IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Synthesis Of Nanostructured TiO2 Thin Films By Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) ...sarmad
Sarmad Sabih Al-Obaidi
Ali Ahmed Yousif
Abstract
In this work, nanostructured TiO2 thin films were grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique on glass substrates. TiO2 thin films then were annealed at 400-600 °C in air for a period of 2 hours. Effect of annealing on the structural and morphological were studied. Many growth parameters have been considered to specify the optimum conditions, namely substrate temperature (300 °C), oxygen pressure (10-2 Torr), laser fluence energy density (0.4 J/cm2), using double frequency Q-switching Nd:YAG laser beam (wavelength 532nm), repetition rate (1-6 Hz) and the pulse duration of 10 ns. The results of the X-ray test show that all nanostructures tetragonal are polycrystalline. These results show that grain size increase from 19.5 nm to 29.5 with the increase of annealing temperature. The XRD results also reveal that the deposited thin film, annealed at 400 °C of TiO2 have anatase phase. Thin films annealed at 500 °C and 600 °C have mixed anatase and rutile phases. Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) values of the (101) peaks of these films decrease from 0.450° to 0.301° with the increase of annealing temperature. Surface morphology of the thin films have been studied by using atomic force microscopes (AFM). AFM measurements confirmed that the films have good crystalline and homogeneous surface. The Root Mean Square (RMS) value of thin films surface roughness are increased with the increase of annealing temperature.
الخلاصة
على (PLD) النانویة بوساطة تقنیة ترسیب اللیزر النبضي (TiO في ھذا البحث، تم انماء أغشیة اوكسید التیتانیوم ( 2
الرقیقة من 400 الى 600 درجة مئویة في الھواء مدة ساعتین . ودرس تأثیر TiO قواعد زجاجیة. ومن ثم لدنت أغشیة 2
التلدین في الخصائص التركیبیة والطبوغرافیة. عوامل عدیدة لأنماء الأغشیة اخذت بنظر الاعتبار لتحدید الحالة المثلى مثل
0.4 ) باستخدام J/cm 10-2 ) ،كثافة طاقة الفیض اللیزري( 2 Torr) 300 ) ،ضغط الأوكسجین ºC) درجة حرارة القاعدة
532 بمعدل تكراریة - 1 nm التردد المضاعف للیزر النیدیمیوم- یاك الذي یعمل بتقنیة عامل النوعیة عند الطول الموجي
6 ھرتز) وامد نبضة 10 نانوثانیة. تظُھر نتائج فحوصات الأشعة السینیة أن جمیع التراكیب النانویة رباعیة متعددة )
التبلور. وان ھذه النتائج تظھر زیادة في حجم الحبیبات من 19.5 نانومتر الى 29.5 نانومترمع زیادة درجة حرارة التلدین.
نتائج الأشعة السینیة اظھرت ایضا ان الغشاء المرسب والملدن في 400 درجة مئویة لثنائي اوكسید
Studying the Structure and the Optical Properties of Pd Nanoparticles Affecte...IJERA Editor
In this paper, Palladium (Pd) nanoparticales (NPs) at different concentrations (150 and 500) capped with poly
(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) were Synthesized by a polyol reduction method in an ethylene glycol solution at
temperature of 45C˚. The structural and optical properties of Pd NPs has been investigated, all thin films were
tested using X-ray diffraction (XRD), all XRD peaks can be indexed as face centered cubic (FCC)
Structure, with strong crystalline orientation at (111) plane. The morphology properties of the prepared films
were study by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) the results indicated that all films have nanoscale grain size
around 80 nm and Scan Electron Microscopy (SEM) images show spherical nanoscale particles with clusters
shape. The size of the particles decreased with increasing of concentrations.
Effect of Annealing on the Structural and Optical Properties of Nanostr...sarmad
Effect of Annealing on the Structural and Optical Properties of Nanostructured TiO2 Films Prepared By PLD. تأثير التلدين على الخواص التركيبية والبصرية لأغشية أوكسيد التيتانيوم (TiO2) ذات التراكيب النانوية المحضرة بتقنية ترسيب الليزر النبضي (PLD)
Study of Annealing Effect on the Some Physical Properties of Nanostructured T...sarmad
Ali A.Yousif ● , Sarmad S. Al-Obaidi ●●
Abstract
Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) thin films were prepared by pulsed
laser deposition (PLD) on the glass substrates. The effects of different annealing
temperature (400, 500 and 600 °C) towards the some physical properties such as
structural, morphological and optical have been studied. From X-ray diffraction
result, the crystallinity of TiO2 thin films improved at higher annealing
temperature. It also could be observed that the rutile phase start to exist at
annealing temperatures of 500 °C and 600 °C. The Full Width at Half
Maximum (FWHM) of the (101) peaks of these films decreases from 0.450° to
0.301° with increasing of annealing temperature. AFM measurements confirmed
that the films grown by this technique have good crystalline and homogeneous
surface. The Root Mean Square (RMS) value of thin films surface roughness
increased with increasing of the annealing temperature. From UV-VIS
spectrophotometer measurements, the optical transmission results shows that the transmission over than ~65% in the near-infrared region which decrease with the increasing of annealing temperatures. The allowed indirect optical band gap of the films was estimated to be in the range from 3.49 to 3.1 eV. The allowed direct band gap was found to decrease from 3.74 eV to 3.55 eV with the increase of annealing temperature. The refractive index of the films was found from 2.27 -2.98 at 550nm. The extinction coefficient, real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant increase with annealing temperature.
Effect of Sn Doping on Structural and Electrical Properties of ZnO Thin Films...journal ijrtem
Abstract: Un-doped and tin (Sn) doped ZnO films were deposited on heated glass substrates by chemical spray pyrolysis method
(CSP). The effect of Sn concentration on the structural, surface morphological and electrical properties of the SnO2 films was
investigated. XRD analyses showed that the obtained films are polycrystalline in nature with hexagonal structure with preferred
orientation of (101). Doping with tin (Sn) causes increase in the grain size. Atomic force microscopy images showed that the root
mean square of the average surface roughness's varied from (1.48 to 3.58) as dopant concentration increased from 0 to 5 wt.%. The
electrical properties of the Sn ZnO films were strongly influenced by doping concentration. The electrical resistance of the films was
sharply decreased as dopant concentration increased.
Keywords: (ZnO) thin films, Sn Doping, Structural and electrical Properties
This article reports on the optical analysis of Cu2+ (0.5 mol %): 59.5B2O3 – 20 TeO2 – 10CdO – 10Li2O glass.
