The document discusses various influences on individual communication and interpersonal processes. It describes how perceptual processes, including selection, organization, and interpretation of stimuli, can impact how individuals perceive and communicate with each other. Some specific perceptual influences mentioned are stereotyping, halo effect, projection, perceptual defense, and self-fulfilling prophecy. The document also discusses how the order of information presented (primacy vs recency effects) and the need for consistency in perceptions can influence interpersonal communication.
The advertisers lack knowledge of ethical norms and principles. They just don’t understand and are unable to decide what is correct and what is wrong.
The main area of interest for advertisers is to increase their sales, gain more and more customers, and increase the demand for the product by presenting a well decorated, puffed and colorful ad. They claim that their product is the best, having unique qualities than the competitors, more cost effective, and more beneficial. But most of these ads are found to be false, misleading customers and unethical. The best example of these types of ads is the one which shows evening snacks for the kids, they use coloring and gluing to make the product look glossy and attractive to the consumers who are watching the ads on television and convince them to buy the product without giving a second thought.
The advertisers lack knowledge of ethical norms and principles. They just don’t understand and are unable to decide what is correct and what is wrong.
The main area of interest for advertisers is to increase their sales, gain more and more customers, and increase the demand for the product by presenting a well decorated, puffed and colorful ad. They claim that their product is the best, having unique qualities than the competitors, more cost effective, and more beneficial. But most of these ads are found to be false, misleading customers and unethical. The best example of these types of ads is the one which shows evening snacks for the kids, they use coloring and gluing to make the product look glossy and attractive to the consumers who are watching the ads on television and convince them to buy the product without giving a second thought.
The following presentation on the structure of an advertising agency was made by Advertising and Public Relations students of Indian Institute of Mass Communication, New Delhi.
The following presentation on the structure of an advertising agency was made by Advertising and Public Relations students of Indian Institute of Mass Communication, New Delhi.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
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This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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2. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Individual Communication
• Talking to a person or a few persons rather than
to a large group of people
Interpersonal
• Adjective
• Existing or occurring between persons;
• Of or pertaining to the relations between persons
Process
• a systematic series of actions directed to some
end
3. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
A series of actions that may
influence communication
between two or more persons.
4. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
• Perceptual processes
• Attribution processes
• Semantics
• Cultural context
• Communication skills
5. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Perceptual processes:
• Processes individuals use to acquire
and make sense out of information
from the environment
• a sequence of steps that begins with
the environment and leads to our
perception of a stimulus and an action
in response to the stimulus
6. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Our perceptions are influenced by:
• Physical Elements – what information
your eye or ear can actually take in, how
your brain processes it
• Environmental Elements – what
information is out there to receive, its
context
• Learned Elements – culture, personality,
habit: what filters we use to select what
we take in and how to react to it.
7. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Three stages of perception:
• Selection / Stimulation
• Organization
• Interpretation / Evaluation
8. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Selection / Stimulation
• Filtering of stimuli so that only
some information gets our
attention
• An individual only responds to
sensory stimulation they choose
based on stimuli that carries
meaning for them
9. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Organization
• Patterning of information to match
familiar patterns
• involves putting together the
information received during interaction
with stimuli in a way that makes sense
to the individual
• an individual places their focus on
aspects of the stimuli that interests
them
10. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Interpretation / Evaluation
• Giving meaning to selected and
organised information
• is subjective as it is based on
personal influences
11. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Distortions: (perceptual processes
affecting communication)
Several perceptual processes influence
what you observe and what you fail to
observe, what you infer or what you fail to
infer about another person. These processes
enable you to simplify and categorize the
vast amount of information around you. But
they can also present impediments to
accurate perception and cause over
simplification or distortion of information.
12. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Stereotyping
• Tendency to attribute characteristics to an
individual on the basis of an assessment
of the group to which they belong
• fixed impression of a group of people
• We all have attitudinal stereo types of
nationals, religious, sexual, religious
groups and professions as teachers,
plumbers or even prostitutes, criminals
etc.
13. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Stereotyping
• When we have these fixed impressions,
when we meet a person from that group,
we apply to that person all characteristics
that we assign to that group
• Perceive an individual as having those
qualities that you believe is typical of his
group and fail to see the multi-faceted
nature of the individual.
