on our four main guiding questions, we found:
4. “What is the methodological and reporting quality of published systematic reviews conveying research questions related to
infodemic?”
Diverse type of
information has been
published
Improvement is more
than needed
Great list for “problem
seekers” and “problem
solvers”
20. RESULTS AND MAIN FINDINGS
DIRECT EFFECT ON THE QUALITY OF THE EVIDENCE
Source: Borges do Nascimento, 2022
21. 01 02 03 04 05
The mental, social, political, and economic distress related to
infodemic is real!
And take-away messages
CONCLUSIONS
Presently, there is an unmeasurable number of possibilities to
use the best information can offer for us, in a safe and effective
way.
22. 01 02 03 04 05
Borges do Nascimento IJ, Pizarro AB, Almeida JM, Azzopardi-Muscat N, Gonçalves MA, Björklund M, Novillo-Ortiz D. Infodemics and health
misinformation: a systematic review of reviews. Bull World Health Organ. 2022 Sep 1;100(9):544-561. doi: 10.2471/BLT.21.287654. Epub 2022 Jun 30.
PMID: 36062247; PMCID: PMC9421549.
Government of Western Australia. Library. How to guides (OPH): How to do a systematic review. (1055).
https://scgophlibrary.health.wa.gov.au/c.php?g=573283&p=3952946
REFERENCES
23. Israel J Borges do Nascimento Ana Beatriz Pizzaro Jussara M Almeida Natasha Azzopardi-Muscat
Without them we could not have reached so far
People who contributed to this project
Marcos André Gonçalves Maria Björklund
24. Email
@Twitter
LinkedIn
Name / Title
Regional Adviser, Data and Digital Health
Division of Country Health Policies and Systems
World Health Organization, regional office for Europe
Thank you
For more information, please contact:
David Novillo-Ortiz
Regional Adviser, Data and Digital Health
Division of Country Health Policies and Systems
World Health Organization, regional office for Europe
dnovillo@who.int
@davidnovillo
David Novillo-Ortiz
Editor's Notes
§ 1 Basic introduction – Important to state that this presentation regards to a paper recently pubished at the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, as a part of actions promoted by the World Health Organization against infodemics.
§ None of the researchers involved in this study has any conflicts of interest to declare.
§ Here is the heading of the paper about to be presented.
§ The study was published on September 1st, 2023.
§ This slide is simply prepare to guide our presentation, which will contain a brief contextualization of the topic, a short explanation of the methodology utilized in the study, and our main results and discussions raised by the group.
§ After the COVID-19 pandemic, a bunch of words (with probably correlated meaning) became quite popular.
§ It is worthwhile saying that although similar, these words are not the same. Therefore, by “infodemic” we mean the rapid and far-reaching spread of both accurate and inaccurate information about something, such as a disease. The word is a portmanteau of "information" and "epidemic." As facts, rumors, and fears mix and disperse, it becomes difficult to learn essential information about an issue. In addition, “disinformation” became similarly popular, relating to the existence of false information, while “misinformation” regards to the existence and dissemination of misleading information to the population. In all those different contexts, “fake news” appears as a modulator term in the world of “infodemics”, related to the false or misleading information presented as news.
§ Regardless the type of nomination, these social events significantly affects the functioning of healthcare systems worldwide.
§ Notably, during the COVID-19 pandemic, a lot of information had been published. And that makes us question “are they all reliable?”, “are they all safe to be set a the main resource of information?”
§ And the honest answer is “no”! A great example of unreliable information, sometimes published in top-ranked scientific journals, is the NEJM case, which Ivermectin was primarily considered a great medicine against COVID-19 in the early stage of the pandemic. However, after massive number of attacks and questionning, the paper was retracted due to limited evidence and lack of experimentals proofs.
§ Attempting to avoid the increase of “unreliable scientific information publication”, several health authorities worldwide (such as the CDC, ECDC, and States) started to create programs and actions to counteract the rapid spreading of misleading, false, or inconclusive scientific information, particularly for more socially vulnerable populations.
§ The WHO would not stay out of this actions, and timely recognized the danger of “infodemics” and launched a series of actions against it.
§ Importantly, the WHO has created global partnerships with associated States for infodemic management, which member States have recognized the importance and need of an infodemic response through resolutions and responding to calls for actions. The WHO created partnerships across all societies to respond to the COVID-19 infodemic and had developed country tools for infodemic management that can be used now and for future infodemics.