From XRD spectrum , amorphous nature of the glass has been studied. Absorption spectrum of the copper glass
shows a broad absorption band (2B1g→2B1g) at 829 nm has been observed. Emission spectrum of Cu2+ (0.5 mol
%): 59.5B2O3 – 20 TeO2 – 10CdO – 10Li2O glass has exhibits a blue emission at 439 nm with an excitation
wavelength 379 nm.
Synthesis Of Nanostructured TiO2 Thin Films By Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) ...sarmad
Sarmad Sabih Al-Obaidi
Ali Ahmed Yousif
Abstract
In this work, nanostructured TiO2 thin films were grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique on glass substrates. TiO2 thin films then were annealed at 400-600 °C in air for a period of 2 hours. Effect of annealing on the structural and morphological were studied. Many growth parameters have been considered to specify the optimum conditions, namely substrate temperature (300 °C), oxygen pressure (10-2 Torr), laser fluence energy density (0.4 J/cm2), using double frequency Q-switching Nd:YAG laser beam (wavelength 532nm), repetition rate (1-6 Hz) and the pulse duration of 10 ns. The results of the X-ray test show that all nanostructures tetragonal are polycrystalline. These results show that grain size increase from 19.5 nm to 29.5 with the increase of annealing temperature. The XRD results also reveal that the deposited thin film, annealed at 400 °C of TiO2 have anatase phase. Thin films annealed at 500 °C and 600 °C have mixed anatase and rutile phases. Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) values of the (101) peaks of these films decrease from 0.450° to 0.301° with the increase of annealing temperature. Surface morphology of the thin films have been studied by using atomic force microscopes (AFM). AFM measurements confirmed that the films have good crystalline and homogeneous surface. The Root Mean Square (RMS) value of thin films surface roughness are increased with the increase of annealing temperature.
الخلاصة
على (PLD) النانویة بوساطة تقنیة ترسیب اللیزر النبضي (TiO في ھذا البحث، تم انماء أغشیة اوكسید التیتانیوم ( 2
الرقیقة من 400 الى 600 درجة مئویة في الھواء مدة ساعتین . ودرس تأثیر TiO قواعد زجاجیة. ومن ثم لدنت أغشیة 2
التلدین في الخصائص التركیبیة والطبوغرافیة. عوامل عدیدة لأنماء الأغشیة اخذت بنظر الاعتبار لتحدید الحالة المثلى مثل
0.4 ) باستخدام J/cm 10-2 ) ،كثافة طاقة الفیض اللیزري( 2 Torr) 300 ) ،ضغط الأوكسجین ºC) درجة حرارة القاعدة
532 بمعدل تكراریة - 1 nm التردد المضاعف للیزر النیدیمیوم- یاك الذي یعمل بتقنیة عامل النوعیة عند الطول الموجي
6 ھرتز) وامد نبضة 10 نانوثانیة. تظُھر نتائج فحوصات الأشعة السینیة أن جمیع التراكیب النانویة رباعیة متعددة )
التبلور. وان ھذه النتائج تظھر زیادة في حجم الحبیبات من 19.5 نانومتر الى 29.5 نانومترمع زیادة درجة حرارة التلدین.
نتائج الأشعة السینیة اظھرت ایضا ان الغشاء المرسب والملدن في 400 درجة مئویة لثنائي اوكسید
Studying the Structure and the Optical Properties of Pd Nanoparticles Affecte...IJERA Editor
In this paper, Palladium (Pd) nanoparticales (NPs) at different concentrations (150 and 500) capped with poly
(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) were Synthesized by a polyol reduction method in an ethylene glycol solution at
temperature of 45C˚. The structural and optical properties of Pd NPs has been investigated, all thin films were
tested using X-ray diffraction (XRD), all XRD peaks can be indexed as face centered cubic (FCC)
Structure, with strong crystalline orientation at (111) plane. The morphology properties of the prepared films
were study by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) the results indicated that all films have nanoscale grain size
around 80 nm and Scan Electron Microscopy (SEM) images show spherical nanoscale particles with clusters
shape. The size of the particles decreased with increasing of concentrations.
Effect of Annealing on the Structural and Optical Properties of Nanostr...sarmad
Effect of Annealing on the Structural and Optical Properties of Nanostructured TiO2 Films Prepared By PLD. تأثير التلدين على الخواص التركيبية والبصرية لأغشية أوكسيد التيتانيوم (TiO2) ذات التراكيب النانوية المحضرة بتقنية ترسيب الليزر النبضي (PLD)
Study of Annealing Effect on the Some Physical Properties of Nanostructured T...sarmad
Ali A.Yousif ● , Sarmad S. Al-Obaidi ●●
Abstract
Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) thin films were prepared by pulsed
laser deposition (PLD) on the glass substrates. The effects of different annealing
temperature (400, 500 and 600 °C) towards the some physical properties such as
structural, morphological and optical have been studied. From X-ray diffraction
result, the crystallinity of TiO2 thin films improved at higher annealing
temperature. It also could be observed that the rutile phase start to exist at
annealing temperatures of 500 °C and 600 °C. The Full Width at Half
Maximum (FWHM) of the (101) peaks of these films decreases from 0.450° to
0.301° with increasing of annealing temperature. AFM measurements confirmed
that the films grown by this technique have good crystalline and homogeneous
surface. The Root Mean Square (RMS) value of thin films surface roughness
increased with increasing of the annealing temperature. From UV-VIS
spectrophotometer measurements, the optical transmission results shows that the transmission over than ~65% in the near-infrared region which decrease with the increasing of annealing temperatures. The allowed indirect optical band gap of the films was estimated to be in the range from 3.49 to 3.1 eV. The allowed direct band gap was found to decrease from 3.74 eV to 3.55 eV with the increase of annealing temperature. The refractive index of the films was found from 2.27 -2.98 at 550nm. The extinction coefficient, real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant increase with annealing temperature.
Effect of Sn Doping on Structural and Electrical Properties of ZnO Thin Films...journal ijrtem
Abstract: Un-doped and tin (Sn) doped ZnO films were deposited on heated glass substrates by chemical spray pyrolysis method
(CSP). The effect of Sn concentration on the structural, surface morphological and electrical properties of the SnO2 films was
investigated. XRD analyses showed that the obtained films are polycrystalline in nature with hexagonal structure with preferred
orientation of (101). Doping with tin (Sn) causes increase in the grain size. Atomic force microscopy images showed that the root
mean square of the average surface roughness's varied from (1.48 to 3.58) as dopant concentration increased from 0 to 5 wt.%. The
electrical properties of the Sn ZnO films were strongly influenced by doping concentration. The electrical resistance of the films was
sharply decreased as dopant concentration increased.
Keywords: (ZnO) thin films, Sn Doping, Structural and electrical Properties
This article reports on the optical analysis of Cu2+ (0.5 mol %): 59.5B2O3 – 20 TeO2 – 10CdO – 10Li2O glass.