• Ignore each person’s unique
characteristics
14. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Halo effect
• Tendency to use a general
impression based on one or a few
characteristics of an individual
• These implicit rules regarding
characteristics of a person can
prevent us from perceiving a
person or a situation realistically
15. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Examples:
Choose from the brackets the suitable word for the
individual.
• John is energetic , eager and .. (intelligent,
stupid)
• Mary is bold, defiant, and … (extroverted,
introverted)
• Joe is bright, lively and … (thin, fat)
• Jane is attractive, intelligent and .. (likable,
unlikable)
• Sumitha is cheerful, positive and .. (attractive,
unattractive)
16. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Projection
• Tendency of an individual to assume
others share their thoughts, feelings and
characteristics
• The assignment of personal attributes to
other individuals.
• People are generally self-centered and
tend to evaluate other people and events
from the perspective of their own
attributes and values
17. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Projection
• If we look carefully, we see that we are
constantly projecting our own needs and
feelings, values and attitudes, our own
traits and personal likes and dislikes on to
others
18. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Perceptual defense
• Tendency to block out or distort
information one finds threatening
• occurs when a person's value
orientations act as a barrier to
stimuli that are threatening
19. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Example
An alcoholic may avoid anti-drinking
and driving campaigns in fear of
what could happen because they
know they drink and drive
sometimes. They fear what could
possibly happen if they actually
accepted the message
20. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Self-fulfilling prophecy
• occurs when you make a prediction that
comes true because you act on it as if it
were true
• If you expect people to act in a certain
way or if you make prediction about a
situation, your predictions will frequently
come true because of self-fulfilling
prophecy.
21. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
• For example, if you go to a group thinking
that other members in that group will not
accept you, you may end up feeling
rejected because of your behavior that
may provoke their response and confirm
your belief.
SAMPLE VIDEO
22. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
There are four steps in it:
a. You make a prediction or belief about a person.
For example, “Mark is stupid”.
b. You act as if your prediction were true. You act
as if Mark is going to do things stupidly.
c. Because you act as if it is true, it becomes true.
Because of how you act towards Mark, he
becomes tense and acts stupid.
d. You observe your effect on him and gets
strengthened in your beliefs. You observe
Marks’s behavior and gets confirmed in you
belief.
23. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Perceptual accentuation
• “Any port in a storm” is an adage that explains
accentuation. Perceptual accentuation leads
you to see what you expect and want to see.
24. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Perceptual accentuation
• For example, an alcoholic person may easily
spot a bar at the corner of a crowded street
hidden among other shops.
25. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Perceptual accentuation
• You magnify that which will satisfy your needs
and wants. e.g., a thirsty person is sensitive to
cues of possible water supply in the area
• In the same way, the people you like may
appear as better looking than those you
dislike.
26. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Primacy-Recency
• If what comes first exerts influence on
your evaluation, primary effect is playing a
role. If what comes last exerts most
influence, it is recency effect.
• There is a tendency to use early
information to get general idea about a
person, and use later information to make
this impression more specific.
27. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Primacy-Recency
• The first impression you make is likely to
be the most important.
• Remember the adage, “first impression is
best impression”. It is through this that
others will filter additional information in
formulating a picture of how they perceive
you.
28. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Primacy-Recency
• You may tend to formulate a total picture
of an individual on the basis of initial
impressions that may not be accurate
• You may discount or distort subsequent
perceptions so as not to disrupt your initial
impression.
29. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Example
Study by Solomon Ash (1946). He read
descriptive adjectives to students and saw
their effects
• Intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical,
stubborn, envious
• Envious, stubborn, critical, impulsive,
industrious, intelligent
The first was positively evaluated
30. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Consistency
• the tendency to maintain balance among
perceptions or attitudes
• You expect certain things to go together
and other things not to go together
31. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Example
Notice you response in the following sentence
completion.
• I expect a person I like (to like, dislike) me.
• I expect a person I dislike (to like, dislike)
me.
• I expect my friend to (like, dislike) my friend.
• I expect my enemy to (like, dislike) my
friend.
• I expect my enemy to (like, dislike) my
enemy.
32. INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION &
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES
Notice that there are certain expectations that
go together. You would expect someone
whom you like to possess qualities that you
like.