§ In addition, during the COVID-19 pandemic, WHO had worked with the UN family, tech sector, media, civil society and other amplifying communities to understand concerns, co-develop messages, extend the reach of health information, and to respond to the information needs of communities. WHO also worked with academia to develop a public health research agenda for infodemic management, and with a diverse group of experts to develop a competency framework and training in infodemic management.
§ The WHO has championed universal access to credible health information and built resilience to misinformation for people worldwide. At the same time, more efforts has been needed to better understand the scale of the infodemic, and impact of strategies used to manage it, in order to develop new toolkits for countries. Through regional networks, such as the Africa Infodemic Response Alliance, WHO has fostered new approaches to meet changing needs for an evolving health emergency infodemic response. This is providing a foundation for further collaborations to also improve preparedness and early detection of emerging and resurgent health threats.
§ An additional activity and axys of the actions governed by the WHO associates with the creation of partnerships across the society to strengthen the scientific discipline of infodemiology. The purpose is to build and deliver sustainable tools that health authorities and communities can use to prevent and overcome the harmful impacts caused by infodemics.
Through partnerships, WHO works to bolster digital capabilities and leverage social inoculation principles to foster higher digital and health literacy, build resilience to misinformation, and deliver innovative ways to reach communities with reliable health information. And our study is part of this research and innovation core set.
§ By the time of execution of this project, some questions about infodemics was wafting in the air and it included the four guiding question presented in the slide:
1. “To what extent are evidence-based studies addressing peculiarities and singularities associated with infodemics?”
2. “What type of information on the topic of infodemics are published in systematic reviews?”
3. “What main challenges, opportunities and recommendations addressing infodemics did systematic review authors highlight?”
4. “What is the methodological and reporting quality of published systematic reviews conveying research questions related to infodemic?”
And holistically this four guiding questions were considered as extremely important points to be systematically evaluated.
§ For answering the previously presented questions, we carried out a systematic review of systematic reviews, to obtain the best evidence available in the four core areas before mentioned highlighted.
§ A systematic review is a synthesis method of the evidence on a clearly presented topic using critical methods to identify, define and assess research on the topic. A systematic review extracts and interprets data from published studies on the topic, then analyzes, describes, and summarizes interpretations into a refined conclusion.
§ In short aspects, a group of articles is selected based on pre-selected words and identifiers, which posteriorly are selected in two phases (title and abstract screening and full text evaluation). The shortlisted and eligible studies undergo data extraction, quality assessment, and are finally summarized using evidence synthesis methods and assessment tools.
§ Graphically, the entire process can be summarized as this.
§ Regading our first two review questions (“To what extent are evidence-based studies addressing peculiarities and singularities associated with infodemics?” and “What type of information on the topic of infodemics are published in systematic reviews?”), we found a massive attention by the academia to understand the dynamic of infodemic and a diverse type of information recently published.
§ We identified 9008 records and after removing 443 duplicates, we screened 8565 studies of which 111 were eligible for full-text assessment. Of these, we excluded 80 studies due to the shown reasons. Finally, we included 31 systematic reviews, of which 17 studies were published between 2018 and 2022, three awaiting classification (we were unable to retrieve full text during our review) and 11 ongoing reviews.
§ Out of 17 published systematic reviews, 14 were published after the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak.The published reviews included 1034 primary studies covering 12 infectious diseases and three major topics (vaccination hesitancy, disaster communication and disease outbreaks) related to infodemics, misinformation, disinformation, fake news or any other variation of these terms. The included reviews covered 19 official scientific databases.
§ We categorized in the findings from included studies into five major semantic grous + the assessment of overall quality of publications during infodemics
§ In red, there are the most important points to be cited, for each major category created.
§ Give special emphasis to the important action of infodemic on people’s mental health, as it increase social fear, panic, stress, and the development of mental disorders.
§ We investigated the challenges, opportunities, and raised potential recommendations for addressing infodemics, as our third review question associated to this assessment.
§ In short terms, there is a wide list of opportunities to be cited.
Below, it is extracted the opportunities listed throughout the paper.
Main opportunities:
•Further focus on different aspects of the impact and reliability of SARS-CoV-2-related or any other health emergency information.
• There is a need to balance the gold standard systematic reviews with faster pragmatic studies.
• How to precisely combat the determinants of health misinformation during pandemics and subsequent infodemics across different social media platforms.