From XRD spectrum , amorphous nature of the glass has been studied. Absorption spectrum of the copper glass
shows a broad absorption band (2B1g→2B1g) at 829 nm has been observed. Emission spectrum of Cu2+ (0.5 mol
%): 59.5B2O3 – 20 TeO2 – 10CdO – 10Li2O glass has exhibits a blue emission at 439 nm with an excitation
wavelength 379 nm.
Cation distribution of Ni2+ and Mg2+ ions improve structure and Magnetic Prop...AI Publications
In the present work, ferromagnetic Ni is slightly substituted for diamagnetic Mg spinal ferrites. The effect of Ni doping on the structural and magnetic properties of ferrites material in the form of NixMg1-xFe2O4 (x = 0.1,0.15,0.2,0.25, .0.3,0.35) has been the study. The Sol-gel auto Combustion method used to combine these substances uses urea as fuel. Sintered samples were shown using X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and a vibrating magnetometer sample. X-ray diffraction revealed that all the composite samples were pure cubic spinel arrays with a Fd3m space band and a permanent lattice that varied with Ni concentrations. the distribution of Ni2 + ions and Mg2+ ions in spinel ferrites indicates various changes in parameters such as tetrahedral ionic radius (rA), octahedral ionic radius (rB), hopping length (LA and LB). Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) simulations showed wire vibration at the tetrahedral site and Octahedral site. spinel ferrites M-H curves are recorded at room temperature indicating normal hysteresis loop indicating the magnetic field.
Plenary lecture given by Prof. Hajo Freund (Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany) on September 11, 2017 in Gramado (Brazil) during the XVI B-MRS Meeting.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence of Doping and Annealing on Structural, Optical and Electrical prope...ijeei-iaes
The optical gap of the films was calculated from the curve of absorption coefficient (αhע)2 vs. hע and was found to be 3.8 eV at room temperature, and this value decreases from 3.8 to 3.58 eV with increasing of annealing temperature up to 473-673 K, and increases with the Ga doping. λ cutoff was calculated for ZnO and showed an increase with increasing annealing temperature and shifting to longer wavelength, while with doping the λcutoff shifted to shorter wavelength. The photoluminescence (PL) results indicate that the pure ZnO thin films grown at room temperature show strong peaks at 640 nm , but GaO doped ZnO films showed a band emission in the yellow-green spectral region (380 to 450nm).
IMPROVEMENT IN MORPHOLOGICAL AND ELECTRO-MAGNETIC BEHAVIOUR OF HARD FERRITE P...Editor IJMTER
The Ni-Ir substituted strontium ferrite of Sr(Ni-Ir)xFe12-2xO19 (x = 0.02 & 0.08) were
synthesized by sol-gel auto combustion technique and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD),
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for morphological behaviour with electrical
characteristics using Impedance Analyzer. XRD results confirmed the formation of a single phase
M-type hexagonal unit cell of space group P63/mmc. The increase in Ni-Ir concentration increases
the lattice parameter. TEM analysis of the sample demonstrates the formation of nano-size particles
which decreases with substitution. In this paper we reported the variation of dielectric constant,
dielectric loss, tangent loss, conductivity and magnetic behaviour with composition with temperature
and frequency analysis of the sample. The migration of Fe3+ ion from octahedral to tetrahedral site
decreases the dielectric constant with increase in Ni-Ir concentration. Activation energies were
found similar with calculated at ferromagnetic and paramagnetic region. The material study we
confined that the activation energy in the paramagnetic region is higher than that in the
ferromagnetic region. The enhanced resistivity of Ni-Ir substituted strontium hexaferrites is a
prospective application in high frequency and in microwave devices development.
Preparation, Structure, and Characterization of Nd2mo2o9 fast Oxide Ion Condu...IJARIIT
The structure and ion conductivity of Nd2Mo2O9powders were synthesized by using Nd(NO2)3, MoO3, and aspartic acid (fuel) in assisted combustion method with heating at 550˚C for 6 hours. The thermal decomposition, phase identification, morphology, ionic conductivity of the samples were studied by TGA/DTA, XRD and SEM four probe D.C. method respectively. The formation of Nd2Mo2O9 was confirmed by FTIR studies. The synthesis and crystallization were followed by thermochemical techniques (TGA/DTA) studies. The synthesized materials showed reasonable ionic conductivity. These results indicate that assisted combustion method is a promising method to prepare nanocrystalline Nd2Mo2O9 for solid oxide fuel cell.
Synthesis and Pholuminescence studies of polymer capped SnO2 nanoparticles sy...IJERA Editor
In recent years many research works have been focused on the electrical and optical properties of metal oxides. In this present paper SnO2 nanoparticles have been synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method using different capping agents like EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid), PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone), PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) and studied the influence of capping agent on various properties of SnO2 nanoparticles. Structural, surface morphology, chemical analysis and luminescence properties of prepared SnO2 nanoparticles were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) attached with energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) and photoluminescence studies (PL). X-ray diffraction study reveals the nano-size particle distribution of the prepared samples with tetragonal rutile structure in the range of 3 to 9 nm. FTIR spectra show the structural confirmation of SnO2 nanoparticles. Various PL signals were observed in the visible region around 375 nm to 600 nm due to oxygen vacancies and interfacial Sn vacancies present in the prepared nanosamples.
Structural and Dielectric Studies of Cerium Substituted Nickel Ferrite Nano P...theijes
Cerium substituted Nickel ferrite nanoparticles with general formula NiCeXFe2-XO4 (x=0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) have been synthesized by using sol-gel method. The crystalline structure and grain size of these particles were analyzed by using XRD; the particle size ranged from 12.22nm to 17.60nm.The decrease in value of the lattice parameter with doping suggests that there is shrinkage in unit cell. The single-phase cubic spinal structure was clearly indicated by the XRD patterns of pure NiFe2O4.The XRD pattern also show that all the samples had formed the cubic single phase spinal structure. Dielectric properties have been studied in the frequency range of 1 kHz to 5 MHz. Permittivity and tangent loss (tanδ) decreases with the substitution of Ce3+ in parent crystal structure.
Optical and Electrical Properties of TiO2 Doped Fe2O3 Thin Film Prepared by S...IJAEMSJORNAL
In this work, iron oxide (Fe2O3) and titanium oxide (TiO2) doping (Fe2O3) thin films have been prepared by spray pyrolysis technique (SPT) on a glass substrate. We have studied the effects of various doping percentage of (TiO2) on (Fe2O3) optical and electrical properties. The optical parameters of the prepared films as absorbance, absorption coefficient, optical energy gap and refractive index have been calculated for all prepared films. D.C conductivity and Hall effect for all films are measured. The results showed that absorbance of prepared films decreases with increasing percentage of (TiO2) this lead to increase the energy gap and conductivity decreased with increasing of percentage of (TiO2) as well as the results showed throughout the study that all films have tow activation energy, its value increase with increasing of percentage of (TiO2). Hall effect measurement showed all films have n-type conductivity.
OPTICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SYNTHESIZED ZNO NANOTABLETS AND ITS TRANSFORMED NANORODS...antjjournal
We are reporting the preparation of ZnO nanotablets at relatively low temperature (1500C) using zinc acetate [Zn(Ac)2], NaOH, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) by solvothermal method. By adjusting
the molar ratio of the reactants we obtained nanorods and we also obtained the variation of the dimension
of the nanorods using hydrazine hydrate as capping reagent. The prepared samples were morphologically
recognized as well crystallized. The average diameter of the ZnO nanotablets were ranging from 500 to 600 nm and the average thickness of the nanotablets were ranging from 85 to 90 nm. The length of ZnO nanorods were ranging from 300 to several micrometers and breadth of the ZnO nanorods were ranging from 80 to 160 nm. The optical properties of the prepared materials have also been studied with the exhibition of its interesting behavior.
Growth and Analysis of Urea Thiourea Sodium Sulphate CrystalIOSR Journals
Urea Thiourea Sodium sulphate (UTNS) crystal have been grown from aqueous solution by slow
evaporation technique at room temperature. The crystal structure was confirmed by powder XRD technique and
it reveals that UTNS crystal belongs to orthorhombic system. Microstructure and compositions of the grown
single crystal UTNS was carried out by SEM with EDS. The molecular structures present in the crystal were
identified by recording the FTIR spectrum. Optical property was established by UV-Visible spectrum and the
mechanical strength of the grown crystal was estimated by the Vicker’s microhardness test.
Structural, Dielectric and Optical properties of Sputtered TiO2 nano-filmsIOSR Journals
Thin films of TiO2 were deposited on quartz and p-Si (100) substrates held at room temperature by sputtering of titanium target at various sputter powers in the range 80 - 200 W. The as-deposited films were annealed in air for an hour at 1023 K. The annealed films were characterized by using Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Surface morphology, dielectric and optical properties. The deposition rate of the films increased from 1.26 to 6.66 nm/min. with increase of sputter power from 80 to 200 W. TiO2 films formed at sputter power of 80 W and annealed at 1023 K were polycrystalline in nature with anatase phase crystallite size of 40 nm, dielectric constant of 10, optical band gap of 3.65 eV and refractive index 2.35.
Cation distribution of Ni2+ and Mg2+ ions improve structure and Magnetic Prop...AI Publications
In the present work, ferromagnetic Ni is slightly substituted for diamagnetic Mg spinal ferrites. The effect of Ni doping on the structural and magnetic properties of ferrites material in the form of NixMg1-xFe2O4 (x = 0.1,0.15,0.2,0.25, .0.3,0.35) has been the study. The Sol-gel auto Combustion method used to combine these substances uses urea as fuel. Sintered samples were shown using X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and a vibrating magnetometer sample. X-ray diffraction revealed that all the composite samples were pure cubic spinel arrays with a Fd3m space band and a permanent lattice that varied with Ni concentrations. the distribution of Ni2 + ions and Mg2+ ions in spinel ferrites indicates various changes in parameters such as tetrahedral ionic radius (rA), octahedral ionic radius (rB), hopping length (LA and LB). Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) simulations showed wire vibration at the tetrahedral site and Octahedral site. spinel ferrites M-H curves are recorded at room temperature indicating normal hysteresis loop indicating the magnetic field.
Plenary lecture given by Prof. Hajo Freund (Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany) on September 11, 2017 in Gramado (Brazil) during the XVI B-MRS Meeting.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence of Doping and Annealing on Structural, Optical and Electrical prope...ijeei-iaes
The optical gap of the films was calculated from the curve of absorption coefficient (αhע)2 vs. hע and was found to be 3.8 eV at room temperature, and this value decreases from 3.8 to 3.58 eV with increasing of annealing temperature up to 473-673 K, and increases with the Ga doping. λ cutoff was calculated for ZnO and showed an increase with increasing annealing temperature and shifting to longer wavelength, while with doping the λcutoff shifted to shorter wavelength. The photoluminescence (PL) results indicate that the pure ZnO thin films grown at room temperature show strong peaks at 640 nm , but GaO doped ZnO films showed a band emission in the yellow-green spectral region (380 to 450nm).
IMPROVEMENT IN MORPHOLOGICAL AND ELECTRO-MAGNETIC BEHAVIOUR OF HARD FERRITE P...Editor IJMTER
The Ni-Ir substituted strontium ferrite of Sr(Ni-Ir)xFe12-2xO19 (x = 0.02 & 0.08) were
synthesized by sol-gel auto combustion technique and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD),
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for morphological behaviour with electrical
characteristics using Impedance Analyzer. XRD results confirmed the formation of a single phase
M-type hexagonal unit cell of space group P63/mmc. The increase in Ni-Ir concentration increases
the lattice parameter. TEM analysis of the sample demonstrates the formation of nano-size particles
which decreases with substitution. In this paper we reported the variation of dielectric constant,
dielectric loss, tangent loss, conductivity and magnetic behaviour with composition with temperature
and frequency analysis of the sample. The migration of Fe3+ ion from octahedral to tetrahedral site
decreases the dielectric constant with increase in Ni-Ir concentration. Activation energies were
found similar with calculated at ferromagnetic and paramagnetic region. The material study we
confined that the activation energy in the paramagnetic region is higher than that in the
ferromagnetic region. The enhanced resistivity of Ni-Ir substituted strontium hexaferrites is a
prospective application in high frequency and in microwave devices development.
Preparation, Structure, and Characterization of Nd2mo2o9 fast Oxide Ion Condu...IJARIIT
The structure and ion conductivity of Nd2Mo2O9powders were synthesized by using Nd(NO2)3, MoO3, and aspartic acid (fuel) in assisted combustion method with heating at 550˚C for 6 hours. The thermal decomposition, phase identification, morphology, ionic conductivity of the samples were studied by TGA/DTA, XRD and SEM four probe D.C. method respectively. The formation of Nd2Mo2O9 was confirmed by FTIR studies. The synthesis and crystallization were followed by thermochemical techniques (TGA/DTA) studies. The synthesized materials showed reasonable ionic conductivity. These results indicate that assisted combustion method is a promising method to prepare nanocrystalline Nd2Mo2O9 for solid oxide fuel cell.