• Opportunities of studies comparing the use of social media interventions with traditional methods in the dissemination of clinical practice guidelines.
• Researchers could analyse communication patterns between citizens and frontline workers in the public health context, which may be useful
to design counter-misinformation campaigns and awareness interventions.
• A multidisciplinary specialist team could concentrate on the analysis of governmental and organizational interventions to control misinformation
at the level of policies, regulatory mechanisms and communication strategies.
• Studies should address the impact of fake news on social media and its influence on mental health and overall health.
• Future studies should examine how social media users process the emerging infectious diseases-related information they receive.
• Focus should be given to how users evaluate the validity and accuracy of such information and how they decide whether they will share the
information with their social media contacts.
• Further interdisciplinary research should be warranted to identify effective and tailored interventions to counter the spread of health-related
misinformation online.
§ In short terms, there is a wide list of opportunities to be cited.
Below, it is extracted the opportunities listed throughout the paper.
Main opportunities:
•Further focus on different aspects of the impact and reliability of SARS-CoV-2-related or any other health emergency information.
• There is a need to balance the gold standard systematic reviews with faster pragmatic studies.
• How to precisely combat the determinants of health misinformation during pandemics and subsequent infodemics across different social media platforms.
• Opportunities of studies comparing the use of social media interventions with traditional methods in the dissemination of clinical practice guidelines.
• Researchers could analyse communication patterns between citizens and frontline workers in the public health context, which may be useful
to design counter-misinformation campaigns and awareness interventions.
• A multidisciplinary specialist team could concentrate on the analysis of governmental and organizational interventions to control misinformation
at the level of policies, regulatory mechanisms and communication strategies.
• Studies should address the impact of fake news on social media and its influence on mental health and overall health.
• Future studies should examine how social media users process the emerging infectious diseases-related information they receive.
• Focus should be given to how users evaluate the validity and accuracy of such information and how they decide whether they will share the
information with their social media contacts.
• Further interdisciplinary research should be warranted to identify effective and tailored interventions to counter the spread of health-related
misinformation online.
It is a reality that to achieve greater results in combating infodemics, it is crucial to fight against:
• Overlap of studies covering the same topic.
• Overall low quality of studies and the excessive and inordinate media attention given to these studies.
• Creation and use of reliable health-related information and scientific evidence considering real-time updates.
• Inadequate orientation of the population and medical providers into wrong pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions.
• New trends in personal content creation are constantly emerging, such as TikTok, which represent new challenges for regulation.
• Further understanding the economic impact of misinformation, the difference in distribution of health misinformation in low- and high-income
countries and the real impact of antivaccine activism groups.
• Decisive and pro-active actions are required from government authorities and social media developers to avoid the destruction of positive
achievements that social media has already promoted.
• The difficulty of characterizing and evaluating the quality of the information on social media.
§ Lastly, we investigated the methodological and reporting quality of published literature related to infodemic.
§ Turned out that 16 reviews (94.1%) scored as having critically low quality across most major domains. Only one review showed a moderate risk of bias for most domains. Meta-analysis was conducted in only two reviews, which used appropriate statistical methods and considered the potential impact of risk of bias in each of the primary studies. All themes had low quality, except the proportion of health-related misinformation which had very low quality of evidence.
§ Based on the available evidence, people are feeling mental, social, political and/or economic distress due to misleading and false health-related content on social media during pandemics, health emergencies and humanitarian crises.
§ Although the literature exponentially increases during health emergencies, the quality of publications remains critically low.
§ Future studies need improved study design and reporting. Local, national and international efforts should seek effective counteractive measures against the production of misinformative materials on social media. Future research should investigate the effectiveness and safety of computer-driven corrective and interventional measures against health misinformation, disinformation and fake news and tailor ways to share health-related content on social media platforms without distorted messaging.
§ Big data analytics provide public health and health care with powerful instruments to gather and analyze large volumes of heterogeneous data.
§ Although research in this field has been growing exponentially in the last decade, the overall quality of evidence is found to be low to moderate.
§ High variability of results was observed across different ML techniques and approaches, even for the same disease or condition.
§ The diversity of big data tools and ML algorithms require proper standardization of protocols and comparative approaches, and the process of tuning the hyperparameters of the algorithms is not uniformly reported.
§ Important characteristics essential for replicability and external validation were not frequently available.