Synthesis and Pholuminescence studies of polymer capped SnO2 nanoparticles sy...IJERA Editor
In recent years many research works have been focused on the electrical and optical properties of metal oxides. In this present paper SnO2 nanoparticles have been synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method using different capping agents like EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid), PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone), PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) and studied the influence of capping agent on various properties of SnO2 nanoparticles. Structural, surface morphology, chemical analysis and luminescence properties of prepared SnO2 nanoparticles were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) attached with energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) and photoluminescence studies (PL). X-ray diffraction study reveals the nano-size particle distribution of the prepared samples with tetragonal rutile structure in the range of 3 to 9 nm. FTIR spectra show the structural confirmation of SnO2 nanoparticles. Various PL signals were observed in the visible region around 375 nm to 600 nm due to oxygen vacancies and interfacial Sn vacancies present in the prepared nanosamples.
Structural and Dielectric Studies of Cerium Substituted Nickel Ferrite Nano P...theijes
Cerium substituted Nickel ferrite nanoparticles with general formula NiCeXFe2-XO4 (x=0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) have been synthesized by using sol-gel method. The crystalline structure and grain size of these particles were analyzed by using XRD; the particle size ranged from 12.22nm to 17.60nm.The decrease in value of the lattice parameter with doping suggests that there is shrinkage in unit cell. The single-phase cubic spinal structure was clearly indicated by the XRD patterns of pure NiFe2O4.The XRD pattern also show that all the samples had formed the cubic single phase spinal structure. Dielectric properties have been studied in the frequency range of 1 kHz to 5 MHz. Permittivity and tangent loss (tanδ) decreases with the substitution of Ce3+ in parent crystal structure.
Optical and Electrical Properties of TiO2 Doped Fe2O3 Thin Film Prepared by S...IJAEMSJORNAL
In this work, iron oxide (Fe2O3) and titanium oxide (TiO2) doping (Fe2O3) thin films have been prepared by spray pyrolysis technique (SPT) on a glass substrate. We have studied the effects of various doping percentage of (TiO2) on (Fe2O3) optical and electrical properties. The optical parameters of the prepared films as absorbance, absorption coefficient, optical energy gap and refractive index have been calculated for all prepared films. D.C conductivity and Hall effect for all films are measured. The results showed that absorbance of prepared films decreases with increasing percentage of (TiO2) this lead to increase the energy gap and conductivity decreased with increasing of percentage of (TiO2) as well as the results showed throughout the study that all films have tow activation energy, its value increase with increasing of percentage of (TiO2). Hall effect measurement showed all films have n-type conductivity.
OPTICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SYNTHESIZED ZNO NANOTABLETS AND ITS TRANSFORMED NANORODS...antjjournal
We are reporting the preparation of ZnO nanotablets at relatively low temperature (1500C) using zinc acetate [Zn(Ac)2], NaOH, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) by solvothermal method. By adjusting
the molar ratio of the reactants we obtained nanorods and we also obtained the variation of the dimension
of the nanorods using hydrazine hydrate as capping reagent. The prepared samples were morphologically
recognized as well crystallized. The average diameter of the ZnO nanotablets were ranging from 500 to 600 nm and the average thickness of the nanotablets were ranging from 85 to 90 nm. The length of ZnO nanorods were ranging from 300 to several micrometers and breadth of the ZnO nanorods were ranging from 80 to 160 nm. The optical properties of the prepared materials have also been studied with the exhibition of its interesting behavior.
Growth and Analysis of Urea Thiourea Sodium Sulphate CrystalIOSR Journals
Urea Thiourea Sodium sulphate (UTNS) crystal have been grown from aqueous solution by slow
evaporation technique at room temperature. The crystal structure was confirmed by powder XRD technique and
it reveals that UTNS crystal belongs to orthorhombic system. Microstructure and compositions of the grown
single crystal UTNS was carried out by SEM with EDS. The molecular structures present in the crystal were
identified by recording the FTIR spectrum. Optical property was established by UV-Visible spectrum and the
mechanical strength of the grown crystal was estimated by the Vicker’s microhardness test.
Structural, Dielectric and Optical properties of Sputtered TiO2 nano-filmsIOSR Journals
Thin films of TiO2 were deposited on quartz and p-Si (100) substrates held at room temperature by sputtering of titanium target at various sputter powers in the range 80 - 200 W. The as-deposited films were annealed in air for an hour at 1023 K. The annealed films were characterized by using Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Surface morphology, dielectric and optical properties. The deposition rate of the films increased from 1.26 to 6.66 nm/min. with increase of sputter power from 80 to 200 W. TiO2 films formed at sputter power of 80 W and annealed at 1023 K were polycrystalline in nature with anatase phase crystallite size of 40 nm, dielectric constant of 10, optical band gap of 3.65 eV and refractive index 2.35.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Characterization of different dopants in TiO2 Structure by Pulsed Laser Dep...sarmad
Characterization of different dopants in TiO2 Structure by Pulsed Laser Deposition
A thesis submitted By: Khaled Z.Yahya
Supervised by: Prof.Dr. Adawiya J.Haider Prof.Dr. Raad M.S.Al-Haddad
Synthesis and Characterization Studies of Solvothermally Synthesized Undoped ...IJERA Editor
Nanocrystalline TiO2 was investigated by solvothermal synthetic method using toluene as a solvent. Titanium tetra isopropoxide (TTIP) was used as a precursor, which was decomposed at high temperature and precipitated in toluene. Subsequently, the solution was thermally treated at 250C for five hours in stainless steel autoclave. Amorphous Nano TiO2 was formed. When these amorphous Nano TiO2 was calcinated to 550 C anatase Nano TiO2 crystalline with particle size <20 nm was formed. These amorphous and anatase phase Nano TiO2 was characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Photoluminescence (PL) studies and the results were discussed.
Transparent and Conducting TiO2 : Nb Thin Films Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis T...arj_online
To date, only sputtering and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) techniques have been employed
successfully to fabricate highly conducting and transparent TiO2:Nb (TNO) films. In this article, we demonstrate
that transparent and conducting
TiO2
: Nb
films can be made by the spray pyrolysis technique. The films were
deposited on Corning 7059 glass substrates at 500
15˚C using an alcoholic precursor solution consisting of
titanium (iv) isopropoxide and
NbCl5
. The influence of increasing
Nb
concentration on the electrical, optical
and structural properties was investigated. The minimum resistivity, 3.36
-3 10
Ω cm, for
Ti1-xNbxO2
film (x
= 0.15) was obtained after 1 hour post deposition annealing in hydrogen atmosphere at 500˚C. The x-ray
diffraction of hydrogen annealed films showed a polycrystalline anatase (004)-oriented phase without any second
phases. The optical band gap for undoped and doped films lay in the range 3.38 – 3.47 eV. Using dispersion
analysis, optical constants were determined from spectro-photometric measurements for films on glass.
Zinc Oxide–Titania Heterojunction-based Solid Nanospheres as Photoanodes for ...Devika Laishram
Agile nanostructure architectures and smart combinations of
semiconducting metal oxide materials are key features of
high-performing dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Herein,
we synthesize mesoporous solid nanospheres of ZnO–TiO2
with type-II heterojunction and use these as an efficient photoanode material for excellent photoconversion. These polydisperse aggregates doped with 1%, 5%, and 10% of ZnO
exhibit improved solar cell performance with respect to pristine TiO2 under AM 1.5 G. The 1% ZnO doped TiO2 nanosphere possess high specific surface area (84.23 m2
g
@1
) as
a photoanode and shows high photoconversion efficiency of
about 8.07% with ca. 18% improvement in the photocurrent
density (Jsc) compare to TiO2 nanosphere. The improved
solar cell performance (Dh=40%) of ZnO decorated TiO2
nanospheres is ascribed to type-II heterojunction of ZnO–
TiO2
, that reduces the electron recombination and synergistically enhances the electron mobility and charge collection
capability
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
Influence of concentration on the structural, optical and electrical properties of TiO2: CuO thin film Fabricate by PLD
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP)
e-ISSN: 2278-4861.Volume 7, Issue 6 Ver. II (Nov. - Dec. 2015), PP 14-21
www.iosrjournals
DOI: 10.9790/4861-07621421 www.iosrjournals.org 14 | Page
Influence of concentration on the structural, optical and electrical
properties of TiO2: CuO thin film Fabricate by PLD
Sabah N. Mazhir *1
, Noha. H. Harb*2
*University of Baghdad, Department of Physics, collage of Science for Women
Abstract: In this work, Titanium oxide thin films doped with different concentration of CuO (0,5,10, 15,20)
%wt were prepared by pulse laser deposition(PLD) technique on glass substrates at room temperature with
constant deposition parameter such as : pulse (Nd:YAG), laser with λ=1064 nm, constant energy 800 mJ ,
repetition rate 6 Hz and No. of pulse (500). The structure , optical and electrical properties were studied . The
results of X-ray diffraction( XRD) confirmed that the film grown by this technique have good crystalline
tetragonal mixed anatase and rutile phase structure, The preferred orientation was along (110) direction for
Rutile phase. The optical properties of the films were studied by UV-VIS spectrum in the range of (360-1100)
nm. The optical transmission results show that the maximum transmission over than ~ 48% for pure TiO2 films
and decreases to ~ 30% with increasing the CuO content to 20%wt .The optical energy for pure TiO2 film was
about 3.212eV and decreases to 3.13eVwith increasing of concentration. The results of PL emission at RT
shows that there are two peaks positioned around 386 nm and 396 nm for predominated peak and795 nm and
810 for the small peaks. DC measurements show that as the increasing of film concentration lead to increase
the conductivity , while the values of activation energy (Ea1,Ea2) decrease. Hall effect measurements show that
all films have n- type charge carriers and the carriers concentration increases while the mobility decreases with
increasing the CuO content.
Keywords: Titanium oxide, pulse laser deposition technique, optostructural propertied, electrical properties.
I. Introduction:
After the invention of the first ruby laser, We appreciate that the use of pulsed lasers as a directed
energy source for evaporative film growth (now termed PLD).
Smith and Turner utilized a pulsed ruby laser to deposit the first vacuum deposited thin films in 1965
for the preparation of semiconductors [1]. shares some process characteristics common with molecular beam
epitaxy and some with sputter deposition[2]. A typical set-up for PLD is schematically shown in Figure(1a) , It
consists of a target holder and a substrate holder housed in a vacuum chamber, The idea of (PLD) is simple. A
pulsed laser beam is focused onto the surface of a solid target. The strong absorption of the electromagnetic
radiation by the solid surface leads to rapid evaporation of the target materials. The evaporated materials consist
of highly excited and ionized species. They presented themselves as a glowing plasma plume immediately in
front of the target surface if the ablation is carried out in vacuum[3]. The pulsed laser deposition (PLD)
technique is probably the most versatile method for the fabrication of oxide thin films because of its unique
features a high pulse deposition rate and the controllable kinetic energy of the deposited particles. one of the
metal oxides, which is Titanium dioxide (TiO2) that has a white solid inorganic substance and which thermally
stable, a cheap, non-flammable, poorly soluble, and not classified as hazardous, also TiO2 occurs naturally in
several kinds of rock and mineral sands. Titanium is the ninth most common element in the earth’s crust [4].
Crystalline (TiO2) occurs in three different structures: rutile (tetragonal), anatase (tetragonal) and brookite
(orthorhombic) [5,6]. Copper (II) oxide or cupric oxide (CuO) is the higher oxide of copper. As a mineral, it is
known as tenorite. It is a black solid with an ionic structure, which melts above 1200 °C with some loss of
oxygen. Copper forms two well-known stable oxides, which are cupric oxide (CuO) and cuprous oxide (Cu2O)
,These two oxides have different physical properties, colors, crystal structures and optical properties [7]. Copper
(II) oxide has application as a p-and n-type semiconductor, because it has a narrow band gap of 1.2 eV [8]. It is
an abrasive used to polish optical equipment, produce dry cell batteries, wet cell batteries as the cathode, etc.
[9].
II. Experimental
2.1TiO2:CuO nanoparticles growth
Thin films of approximately (5,10,15,20) at. % CuO-TiO2 thin films, were deposit on glass substrate by
pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique using Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm and constant parameter such
as : constant energy 800 mJ, repetition rate 6 Hz and No. of pulse (500) on glass .The set up of our PLD system
was illustrated in Fig.(1a) . The doped TiO2 with CuO target was prepared from high purity TiO2 (99.999%)-and
CuO(99.999%).The powders were mixed together for 1 hour using agate mortar then press into disk with
2. Influence of concentration on the structural, optical and electrical properties of TiO2: CuO thin…
DOI: 10.9790/4861-07621421 www.iosrjournals.org 15 | Page
(1.5)cm in diameter and(3)cm thick using hydraulic type (SPE CAC) as shown in Fig (1 b) under pressure of 5
Ton. Finally the pellets were sintered in air at Temperature (873) K for 1 hour .The glass slides substrate of 3
x 2 cm2
area were cleaned with dilated water using ultrasonic process for 15 minute to deposit the films. Also ,a
mask was prepared from a piece of aluminum foil having width: 2mm and distance between electrodes 2mm)
with the same size of the substrate. These masks are put on glass substrates to deposit the electrodes of
aluminum using Tungsten (W) boat material using vacuum thermal evaporation technique of type (Balzers-
BAE370) under pressure (10-5
mbar).
2.2Characterization
The crystalline structure of TiO2 thin films was determined by using > θ−2θ scans were recorded using
Cu Kα radiation of wavelength of 1.5405 Å from 20o
to 60o
with a step size of 0.05.the optical properties were
measured using UV-VIS spectrometer in the range (200-1100 )nm .Photoluminescence emission spectra were
recorded on a type fluorescence spectrophotometer over a wavelength range of 3600–900 nm.
The DC conductivity was measured over the range of temperature from 293k to 473k using sensitive
digital electrometer type keithley (616). The Hall coefficient (RH) is determined using four probe technique.
(a) (b)
Fig (1) (a) Schematic of PLD [10],(b) palette of TiO2:CuO
III. Results and discussion
Fig(2) shows the X-ray diffraction patterns of TiO2:CuO thin film prepared at RT with different
concentration of CuO ( 0,5,10,15and 20)%. It is clear from this figure that the preferred orientation was along
(110) direction for Rutile phase. The XRD data of thin films coincides with that of the known tetragonal. Also,
it was noticed that the peaks intensities increase with increasing of the doping ratio from 5 to 20%.
The value of crystallite size and the experiment and the standard peaks from International Centre for
Diffraction Data(ICDD) for anatase and Rutile TiO2 was listed in table (1). The average crystallite size D
measured in direction perpendicular to the surface of the specimen is calculated using the Debye- Scherer
formula [11].
…………………………………………………… (1)
Where D is the mean crystallite size, λ is the X-ray wavelength in nanometer (nm), θ is the degree of
the diffraction peak, and β is the peak width of the diffraction peak profile at half maximum height resulting
from small crystallite size in radians and K is a constant related to crystallite shape, normally taken as 0.9.
It is cleared from the tables (1) that dhkl and grain size increases with increasing of CuO content This
implies that Cu partially substituted for Ti in TiO2 structure. However, copper may exist in the sample with a
quantity so low that the x-ray shoulder around 800 nm in the case of the sample doped by Cu with a
concentration of 5 at% that attributed to the absorption concerned with the transitions between states created by
doping Cu in TiO2,This result is in agreement with the result of N. Tai Ly, et al. [12].
3. Influence of concentration on the structural, optical and electrical properties of TiO2: CuO thin…
DOI: 10.9790/4861-07621421 www.iosrjournals.org 16 | Page
Fig. (2 ) X-ray diffraction patterns of as deposited TiO2 films at 423K with different CuO
doping ratio ( 0, 5, 10, 15 and20) % wt
Table (4-1) The obtained result of the XRD for TiO2:CuO at RT
Cu % 2θ (Deg.)
FWHM
(Deg.)
dhkl Exp.(Å)
G.S
(nm)
dhkl Std. (Å) Hkl Phase card No.
0
27.7255 1.0673 3.2150 7.7 3.2483 (110) Rutile 96-900-9084
36.3659 0.9657 2.4685 8.7 2.4871 (101) Rutile 96-900-9084
5
25.3367 0.9149 3.5124 8.9 3.5372 (011) Anatase 96-900-8217
27.5222 0.7624 3.2383 10.7 3.2483 (110) Rutile 96-900-9084
36.3151 0.8207 2.4718 10.2 2.4871 (101) Rutile 96-900-9084
10
25.4892 0.7116 3.4918 11.4 3.5372 (011) Anatase 96-900-8217
27.7255 0.6607 3.2150 12.4 3.2483 (110) Rutile 96-900-9084
36.3659 0.7116 2.4685 11.8 2.4871 (101) Rutile 96-900-9084
15
25.5400 0.5591 3.4849 14.6 3.5372 (011) Anatase 96-900-8217
27.7764 0.5743 3.2092 14.2 3.2483 (110) Rutile 96-900-9084
36.3659 0.6607 2.4685 12.7 2.4871 (101) Rutile 96-900-9084
20
25.3875 0.5091 3.5055 16.0 3.5372 (011) Anatase 96-900-8217
27.6239 0.5191 3.2266 15.8 3.2483 (110) Rutile 96-900-9084
36.4168 0.5285 2.4652 15.8 2.4871 (101) Rutile 96-900-9084
Figures (3) shows the optical transmission spectrum for pure and doped TiO2 with different
concentration of CuO (5,10,15 and 20)wt% prepared at RT. It is clear from this figure that the transmission
decreases with increasing of CuO content and this is may be due to the increased in the absorption value due to
Cu has substituted Ti inTiO2 structure and/or incorporated in the form of CuxO with TiO2. Figure (3) shows the
variation of (α) as a function of wavelength . From this Figures, it can be seen that the absorption coefficient (α)
decreases with increasing of wavelength. One can see from these figures that the absorption coefficient of the
TiO2:CuO films is characterized by strong absorption at the shorter wavelength region between 300nm -600nm
with sharp edge on the long wavelength side from 600nm–1100nm. The absorption coefficient exhibits high
values of α (α >104
) which means that there is a large probability of the allowed direct transition . In general, it
can be observed from these figures that the absorption coefficient increases with increasing of CuO content and
annealing temperatures.. This can be linked with increase in grain size and it may be attributed to the light
scattering effect for its high surface roughness, or also corresponds to the density of absorbing centers such as
impurities absorption, excitation transition, and other defects in the crystal lattice dependent on the conditions of
sample preparation. From figure (4) It can be observed that the energy gap decreased with increasing of CuO
content. This result confirmed an incorporation of TiO2 with CuxO and the overlapping of their energy bands.
4. Influence of concentration on the structural, optical and electrical properties of TiO2: CuO thin…
DOI: 10.9790/4861-07621421 www.iosrjournals.org 17 | Page
The experimental evidence proved again that Cu has substituted Ti in TiO2 structure, also annealing process lead
to increase levels of localized near valence band and conduction band and these levels ready to receive
electrons and generate tails in the optical energy gap and tails is working toward reducing the energy gap, or can
be attributed decrease energy gap to the increased size of particles in the films and such variation in the optical
band gap has been observed earlier with the results of other workers N. Tai Ly, et al [ 12].
Figure(3) The variation of transmittance with wavelength for TiO2:CuO films at RT with different
concentration of CuO ( 0, 5, 10, 15 and20) % wt.
Figure(4) The variation of with absorption coefficient wavelength Figure(5) The variation of (αhν)2
versus photon energy of (hν)
for Tio2:Cuo thin films at RT with at different of CuO for Tio2:Cuo thin films at RT with at different of CuO
(0,5,10,15,20) % wt . (0,5,10,15,20) % wt .
Figure (6) presents the PL measurements for TiO2:CuO deposited at room temperature It can be seen
that the samples have a stronger emission peak positioned are around 386 nm and 396 nm for peak 1 and a
weaker emission peak at around 795 nm and 810 nm for peak 2. From Figure 6, it is clear that the relative
intensity of the emission spectra of TiO2 has the greatest relative intensity, which means that electrons and
holes of TiO2 are easy to recombine .The intensity of these two peaks 1 and 2 increases with increasing of
concentration of Cuo ,due to the large exaction bending energy of TiO2. Usually for semiconductor Nano
crystals, two emission peaks can be observed, the exaction and the trapped luminescence .The exaction emission
peak is sharp while the trapped emission peak is broad. The emission bands shown in the spectra can be
attributed to band gap emission; the strong band gap emission demonstrates the high crystalline nature of the as-
5. Influence of concentration on the structural, optical and electrical properties of TiO2: CuO thin…
DOI: 10.9790/4861-07621421 www.iosrjournals.org 18 | Page
synthesized particles[13]. That there were shifts between the peaks of all concentration which may be attributed
to the difference between band gaps for the content. Table (2) shows the peak values and the intensity of the
luminescence spectrum of all samples
Fig (6): Room temperature photoluminescence spectra of the TiO2:CuOthin film at different concentration of
CuO
Table (2) The obtained result of the Photoluminescence for TiO2:Cuo thin films
Cu% Wavelength (1)
(nm)
Energy (1)
(eV)
Wavelength (2)
(nm)
Energy (2)
(eV)
pure
386 3.212 795 1.560
5 388 3.196 798 1.554
10 390 3.179 800 1.550
15 392 3.163 805 1.540
20 396 3.131 810 1.531
Figure (7) shows the variation of d.c. conductivity for pure and doped TiO2 films with differeny
concentration of CuO. There are two stages of mechanism d.c conductivity throughout the temperature range
(293-473K).The first activation energy (Ea1) occurs at higher temperature (373-473)K due to conduction of the
carrier excited into the extended states beyond the mobility edge and the second activation energy( Ea2) occurs
at low temperature (293-373)K due to the carriers transport to localized states near the valence and conduction
bands. From d.c measurement we can see that the conductivity increases with increasing of CuO content, as
show in Figure(8) and Figure (9and 10) shows the variation of (Ea1,Ea2) as a function of CuO content .Table
(3) demonstrates that as the film concentration increases leads to increase in the conductivity while decreases
in the values of activation energy(Ea1,Ea2). We conclude that the excess CuO will act as the donor impurities
may occupy shallow donor levels in the film, resulting in the reduction of conduction activation energy .Also
,This increasing in the conductivity can be attributed to the increase in the carrier concentration in the layers .
6. Influence of concentration on the structural, optical and electrical properties of TiO2: CuO thin…
DOI: 10.9790/4861-07621421 www.iosrjournals.org 19 | Page
Fig (7) Variation of Ln( σ) with reciprocal temperatures Fig(8 ) Variation of DC Conductivity at RT with CuO
for Tio2:Cuo thin films at RT with at different for Tio2:Cuo thin films at RT with at different
concentration of Cuo (o,5,10,15,20) % wt . concentration of Cuo (o,5,10,15,20) % wt .
Table (3): D.C conductivity parameters for Tio2:Cuo thin films at different concentration of Cuo doped and
different annealing temperature
Ta
(K)
Cuo%
wt
d.cR.TX10-5
(.cm)-1
Ea1
(eV)
Ea2
(eV)
RT
0 9.01E-02 0.0233 0.1011
5 1.21E-01 0.0208 0.1001
10 1.45E-01 0.0203 0.0862
15 2.29E-01 0.0199 0.0843
20
2.67E-01 0.0175 0.0817
Hall effect measurement system can actually be used to determine quite a few material parameters, but
the primary one is the Hall voltage (VH). Other important parameters such as carrier mobility, carrier
concentration (n), Hall coefficient (RH), resistivity, magneto resistance(R), the mobility of the majority carrier
and the conductivity type (n or p) are all derived from the Hall voltage measurement[14].
Fig(9)Variation of Ea2 at different
concentration of Cuo
(0,5,10,15,20)%wt
Fig(10)Variation of Ea1 at different
concentration of Cuo
(0,5,10,15,20)%wt
7. Influence of concentration on the structural, optical and electrical properties of TiO2: CuO thin…
DOI: 10.9790/4861-07621421 www.iosrjournals.org 20 | Page
The Hall coefficient (RH) is determined by measuring the Hall voltage generated by the Hall field across the
sample of thickness (t), given by[15]:
B
t
I
V
R H
H .
……………………………………………………(2 )
where I : is the current in a passing through the sample, t: is the thickness of the film in cm and B :is
the magnetic field
Carriers concentration can be determined by using the relation[16]
H
H
qR
1
n
………………………………………..…. for electrons (3)
Hall's mobility (H) measured with (cm2/V.s) can be written in the form[17]
H
n.q
…………………………………………………...(4)
where q is the charge of electron.
From the Hall Effect measurements, the resistivity (ρ), charge carrier concentration (NH) and carrier
Hall mobility (μH) values were calculated and is given in table (3) and figure(10 and 11). The results obtained
from the Hall effect indicated that the pure doped TiO2 thin films with CuO have negative Hall coefficient (n-
type) conductivity i.e Hall voltage decreases with increasing of the current .
It is seen from these figures that the carries concentration increases with increasing of CuO content
such behavior is expected as a result of the substitution doping of CuO creating one extra free carrier in the
process .As the doping level is increased, more dopant atoms occupy lattice sites of Ti atoms resulting in more
charge carriers. Thus, the conductivity increases with increasing of CuO content. In contrast with the Hall
mobility, it is decreased sharply with increasing of concentration of CuO The decreasing of mobility is come
from the inverse relation between μH and nH This is typical of many polycrystalline thin films and is due to
the existence of potential barriers in the grain boundaries.
Figurer(10)Variation of carrier concentration(nH) Figurer(11)Variation of mobility (μH )
with different concentration of CuO with different concentration of CuO
(0,5,10,15,20) % wt. (0,5,10,15,20) % wt
Tabel(3) Hall measurement of TiO2:CuO thin films prepared at different concentration of CuO .
Ta (K)
Cuo% ρ (Ω.cm)*10-6 nH
(cm-3
)*1010
μH
(cm2
.V-1
.s-1
) *103
RH
*109
type
RT
0 1.496 0.115 5.956 5.601 n
5 1.660 0.2423 4.454 2.579 n
10 2.320 0.468 3.851 1.335 n
15 2.428 0.4792 2.839 1.304 n
20 3.431 0.5346 1.377 1.169 n